发表机构
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio (OAS); Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie; Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik; Università di Bologna(意大利国家天体物理研究所(INAF)- 天体物理学与空间科学天文台(OAS); 马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所; 马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所; 博洛尼亚大学)
机构由 AI 辅助整理,请以论文原文为准。AI 中文总结
本研究利用TNG300模拟识别280个原星系团,发现其星系和超大质量黑洞更庞大,活动星系核活动增强主要源于恒星质量分布差异,并在高红移时主导亮端光度函数。
AI 中文摘要
在这项工作中,我们研究了在TNG300模拟中识别出的280个原星系团样本中星系和活动星系核(AGN)的物理性质及宇宙演化,这些原星系团被选择为最终形成$z = 0$时$M_{200, \rm c} > 10^{14} \\, {\rm M_{\odot}}$的星系团。我们的目标是首次提供在统一定义的过密环境样本中活动星系核活动增强的统计视角,并识别驱动其的物理机制。我们通过合并树重建将原星系团识别为现今星系团的前身,并在红移范围$0 \leq z \leq 6$内将其星系和活动星系核种群与场星系对照样本进行比较。我们研究了星系和超大质量黑洞(SMBH)的人口统计、活动星系核比例、热光度函数以及超大质量黑洞吸积率密度,在所有环境中一致地应用同质选择标准。我们发现,在所有红移下,TNG300原星系团中的星系和超大质量黑洞系统性地比场星系更庞大,最多高出$1 \\, {\rm dex}$,且在$z \sim 3-4$时已可见加速星系演化的迹象。活动星系核比例随恒星质量增加而在两种环境中均增加,并且在固定的宿主星系恒星质量下,原星系团与场星系之间大致一致,表明没有强烈的环境触发超大质量黑洞吸积。然而,当作为红移的函数进行分析时,原星系团表现出显著的活动星系核活动增强(因子$> 2$),尤其是在高光度和早期宇宙时期。我们表明,这种增强主要源于过密区域中星系恒星质量分布的差异,其中大质量系统比场星系更早形成。一致地,原星系团主导了活动星系核热光度函数的亮端,并在$z \sim 6$时贡献了总超大质量黑洞吸积率密度的大约$50\\%$。
英文摘要
In this work, we investigate the physical properties and cosmic evolution of galaxies and AGN in a sample of 280 protoclusters identified in the TNG300 simulation, selected to end up in $z = 0$ clusters with $M_{200, \rm c} > 10^{14} \, {\rm M_{\odot}}$. Our goal is to provide the first statistical view of AGN activity enhancement in a uniformly defined sample of overdense environments, and to identify the physical mechanisms driving it. We identify protoclusters as the progenitors of present-day galaxy clusters through merger-tree reconstruction and compare their galaxy and AGN populations with a control sample of field galaxies across the redshift range $0 \leq z \leq 6$. We investigate galaxy and SMBH demographics, AGN fractions, bolometric luminosity functions, and the SMBH accretion rate density, consistently applying homogeneous selection criteria in all environments. We find that TNG300 protoclusters host systematically more massive galaxies and SMBHs than the field by up to $1 \, {\rm dex}$ at all redshifts, with signatures of accelerated galaxy evolution already visible at $z \sim 3-4$. The AGN fraction increases with stellar mass in both environments and, at fixed host-galaxy stellar mass, is broadly consistent between protoclusters and field galaxies, indicating no strong environmental triggering of SMBH accretion. However, when analysed as a function of redshift, protoclusters exhibit a significant enhancement of AGN activity (by a factor $> 2$), particularly at high luminosities and early cosmic times. We show that this enhancement primarily arises from differences in the stellar-mass distributions of galaxies in overdense regions, where massive systems assemble earlier than in the field. Consistently, protoclusters dominate the bright end of the AGN bolometric luminosity function and contribute up to $\sim 50\%$ of the total SMBH accretion rate density at $z \sim 6$.
Comments14 pages, 12 Figures, submitted to A&A