It is well-known that the Eulerian polynomials, which count permutations in $S_n$ by their number of descents, give the $h$-polynomial/$h$-vector of the simple polytopes known as permutohedra, the convex hull of the $S_n$-orbit for a generic weight in the weight lattice of $S_n$. Therefore the Eulerian polynomials give the Betti numbers for certain smooth toric varieties associated with the permutohedra.
In this paper we derive recurrences for the $h$-vectors of a family of polytopes generalizing this. The simple polytopes we consider arise as the orbit of a non-generic weight, namely a weight fixed by only the simple reflections $J=\{s_{n},s_{n-1},s_{n-2} \cdots,s_{n-k+2},s_{n-k+1}\}$ for some $k$ with respect to the $A_n$ root lattice. Furthermore, they give rise to certain rationally smooth toric varieties $X(J)$ that come naturally from the theory of algebraic monoids. Using effectively the theory of reductive algebraic monoids and the combinatorics of simple polytopes, we obtain a recurrence formula for the Poincaré polynomial of $X(J)$ in terms of the Eulerian polynomials.
We present a counterexample to the conjecture of Bihan, Franz, McCrory, and van Hamel concerning the maximality of toric varieties. There exists a six dimensional projective toric variety X with the sum of the mod 2 Betti numbers of X(R) strictly less than the sum of the mod 2 Betti numbers of X(C).
We introduce the notion of Betti category for graded modules over suitably graded polynomial rings, and more generally for modules over certain small categories. Our categorical approach allows us to treat simultaneously many important cases, such as monomial ideals and toric rings. We prove that in these cases the Betti category is a finite combinatorial object that completely determines the structure of the minimal free resolution. For monomial ideals, the Betti category is the same as the Betti poset that we studied in a previous article. We describe in detail and with examples how the theo…
We prove an explicit formula for the first non-zero entry in the n-th row of the graded Betti table of an n-dimensional projective toric variety associated to a normal polytope with at least one interior lattice point. This applies to Veronese embeddings of projective space where we prove a special case of a conjecture of Ein and Lazarsfeld. We also prove an explicit formula for the entire n-th row when the interior of the polytope is one-dimensional. All results are valid over an arbitrary field k.
We present various facts on the graded Betti table of a projectively embedded toric surface, expressed in terms of the combinatorics of its defining lattice polygon. These facts include explicit formulas for a number of entries, as well as a lower bound on the length of the linear strand that we conjecture to be sharp (and prove to be so in several special cases). We also present an algorithm for determining the graded Betti table of a given toric surface by explicitly computing its Koszul cohomology, and report on an implementation in SageMath. This works well for ambient projective spaces of…
Let $X\rightarrow C$ be a totally real semistable degeneration over a smooth real curve $C$ with degenerate fiber $X_0$. Assuming that the irreducible components of $X_0$ are simple from a cohomological point of view, we give a bound for the individual Betti numbers of a real smooth fiber near $0$ in terms of the complex geometry of the degeneration. This generalizes previous work of Renaudineau-Shaw, obtained via combinatorial techniques, for tropical degenerations of hypersurfaces in smooth toric varieties. The main new ingredient is the use of real logarithmic geometry, which allows to work…
A real algebraic variety is maximal (with respect to the Smith-Thom inequality) if the sum of the Betti numbers (with $\mathbb{Z}_2$ coefficients) of the real part of the variety is equal to the sum of Betti numbers of its complex part. We prove that there exist polytopes that are not Newton polytopes of any maximal hypersurface in the corresponding toric variety. On the other hand we show that for any polytope $Δ$ there are families of hypersurfaces with the Newton polytopes $(λΔ)_{λ\in \mathbb{N}}$ that are asymptotically maximal when $λ$ tends to infinity. We also show that these results ge…
In a first part of this paper, we prove constancy of the canonical graded Betti table among the smooth curves in linear systems on Gorenstein weak Fano toric surfaces. In a second part, we show that Green's canonical syzygy conjecture holds for all smooth curves of genus at most 32 or Clifford index at most 6 on arbitrary toric surfaces. Conversely we use known results on Green's conjecture (due to Lelli-Chiesa) to obtain new facts about graded Betti tables of projectively embedded toric surfaces.
This is an extended abstract for a talk given at the mini-workshop "Cohomology rings and fundamental groups of hyperplane arrangements, wonderful compactifications, and real toric varieties", held in Oberwolfach, September 30-October 6, 2012. We describe a formula (obtained in joint work with Alvise Trevisan) for computing the Betti numbers of real toric manifolds, based on a study of cohomology with coefficients in rank one local systems for various polyhedral products. Applying this formula, we recover Henderson's computation of the Betti numbers of real Hessenberg varieties. We conclude wit…
We define the Z/2Z Hodge spaces H_{pq}(Σ) of a fan Σ. If Σis the normal fan of a reflexive polytope Δthen we use polyhedral duality to compute the Z/2Z Hodge Spaces of Σ. In particular, if the cones of dimension at most e in the face fan Σ^* of Δare smooth then we compute H_{pq}(Σ) for p<e-1. If Σ^* is a smooth fan then we completely determine the spaces H_{pq}(Σ) and we show the toric variety X associated to Σis maximal, meaning that the sum of the Z/2Z Betti numbers of X(R) is equal to the sum of the Z/2Z Betti numbers of X(C).
We compute the Betti numbers of the geometric spaces associated to nonrational simple convex polytopes and find that they depend on the combinatorial type of the polytope exactly as in the rational case. This shows that the combinatorial features of the starting polytope are encoded in these generalized toric spaces as they are in their rational counterparts.
We present an algorithm for explicitly computing the number of generators of the stable cohomology algebra of any rationally smooth partial toroidal compactification of ${\mathcal A}_g$, satisfying certain additivity and finiteness properties, in terms of the combinatorics of the corresponding toric fans. In particular the algorithm determines the stable cohomology of the matroidal partial compactification, in terms of simple regular matroids that are irreducible with respect to the 1-sum operation, and their automorphism groups. The algorithm also applies to compute the stable Betti numbers i…
We study the topology of toric maps. We show that if $f\colon X\to Y$ is a proper toric morphism, with $X$ simplicial, then the cohomology of every fiber of $f$ is pure and of Hodge-Tate type. When the map is a fibration, we give an explicit formula for the Betti numbers of the fibers in terms of a relative version of the $f$-vector, extending the usual formula for the Betti numbers of a simplicial complete toric variety. We then describe the Decomposition Theorem for a toric fibration, giving in particular a nonnegative combinatorial invariant attached to each cone in the fan of $Y$, which is…
We study the connection between stringy Betti numbers of Gorenstein toric varieties and the generating functions of the Ehrhart polynomials of certain polyhedral regions. We use this point of view to give counterexamples to Hibi's conjecture on the unimodality of delta-vectors of reflexive polytopes.
A complex algebraic variety defined over the reals is maximal when the sum of its Betti numbers for Borel Moore homology with $\zz$ coefficients coincides with the sum of the Betti numbers of its real part. We will show in this paper that toric varieties of dimension 4 are maximal.
We call an ideal in a polynomial ring robust if it can be minimally generated by a universal Gröbner basis. In this paper we show that robust toric ideals generated by quadrics are essentially determinantal. We then discuss two possible generalizations to higher degree, providing a tight classification for determinantal ideals, and a counterexample to a natural extension for Lawrence ideals. We close with a discussion of robustness of higher Betti numbers.
For all integers $4 \leq r \leq d$, we show that there exists a finite simple graph $G= G_{r,d}$ with toric ideal $I_G \subset R$ such that $R/I_G$ has (Castelnuovo-Mumford) regularity $r$ and $h$-polynomial of degree $d$. To achieve this goal, we identify a family of graphs such that the graded Betti numbers of the associated toric ideal agree with its initial ideal, and furthermore, this initial ideal has linear quotients. As a corollary, we can recover a result of Hibi, Higashitani, Kimura, and O'Keefe that compares the depth and dimension of toric ideals of graphs.
Néron models of abelian varieties do not necessarily exist if the base $S$ has dimension higher than 1. We introduce a new condition, called toric additivity, on a family of smooth curves having nodal reduction over a normal crossing divisor $D\subset S$. The condition is necessary and sufficient for existence of a Néron model of the jacobian of the family; it depends only on the Betti numbers of the dual graphs of the fibres of the family, or on the toric ranks of the fibres of the jacobian.
A complex algebraic variety X defined over the real numbers is called an M-variety if the sum of its Betti numbers (for homology with closed supports and coefficients in Z/2) coincides with the corresponding sum for the real part of X. It has been known for a long time that any nonsingular complete toric variety is an M-variety. In this paper we consider whether this remains true for toric varieties that are singular or not complete, and we give a positive answer when the dimension of X is less than or equal to 3.
Let $G$ be a finite simple graph. We give a lower bound for the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of the toric ideal $I_G$ associated to $G$ in terms of the sizes and number of induced complete bipartite graphs in $G$. When $G$ is a chordal bipartite graph, we find an upper bound for the regularity of $I_G$ in terms of the size of the bipartition of $G$. We also give a new proof for the graded Betti numbers of the toric ideal associated to the complete bipartite graph $K_{2,n}$.
We establish a correspondence between simplicial fans, not necessarily rational, and certain foliated compact complex manifolds called LVMB-manifolds. In the rational case, Meersseman and Verjovsky have shown that the leaf space is the usual toric variety. We compute the basic Betti numbers of the foliation for shellable fans. When the fan is in particular polytopal, we prove that the basic cohomology of the foliation is generated in degree two. We give evidence that the rich interplay between convex and algebraic geometries embodied by toric varieties carries over to our nonrational construct…
Duistermaat and van der Kallen show that there is no nontrivial complex Laurent polynomial all of whose powers have a zero constant term. Inspired by this, Sturmfels posed two questions: Do the constant terms of a generic Laurent polynomial form a regular sequence? If so, then what is the degree of the associated zero-dimensional ideal? In this note, we prove that the Eulerian numbers provide the answer to the second question. The proof involves reinterpreting the problem in terms of toric geometry.
A Fourier transform technique is introduced for counting the number of solutions of holomorphic moment map equations over a finite field. This in turn gives information on Betti numbers of holomorphic symplectic quotients. As a consequence simple unified proofs are obtained for formulas of Poincare polynomials of toric hyperkahler varieties, Poincare polynomials of Hilbert schemes of points and twisted ADHM spaces of instantons on C^2 and Poincare polynomials of all Nakajima quiver varieties. As an application, a proof of a conjecture of Kac on the number of absolutely indecomposable represent…
The Poincaré polynomial of a Weyl group calculates the Betti numbers of the projective homogeneous space $G/B$, while the $h$-vector of a simple polytope calculates the Betti numbers of the corresponding rationally smooth toric variety. There is a common generalization of these two extremes called the $H$-polynomial. It applies to projective, homogeneous spaces, toric varieties and, much more generally, to any algebraic variety $X$ where there is a connected, solvable, algebraic group acting with a finite number of orbits. We illustrate this situation by describing the $H$-polynomials of certa…
We give a rigorous mathematical proof for the validity of the toric sheaf cohomology algorithm conjectured in the recent paper by R. Blumenhagen, B. Jurke, T. Rahn, and H. Roschy (arXiv:1003.5217). We actually prove not only the original algorithm but also a speed-up version of it. Our proof is independent from (in fact appeared earlier on the arXiv than) the proof by H. Roschy and T. Rahn (arXiv:1006.2392), and has several advantages such as being shorter and cleaner and can also settle the additional conjecture on "Serre duality for Betti numbers" which was raised but unresolved in arXiv:100…
A hypertoric variety is a quaternionic analogue of a toric variety. Just as the topology of toric varieties is closely related to the combinatorics of polytopes, the topology of hypertoric varieties interacts richly with the combinatorics of hyperplane arrangements and matroids. Using finite field methods, we obtain combinatorial descriptions of the Betti numbers of hypertoric varieties, both for ordinary cohomology in the smooth case and intersection cohomology in the singular case. We also introduce a conjectural ring structure on the intersection cohomology of a hypertoric variety.
We generalize the well-known "12" and "24" Theorems for reflexive polytopes of dimension 2 and 3 to any smooth reflexive polytope. Our methods apply to a wider category of objects, here called reflexive GKM graphs, that are associated with certain monotone symplectic manifolds which do not necessarily admit a toric action. As an application, we provide bounds on the Betti numbers for certain monotone Hamiltonian spaces which depend on the minimal Chern number of the manifold.
We study the linear syzygies of a homogeneous ideal I in a polynomial ring S, focusing on the graded betti numbers b_(i,i+1) = dim_k Tor_i(S/I, k)_(i+1). For a variety X and divisor D with S = Sym(H^0(D)*), what conditions on D ensure that b_(i,i+1) is nonzero? Eisenbud has shown that a decomposition D = A + B such that A and B have at least two sections gives rise to determinantal equations (and corresponding syzygies) in I_X; and conjectured that if I_2 is generated by quadrics of rank at most 4, then the last nonvanishing b_(i,i+1) is a consequence of such equations. We describe obstruction…
The goal of this article is to give a Lefschetz type decomposition for the cd-index of a complete fan. To a complete simplicial fan one can associate a toric variety X, the even Betti numbers h_i of X and the numbers g_i = h_i-h_{i-1}. If the fan is projective, then non-negativity of g_i follows from the Lefschetz decomposition of the cohomology. In the case of a nonsiplicial complete fan one can analogously compute the flag h-numbers h_S and, by a change of variable formula, the cd-index. We give an analogue of the Lefschetz operation for the cd-index. This gives another proof of the non-nega…
