Carlos R. Mafra
A FORM program which is used to efficiently expand in components pure spinor superfield expressions of kinematic factors is presented and comments on how it works are made. It is highly customizable using the standard features of FORM and can be used to help obtaining superstring effective actions from the scattering amplitudes computed with the pure spinor formalism.
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We study supersymmetry conditions for the heterotic pure superstring preserving and N=1 supersymmetry in four dimensions directly from the curved superspace defined by the Berkovits-Howe constraints.
In the pure spinor formalism for the superstring and supermembrane, supersymmetric invariants are constructed by integrating over five $θ$'s in d=10 and over nine $θ$'s in d=11. This pure spinor superspace is easily explained using the superform (or ''ectoplasm'') method developed by Gates and collaborators, and generalizes the standard chiral superspace in d=4. The ectoplasm method is also useful for constructing d=10 and d=11 supersymmetric invariants in curved supergravity backgrounds.
Towards massive field-theory amplitudes from the cohomology of pure spinor superspace
本文类比弦盘振幅定义大规模场论树级振幅，猜想纯旋量超空间BRST上同调决定其形式，并给出含一个第一级大规模态的n点振幅的两种推导证据。
A Batalin-Vilkovisky action for D=6, N=1 super-Yang--Mills theory, including coupling to hypermultiplets, is given. The formalism involves pure spinor superfields. The geometric properties of the D=6, N=1 pure spinors (which differ from Cartan pure spinors) are examined. Unlike the situation for maximally supersymmetric models, the fields and antifields (including ghosts) of the vector multiplet reside in separate superfields. The formalism provides an off-shell superspace formulation for matter hypermultiplets, which in a traditional treatment are on-shell.
On-shell supergravity vertex operators in an $AdS_5\times S^5$ background are described in the pure spinor formalism by the zero mode cohomology of a BRST operator. After expanding the pure spinor BRST operator in terms of the $AdS_5$ radius variable, this cohomology is computed using N=4 harmonic superspace variables and explicit superfield expressions are obtained for the behavior of supergravity vertex operators near the boundary of $AdS_5$.
The double-spinor formalism, proposed by Aisaka and Kazama, provides a basis for the pure-spinor formalism, which allows manifestly super-Poincare covariant quantization of superstrings. We extend it to the case of backgrounds realized by coset superspaces. A general method constructing reparametrization invariant action is given using two concrete examples, the flat space-time and AdS(5)xS(5). We find that it is natural to double not only the spinor coordinates but the whole superspace for describing double-spinor superstrings on such backgrounds. The reparametrization invariant action has lo…
Manifest Moebius invariance of massive tree-level three-point amplitudes in pure spinor superspace
通过纯旋量超空间中的BRST上同调性质和非自由场的OPE括号恒等式，获得大规模树级开弦幅度的紧凑嵌套括号表示，显式表现莫比乌斯不变性。通过显式超空间计算确认该发现，并推导新的BRST递推关系扩展到任意质量级。
The pure spinor heterotic string in a generic super Yang-Mills and supergravity background is considered. We determine the one-loop BRST anomaly at the cohomological level. We prove that it can be absorbed by consistent corrections of the classical constraints due to Berkovits and Howe, in agreement with the Green-Schwarz cancelation mechanism.
Using non-minimal pure spinor superspace, Cederwall has constructed BRST-invariant actions for $D=10$ super-Born-Infeld and $D=11$ supergravity which are quartic in the superfields. But since the superfields have explicit dependence on the non-minimal pure spinor variables, it is non-trivial to show these actions correctly describe super-Born-Infeld and supergravity. In this paper, we expand solutions to the equations of motion from Cederwall's actions to leading order around the linearized solutions and show that they correctly describe the interactions of $D=10$ super-Born-Infeld and $D=11$ …
A note on conserved worldsheet supercharges in heterotic pure spinor superstring
研究弯曲十维超空间背景下杂化纯旋量超弦中与时空超对称性相关的守恒世界面荷，通过BRST不变性和世界面守恒导出超空间约束，并讨论平坦和弯曲情况下的超对称生成元。
Using the pure spinor formalism we prove identities which relate the tree-level, one-loop and two-loop kinematic factors for massless four-point amplitudes. From these identities it follows that the complete supersymmetric one- and two-loop amplitudes are immediately known once the tree-level kinematic factor is evaluated. In particular, the two-loop equivalence with the RNS formalism (up to an overall coefficient) is obtained as a corollary.
A simple BRST-closed expression for the color-ordered super-Yang-Mills 5-point amplitude at tree-level is proposed in pure spinor superspace and shown to be BRST-equivalent to the field theory limit of the open superstring 5-pt amplitude. It is manifestly cyclic invariant and each one of its five terms can be associated to the five Feynman diagrams which use only cubic vertices. Its form also suggests an empirical method to find superspace expressions in the cohomology of the pure spinor BRST operator for higher-point amplitudes based on their kinematic pole structure. Using this method, Ansae…
We present the massless six-point one-loop amplitudes in the open and closed superstring using BRST cohomology arguments from the pure spinor formalism. The hexagon gauge anomaly is traced back to a class of kinematic factors in pure spinor superspace which were recently introduced as BRST pseudo-invariants. This complements previous work where BRST invariance arguments were used to derive the non-anomalous part of the amplitude. The associated worldsheet functions are non-singular and demonstrated to yield total derivatives on moduli space upon gauge variation. These cohomology considerations…
We describe a pure spinor BRST cohomology framework to compactly represent ten-dimensional one-loop amplitudes involving any number of massless open- and closed-string states. The method of previous work to construct scalar and vectorial BRST invariants in pure spinor superspace signals the appearance of the hexagon gauge anomaly when applied to tensors. We study the systematics of the underlying BRST anomaly by defining the notion of pseudo-cohomology. This leads to a rich network of pseudo-invariant superfields of arbitrary tensor rank whose behavior under traces and contractions with extern…
The massive one-loop four-point string amplitude in pure spinor superspace
本文在纯旋量超空间中计算了含质量态的开闭弦单圈振幅，证明其单圈关联子可由树级运动学因子重写，并指出闭弦四点情形对态组合的依赖性。
The superform construction of supersymmetric invariants, which consists of integrating the top component of a closed superform over spacetime, is reviewed. The cohomological methods necessary for the analysis of closed superforms are discussed and some further theoretical developments presented. The method is applied to higher-order corrections in heterotic string theory up to $\a'^3$. Some partial results on $N=2,d=10$ and $N=1,d=11$ are also given.
Working with anticommuting Weyl(or Mayorana) spinors in the framework of the van der Waerden calculus is standard in supersymmetry. The natural frame for rigorous supersymmetric quantum field theory makes use of operator-valued superdistributions defined on supersymmetric test functions. In turn this makes necessary a van der Waerden calculus in which the Grassmann variables anticommute but the fermionic components are commutative instead of being anticommutative. We work out such a calculus in view of applications to the rigorous conceptual problems of the N=1 supersymmetric quantum field the…
Supersymmetric integrands for the two-loop five-point amplitudes in ten-dimensional super Yang--Mills and type II supergravity are proposed. The kinematic numerators are manifestly local and satisfy the duality between color and kinematics described by Bern, Carrasco and Johansson. Our results are expected to reproduce the integrated two-loop amplitudes in dimensions $D<7$. The UV divergence in the critical dimension $D=7$ matches the low-energy limit of the corresponding superstring amplitudes and is written in terms of SYM tree amplitudes.
D=4, N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory has an off-shell superspace formulation in terms of pure spinor superfields, which is directly inherited from the D=10 theory. That superspace, in particular the choice of pure spinor variables, is less suitable for dealing with fields that are inherently 4-dimensional, such as the superfields based on the scalars, which are gauge-covariant, and traces of powers of scalars, which are gauge-invariant. We give a reformulation of D=4, N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory in N=4 superspace, using inherently 4-dimensional pure spinors. All local degrees of freedom reside in …
Superspace Expansion of The 11D Linearized Superfields in The Pure Spinor Formalism, and The Covariant Vertex Operator
本文利用类Harnad-Shnider规范中的递归关系求得线性化11维超引力超场的θ全阶超空间展开，并借助11维 ABC 超粒子首次构造完全协变顶点算子，且证明其在光锥规范下重现GGK算子。
It has recently been shown that the ten-dimensional superstring can be quantized using the BRST operator $Q=\ointλ^αd_α$ where $λ^α$ is a pure spinor satisfying $λγ^m λ=0$ and $d_α$ is the fermionic supersymmetric derivative. In this paper, the pure spinor version of superstring theory is formulated in a curved supergravity background and it is shown that nilpotency and holomorphicity of the pure spinor BRST operator imply the on-shell superspace constraints of the supergravity background. This is shown to lowest order in $α'$ for the heterotic and Type II superstrings, thus providing a compac…
We use the non-minimal pure spinor formalism to compute in a super-Poincare covariant manner the four-point massless one and two-loop open superstring amplitudes, and the gauge anomaly of the six-point one-loop amplitude. All of these amplitudes are expressed as integrals of ten-dimensional superfields in a "pure spinor superspace" which involves five $θ$ coordinates covariantly contracted with three pure spinors. The bosonic contribution to these amplitudes agrees with the standard results, and we demonstrate identities which show how the $t_8$ and $ε_{10}$ tensors naturally emerge from integ…
The tree-level amplitude of six massless open strings is computed using the pure spinor formalism. The OPE poles among integrated and unintegrated vertices can be efficiently organized according to the cohomology of pure spinor superspace. The identification and use of these BRST structures and their interplay with the system of equations fulfilled by the generalized Euler integrals allow the full supersymmetric six-point amplitude to be written in compact form. Furthermore, the complete set of extended Bern-Carrasco-Johansson relations are derived from the monodromy properties of the disk wor…
We investigate the complex of differential forms in curved, six-dimensional, $N=(1,0)$ superspace. The superconformal group acts on this complex by super-Weyl transformations. An ambi-twistor-like representation of a second conformal group arises on a pure spinor subspace of the cotangent space. The $p$-forms are defined by super-Weyl-covariant tensor fields on this pure spinor subspace. The on-shell dynamics of such fields is superconformal. We construct the superspace de Rham complex by successively obstructing the closure of forms. We then extend the analysis to composite forms obtained by …
A geometry of superspace corresponding to double field theory is developed, with type II supergravity in D=10 as the main example. The formalism is based on an orthosymplectic extension OSp(d,d|2s) of the continuous T-duality group. Covariance under generalised super-diffeomorphisms is manifest. Ordinary superspace is obtained as a solution of the orthosymplectic section condition. A systematic study of curved superspace Bianchi identities is performed, and a relation to a double pure spinor superfield cohomology is established. A Ramond-Ramond superfield is constructed as an infinite-dimensio…
We compactify the pure spinor formalism on a K3 surface. The pure spinor splits into a six-dimensional pure spinor, a projective superspace harmonic, and 6 non-covariant variables. A homological algebra argument reduces the calculation of the cohomology of the Berkovits differential to a "small" Hilbert space which is the string-theoretic analogue of projective superspace. The description of the physical state conditions is facilitated by lifting to the full harmonic superspace, which is accomplished by the introduction of the missing harmonics as non-minimal variables. Finally, contact with t…
We discuss $\mathcal{N}=1$ Klein and Klein-Conformal superspaces in $D=(2,2)$ space-time dimensions, realizing them in terms of their functor of points over the split composition algebra $\mathbb{C}_{s}$. We exploit the observation that certain split form of orthogonal groups can be realized in terms of matrix groups over split composition algebras; this leads to a natural interpretation of the the sections of the spinor bundle in the critical split dimensions $D=4$, $6$ and $10$ as $\mathbb{C}_{s}^{2}$, $\mathbb{H}_{s}^{2}$ and $\mathbb{O}_{s}^{2}$, respectively. Within this approach, we also…
Using the pure spinor formalism for the superstring, the vertex operator for the first massive states of the open superstring is constructed in a manifestly super-Poincaré covariant manner. This vertex operator describes a massive spin-two multiplet in terms of ten-dimensional superfields.
In this paper, we outline a method to compute supersymmetric one-loop integrands in ten-dimensional SYM theory. It relies on the constructive interplay between their cubic-graph organization and BRST invariance of the underlying pure spinor superstring description. The five- and six-point amplitudes are presented in a manifestly local form where the kinematic dependence is furnished by BRST-covariant expressions in pure spinor superspace. At five points, the local kinematic numerators are shown to satisfy the BCJ duality between color and kinematics leading to supergravity amplitudes as a bypr…
Noether-Wald and Komar charges in supergravity, fermions, and Killing supervectors in superspace
本研究通过超空间中Killing超矢量阐明超引力里Killing矢量与旋量的超对称性质，构建含费米贡献的${\cal N}=1$、$D=4$超引力不变Noether-Wald荷，并讨论$D=11$超引力相关形式体系。
We review the spinor moving frame formulations and generalized action principle for super-p-branes, describe in detail the superembedding approach to superstring in general type IIB supergravity background and present the complete superembedding description of type IIB superstring in the AdS(5)xS*5 superspace.
Continuing our exploration of maximally supersymmetric gauge theories (MSYM) deformed by higher dimensional operators, in this paper we consider an off-shell approach based on pure spinor superspace and focus on constructing supersymmetric deformations beyond the first order. In particular, we give a construction of the Batalin-Vilkovisky action of an all-order non-Abelian Born-Infeld deformation of MSYM in the non-minimal pure spinor formalism. We also discuss subtleties in the integration over the pure spinor superspace and the relevance of Berkovits-Nekrasov regularization.
Nilpotency of the pure spinor BRST operator in a curved background implies superspace equations of motion for the background. By computing one-loop corrections to nilpotency for the heterotic sigma model, the Yang-Mills Chern-Simons corrections to the background are derived.
Using the pure spinor formalism, we compute the tree-level correlation functions for three strings, one closed and two open, in N=1 D=10 superspace. Expanding the superfields in components, the respective terms of the effective action for the type I supergravity are obtained. All terms found agree with the effective action known in the literature. This result gives one more consistency test for the pure spinor formalism.
The pure spinor formulation of the ten-dimensional superstring leads to manifestly supersymmetric loop amplitudes, expressed as integrals in pure spinor superspace. This paper explores different methods to evaluate these integrals and then uses them to calculate the kinematic factors of the one-loop and two-loop massless four-point amplitudes involving two and four Ramond states.
We construct the action for the pure spinor superstring in the coset description of AdS_4 x CP^3 superspace, using the variables which solve the pure spinor condition. As a test of the consistency of the approach, we use the background field method to verify the absence of central charge at the second order in the expansion and to show the one-loop finiteness of the effective action.
Using the results recently obtained for computing integrals over (non-minimal) pure spinor superspace, we compute the coefficient of the massless two-loop four-point amplitude from first principles. Contrasting with the mathematical difficulties in the RNS formalism where unknown normalizations of chiral determinant formulae force the two-loop coefficient to be determined only indirectly through factorization, the computation in the pure spinor formalism can be smoothly carried out.
This is an overview of the method of pure spinor superfields, written for "Handbook of Quantum Gravity", eds. C. Bambi, L. Modesto and I. Shapiro. The main focus is on the use of the formalism in maximal supergravity on a flat background. The basics of pure spinor superfields, and their relation to standard superspace, is reviewed. The pure spinor superstring model of Berkovits is briefly discussed. Consequences for divergence properties of loop diagrams in maximal supergravity are restated. Some final remarks are made concerning desirable development of the theoretical framework.
By using symplectic Majorana spinors as Grassmann coordinates in a superspace associated with the supersymmetric extension of the isometry group on the spherical surface S_2, it proves possible to formulate supersymmetric models on S_2 using superspace techniques.
We derive the action for chiral spinor multiplets coupled to vector and scalar multiplets. We give the component form of the action, which contains gauge invariant mass terms for the antisymmetric tensors in the spinor superfield and additional Green-Schwarz couplings to vector fields. We observe that supersymmetry provides mass terms for the scalars in the spinor multiplet which do not arise from eliminating an auxiliary field. We construct the dual action by explicitly performing the duality transformations in superspace and give its component form.
Mason and Skinner recently constructed a chiral infinite tension limit of the Ramond-Neveu-Schwarz superstring which was shown to compute the Cachazo-He-Yuan formulae for tree-level d=10 Yang-Mills amplitudes and the NS-NS sector of tree-level d=10 supergravity amplitudes. In this letter, their chiral infinite tension limit is generalized to the pure spinor superstring which computes a d=10 superspace version of the Cachazo-He-Yuan formulae for tree-level d=10 super-Yang-Mills and supergravity amplitudes.
In this thesis are presented two aplications of the sigma model for the superstring in the pure spinor formulation. The first aplication concerns the computation of the one-loop conformal invariance for the type II superstring, resulting in equations of motion written in superspace for the background fields coupled to the superstring. The second application is related to the BRST invariance of the heterotic superstring at the quantum level, which allows to find stringy corrections to the ten-dimensional super Yang-Mills/supergravity constraints.
We compute the massless five-point amplitude of open superstrings using the non-minimal pure spinor formalism and obtain a simple kinematic factor in pure spinor superspace, which can be viewed as the natural extension of the kinematic factor of the massless four-point amplitude. It encodes bosonic and fermionic external states in supersymmetric form and reduces to existing bosonic amplitudes when expanded in components, therefore proving their equivalence. We also show how to compute the kinematic structures involving fermionic states.
In this talk, we review how the superspace formulation of maximally supersymmetric field theories (including supergravity) naturally leads to introduction of pure spinors and pure spinor superfields, and why the formalism provides off-shell formulations. This approach to pure spinor superfields thus stresses field-theoretic aspects rather than the first-quantised ones normally used e.g. in superstring theory. We discuss how the BRST operator arises and the principles behind constructions of actions, as well as the general Batalin-Vilkovisky framework. D=11 supergravity and its recently constru…
The construction of the ghost number zero and one vertex operators for the 11D pure spinor superparticle will be revisited. In this sense, an alternative way of defining the ghost number one vertex operator will be given after introducing a ghost number -2 operator made out of physical operators defined on the 11D non-minimal pure spinor superspace. This procedure will make explicit and transparent the relation between the ghost number three and one vertex operators. In addition, using a non-Lorentz covariant b-ghost, ghost number zero and two vertex operators satisfying standard descent equat…
Using the non-minimal version of the pure spinor formalism, manifestly super-Poincare covariant superstring scattering amplitudes can be computed as in topological string theory without the need of picture-changing operators. The only subtlety comes from regularizing the functional integral over the pure spinor ghosts. In this paper, it is shown how to regularize this functional integral in a BRST-invariant manner, allowing the computation of arbitrary multiloop amplitudes. The regularization method simplifies for scattering amplitudes which contribute to ten-dimensional F-terms, i.e. terms in…
In this paper we extend to the case of IIB superstring sigma models the method proposed in hep-th/10023500 to derive the pure spinor approach for type IIA sigma models. In particular, starting from the (Free) Differential Algebra and superspace parametrization of type IIB supergravity, extended to include the BRST differential and all the ghosts, we derive the BRST transformations of fields and ghosts as well as the standard pure spinor constraints for the ghosts $λ$ related to supersymmetry. Moreover, using the method first proposed by us, we derive the pure spinor action for type IIB superst…
We explore type II supersymmetric double field theory in superspace. The double supervielbein is an element of the orthosymplectic group OSp(10,10|64), which also governs the structure of generalized superdiffeomorphisms. Unlike bosonic double field theory, the local tangent space must be enhanced from the double Lorentz group in order to eliminate unphysical components of the supervielbein and to define covariant torsion and curvature tensors. This leads to an infinite hierarchy of local tangent space symmetries, which are connected to the super-Maxwell$_\infty$ algebra. A novel feature of ty…
In this Thesis we study first- and second-quantized approaches describing $D=11$ supergravity using pure spinor variables. We introduce the so-called $D=11$ pure spinor superparticle through BRST cohomology arguments starting from the semi-light-cone gauge $D=11$ Brink-Schwarz-like superparticle. After performing a light-cone gauge analysis of the pure spinor BRST cohomology at ghost number three, we find the linearized equations of motion of $D=11$ supergravity in $D=9$ superspace. In addition, we construct a BRST-closed, ghost number one vertex operator made out of worldline fields and $D=11…
The recursive method of Berends and Giele to compute tree-level gluon amplitudes is revisited using the framework of ten-dimensional super Yang-Mills. First we prove that the pure spinor formula to compute SYM tree amplitudes derived in 2010 reduces to the standard Berends-Giele formula from the 80s when restricted to gluon amplitudes and additionally determine the fermionic completion. Second, using BRST cohomology manipulations in superspace, alternative representations of the component amplitudes are explored and the Bern-Carrasco-Johansson relations among partial tree amplitudes are derive…
Classical BRST invariance in the pure spinor formalism for the open superstring is shown to imply the supersymmetric Born-Infeld equations of motion for the background fields. These equations are obtained by requiring that the left and right-moving BRST currents are equal on the worldsheet boundary in the presence of the background. The Born-Infeld equations are expressed in N=1 D=10 superspace and include all abelian contributions to the low-energy equations of motion, as well as the leading non-abelian contributions.
We study compactifications of the heterotic pure spinor superstring to six and four dimensions focusing on two simple Calabi-Yau orbifolds. We show that the correct spectrum can be reproduced only if, in the twisted sector, there remain exactly 5 and 2 pure spinor components untwisted, respectively. This naturally defines a "small" Hilbert space of untwisted variables. We point out that the cohomology of the reduced differential on this small Hilbert space can be used to describe the states in the untwisted sector, provided certain auxiliary constraints are defined. In dimension six, the misma…
We provide the covariant superspace equations that are sufficient to determine the complete $θ$ expansion of the vertex operator of the open string massive states with $(mass)^2=1/α'$ in pure spinor formalism of superstring theory. These equations get rid of the redundant degrees of freedom in superfields and are consistent with the BRST conditions derived in [1]. Further, we give the explicit $θ$ expansion of the superfields appearing in the unintegrated vertex to $O(θ^3)$. Finally, we compute the contribution to a 3-point tree amplitude with the resulting vertex operator upto $O(θ^3)$ and fi…
Tree-level 11D supergravity amplitudes from the pure spinor worldline
本文提出了一种基于纯旋量世界线形式化方法计算11维超引力树级散射振幅的框架，通过4点和N点案例验证了其在BRST对称性和规范不变性上的一致性，并提供了紧凑的数学表示。
Maximally supersymmetric theories do not allow off-shell superspace formulations with traditional superfields containing a finite set of auxiliary fields. It has become clear that off-shell supersymmetric action formulations of such models can be achieved by the introduction of pure spinors. In this talk, an overview of this formalism is given, with emphasis on D=10 super-Yang-Mills theory and D=11 supergravity. This a somewhat expanded version of a talk presented at the workshop "Breaking of supersymmetry and ultraviolet divergences in extended supergravity" (BUDS), Laboratori Nazionali di Fr…
This paper provides a more detailed background to the results of arXiv:1004.2692 concerning properties of multi-loop amplitudes in a pure spinor formulation of field theories with maximal supersymmetry. This involves the development of a first quantised field theory version of the non-minimal pure spinor formalism originally designed for describing superstring amplitudes. In addition to superspace world-line fields, the formalism involves a set of world-line ghost fields that are required for implementing BRST invariance with a composite b ghost. In particular, we show that BRST invariance req…
After introducing a d=10 pure spinor $λ^α$, the Virasoro constraint $\partial x^m \partial x_m =0$ can be replaced by the twistor-like constraint $\partial x^m (γ_m λ)_α=0$. Quantizing this twistor-like constraint leads to the pure spinor formalism for the superstring where the fermionic superspace variables $θ^α$ and their conjugate momenta come from the ghosts and antighosts of the twistor-like constraint.
We review the superspace technique to determine supersymmetric spacetimes in the framework of off-shell formulations for supergravity in diverse dimensions using the case of 3D N=2 supergravity theories as an illustrative example. This geometric formalism has several advantages over other approaches advocated in the last four years. Firstly, the infinitesimal isometry transformations of a given curved superspace form, by construction, a finite-dimensional Lie superalgebra, with its odd part corresponding to the rigid supersymmetry transformations. Secondly, the generalised Killing spinor equat…
We construct non-critical pure spinor superstrings in two, four and six dimensions. We find explicitly the map between the RNS variables and the pure spinor ones in the linear dilaton background. The RNS variables map onto a patch of the pure spinor space and the holomorphic top form on the pure spinor space is an essential ingredient of the mapping. A basic feature of the map is the requirement of doubling the superspace, which we analyze in detail. We study the structure of the non-critical pure spinor space, which is different from the ten-dimensional one, and its quantum anomalies. We comp…
We present a simple form of the Type IIB string action on $AdS_5\times S^5$. The result is achieved by fixing $κ$-symmetry in the Killing spinor gauge defined by the projector of the Killing spinor of the D3 brane. We show explicitly that in this gauge the superspace is greatly simplified which is the crucial ingredient for the simple string action.
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