The simple, conventional dark matter halo mass definitions commonly used in cosmological simulations ("virial" mass, FoF mass, $M_{50,100,200,...}$) only capture part of the collapsed material and are therefore inconsistent with the halo mass concept used in analytical treatments of structure formation. Simulations have demonstrated that typical dark matter particle orbits extend out to about 90 per cent of their turnaround radius, which results in apocenter passages outside of the current "virial" radius on the first and also on the second orbit. Here we describe how the formation history of haloes can be used to identify those particles which took part in the halo collapse, but are missed by conventional group-finders because of their remote present location. These particles are added to the part of the halo already identified by FoF. The corrected masses of dark haloes are significantly higher (the median mass increase is 25 per cent) and there is a considerable shift of the halo mass function towards the Press & Schechter form. We conclude that meaningful quantitative comparisons between (semi-)analytic predictions of halo properties (e.g. mass functions, mass accretion rates, merger rates, spatial clustering, etc.) and simulation results will require using the same halo definition in both approaches.
The morphology of haloes inform about both cosmological and galaxy formation models. We use the Minkowski Functionals (MFs) to characterize the actual morphology of haloes, only partially captured by smooth density profile, going beyond the spherical or ellipsoidal symmetry. We employ semi-analytical haloes with NFW and $αβγ$-profile and spherical or ellipsoidal shape to obtain a clear interpretation of MFs as function of inner and outer slope, concentration and sphericity parameters. We use the same models to mimic the density profile of $N$-body haloes, showing that their MFs clearly differ …
The standard cosmological paradigm currently lacks a detailed account of physics in the dark sector, the dark matter and energy that dominate cosmic evolution. In this paper, we consider the distinguishing factors between three alternative models - warm dark matter, quintessence and coupled dark matter-energy - and \lcdm{} through numerical simulations of cosmological structure formation. Key halo statistics - halo spin/velocity alignment between large-scale structure and neighboring haloes, halo formation time and migration - were compared across cosmologies within the redshift range 0$\leq$$…
Dark matter haloes have long been recognized as one of the fundamental building blocks of large scale structure formation models. Despite their importance -- or perhaps because of it! -- halo definitions continue to evolve towards more physically motivated criteria. Here, we propose a new definition that is physically motivated, and effectively unique and parameter-free: ''A dark matter halo is comprised of the collection of particles orbiting in their own self-generated potential.'' This definition is enabled by the fact that, even with as few as $\approx 300$ particles per halo, nearly every…
Dark matter models involving a very light bosonic particle, generally known as Fuzzy Dark Matter (FDM), have been recently attracting great interest in the cosmology community, as their wave-like phenomenology would simultaneously explain the longstanding mis-detection of a dark matter particle and help easing the small-scale issues related to the standard Cold Dark Matter (CDM) scenario. With the present work, we initiate a series of papers aiming at investigating the evolution of FDM structures in a cosmological framework performed with our N-body code AX-GADGET, detailing for the first time…
Predicting the spatial distribution of objects as a function of cosmology is an essential ingredient for the exploitation of future galaxy surveys. In this paper we show that a specially-designed suite of gravity-only simulations together with cosmology-rescaling algorithms can provide the clustering of dark matter, haloes, and subhaloes with high precision. Specifically, with only 3 $N$-body simulations we obtain the power spectrum of dark matter at $z=0$ and $z=1$ to better than 3\% precision for essentially all currently viable values of 8 cosmological parameters, including massive neutrino…
The non-spherical shapes of dark matter and gas distributions introduce systematic uncertainties that affect observable-mass relations and selection functions of galaxy groups and clusters. However, the triaxial gas distributions depend on the non-linear physical processes of halo formation histories and baryonic physics, which are challenging to model accurately. In this study we explore a machine learning approach for modelling the dependence of gas shapes on dark matter and baryonic properties. With data from the IllustrisTNG hydrodynamical cosmological simulations, we develop a machine lea…
We investigate the role of angular momentum in the clustering of dark matter haloes. We make use of data from two high-resolution N-body simulations spanning over four orders of magnitude in halo mass, from $10^{9.8}$ to $10^{14}\ h^{-1}\ \text{M}_\odot$. We explore the hypothesis that mass accretion in filamentary environments alters the angular momentum of a halo, thereby driving a correlation between the spin parameter $λ$ and the strength of clustering. However, we do not find evidence that the distribution of matter on large scales is related to the spin of haloes. We find that a halo's s…
Galaxy clusters are luminous tracers of the most massive dark matter haloes in the Universe. To use them as a cosmological probe, a detailed description of the properties of dark matter haloes is required. We characterize how the dynamical state of haloes impacts the halo mass function at the high-mass end. We used the dark matter-only MultiDark suite of simulations and the high-mass objects M > 2.7e13 M/h therein. We measured mean relations of concentration, offset, and spin as a function of halo mass and redshift. We investigated the distributions around the mean relations. We measured the h…
The shape of dark matter haloes plays a critical role in constraining cosmology with upcoming large-scale structure surveys. In this paper, we study the correlations between the triaxial shapes and formation histories in dark matter haloes in the MultiDark Planck 2 N-body cosmological simulation. We find that halo ellipticity is strongly correlated with halo properties that serve as proxies of halo formation history, such as halo concentration and the peak-centroid offset. In particular, the correlation between halo ellipticity and halo concentration is nearly independent of the halo density p…
In this work, we discuss the relation between the strength of the self-interaction of dark matter particles and the predicted properties of the inner density distributions of dark matter haloes. We present the results of $N$-body simulations for 28 haloes performed with the same initial conditions for cold dark matter and for self-interacting dark matter, for a range of cross-sections. We provide a simple phenomenological description of these results and compare with the semi-analytical model typically used in the literature. Using these results, we then predict how the inner dark matter surfa…
Influence of baryons on the orbital structure of dark matter haloes
我们使用一套最先进的高分辨率宇宙学流体动力学模拟--超大规模模拟(OverWhelmingly Large Simulations,OWLS),研究了在形成过程中由重子在暗物质晕上留下的动力学特征.我们提出了一个详细的研究实施反馈处方的影响,轨道上的暗物质粒子,恒星粒子和subhaloes,分析运行没有反馈,与恒星的反馈和反馈从超大质量黑洞。我们关注的是在z = 0(2)时维里质量约为6 x 10^{13}(~ 7 x 10^{11})Msun/h的晕的中心区域(0. 25 r_{200})。我们还研究了这些晕的轨道内容(不同轨道类型的相对分数)如何取决于几个关键参数,如它们的质量,红移和动力学状态。这些模拟的轨道内容的频谱分析的结果进行了比较,并量化的盒,管和不规则轨道的分数的变化。在宇宙学模拟中发现盒形轨道支配着暗物质晕的轨道结构。盒子轨道的分数与中心重子分数之间有很强的相关性。虽然辐射冷却的作用,以减少部分的盒子轨道,强反馈的实施结果在一个类似的轨道分布的暗物质唯一的情况。恒星粒子所描述的轨道内容被发现是非常相似的,从暗物质粒子的轨道,这表明,要么他们已经忘记了自己的动力学历史,或者说,subhaloes带来的恒星是没有偏见的主要分布方面显着。的subhaloes的轨道内容是在广泛的协议,在粒子分布的外部区域看到的。
We test the history of structure formation from redshift 1 to today by matching galaxies from VIPERS and SDSS with dark matter haloes in the MultiDark SMDPL N-body simulation. We first show that the standard subhalo abundance matching (SHAM) recipe implemented with MultiDark characterizes the clustering of galaxies well both at redshift 0 for SDSS and at redshift 1 for VIPERS. This is an important validation of the SHAM model at high redshift. We then remap the simulation timesteps to test alternative growth histories and infer the growth index $γ=0.6\pm0.3$. This analysis demonstrates the pow…
Gravothermal collapse of isolated self-interacting dark matter haloes: N-body simulation versus the fluid model
自相互作用暗物质(SIDM)是冷暗物质(CDM)的一种碰撞形式,最初被提出来解决当结构形成的无碰撞CDM理论与小尺度星系的观测进行比较时出现的问题。所提出的弹性碰撞对结构形成的定量影响已经估计以前的Monte Carlo N-体模拟和导电流体模型,明显分歧的结果。为了改善这种情况,我们直接比较新的Monte Carlo N-体模拟和解决方案的导电流体模型,孤立的SIDM晕的固定质量。这使我们能够清楚地将重力热弛豫的影响与膨胀背景宇宙中连续质量吸积的影响分开。当这两种方法以前被应用于晕形成与宇宙学边界条件,他们不同意的数量级的散射截面的大小需要解决所谓的“尖核问题。“然而,我们在这里表明,对于孤立的晕,这些方法在20%以内相互一致。这表明这两种方法是一致的,它们对宇宙学晕的分歧并不是由于它们的有效性被打破。这里研究的孤立晕经历重力热塌缩。我们比较了这两种方法计算的解决方案重力热坍塌从几个初始条件。这使我们能够校准热传导,其中考虑到流体模型中弹性硬球散射的影响。然而,要使这两种方法在孤立晕上接近一致,所需的热导率参数的调整量太小,无法解释以前在宇宙学背景下发现的差异。
CUSP is a powerful formalism that recovers, from first principles and with no free parameter, all the macroscopic properties of dark matter haloes found in cosmological N-body simulations and unveils the origin of their characteristic features. Since it is not restricted by the limitations of simulations, it covers the whole mass and redshift ranges. In the present Paper we use CUSP to calculate the mass-scale relations holding for halo density profiles fitted to the usual NFW and Einasto functions in the most relevant cosmologies and for the most usual mass definitions. We clarify the origin …
Galactic star formation and accretion histories from matching galaxies to dark matter haloes
本文提出了一种新的统计方法来确定从z~4到现在的整个宇宙历史中星系的恒星质量与其宿主暗物质晕质量之间的关系。这种多历元丰度匹配(MEAM)模型自洽地考虑到卫星星系在比它们被观测到的时间更早的时候首先成为卫星。我们采用红移依赖的恒星晕质量关系的参数化填充晕和subhaloes在千年模拟与星系,需要同时再现观测到的恒星质量函数在几个红移。使用合并树提取的暗物质模拟结合MEAM,我们预测的平均组装历史的星系,分离成恒星形成的星系内(原位)和吸积的恒星(非原位)。随着红移的增加,恒星形成效率的峰值从z=0时的23%下降到z=4时的9%,而相应的晕质量从10^11.8 M \odot增加到10^12.5 M \odot。中心星系的恒星形成率在红移处达到峰值,这取决于晕的质量;对于大质量的晕,这个峰值出现在宇宙早期,而对于低质量的星系,这个峰值还没有达到。在类似于银河的晕中,大约一半的中心恒星质量在z=0.7之后聚集。在低质量晕中,卫星星系的吸积对中心星系的聚集贡献很小,而在大质量晕中,超过一半的中心恒星质量是在z<2的地方形成的,卫星星系的吸积很大。我们发现,我们的方法意味着一个宇宙恒星形成的历史和特定的恒星形成率的演变是一致的直接推断。我们提出了方便的拟合函数恒星质量,恒星形成率,吸积率作为晕质量和红移的函数。