First detection of ND in the solar-mass protostar IRAS16293-2422
A. Bacmann, E. Caux, P. Hily-Blant, B. Parise, L. Pagani, S. Bottinelli, S. Maret, C. Vastel, C. Ceccarelli, J. Cernicharo, T. Henning, A. Castets, A. Coutens, … 展开作者
A. Bacmann, E. Caux, P. Hily-Blant, B. Parise, L. Pagani, S. Bottinelli, S. Maret, C. Vastel, C. Ceccarelli, J. Cernicharo, T. Henning, A. Castets, A. Coutens, E. A. Bergin, G. A. Blake, N. Crimier, K. Demyk, C. Dominik, M. Gerin, P. Hennebelle, C. Kahane, A. Klotz, G. Melnick, P. Schilke, V. Wakelam, A. Walters, A. Baudry, T. Bell, M. Benedettini, A. Boogert, S. Cabrit, P. Caselli, C. Codella, C. Comito, P. Encrenaz, E. Falgarone, A. Fuente, P. F. Goldsmith, F. Helmich, E. Herbst, T. Jacq, M. Kama, W. Langer, B. Lefloch, D. Lis, S. Lord, A. Lorenzani, D. Neufeld, B. Nisini, S. Pacheco, J. Pearson, T. Phillips, M. Salez, P. Saraceno, K. Schuster, A. G. G. M. Tielens, F. F. S. van der Tak, M. H. D. van der Wiel, S. Viti, F. Wyrowski, H. Yorke, A. Faure, A. Benz, O. Coeur-Joly, A. Cros, R. Guesten, L. Ravera
备注:
Accepted; To appear in A&A Herschel/HIFI Special Issue
In the past decade, much progress has been made in characterising the processes leading to the enhanced deuterium fractionation observed in the ISM and in particular in the cold, dense parts of star forming regions such as protostellar envelopes. Very high molecular D/H ratios have been found for saturated molecules and ions. However, little is known about the deuterium fractionation in radicals, even though simple radicals often represent an intermediate stage in the formation of more complex, saturated molecules. The imidogen radical NH is such an intermediate species for the ammonia synthesis in the gas phase. Herschel/HIFI represents a unique opportunity to study the deuteration and formation mechanisms of such species, which are not observable from the ground. We searched here for the deuterated radical ND in order to determine the deuterium fractionation of imidogen and constrain the deuteration mechanism of this species. We observed the solar-mass Class 0 protostar IRAS16293-2422 with the heterodyne instrument HIFI as part of the Herschel key programme CHESS (Chemical HErschel Surveys of Star forming regions). The deuterated form of the imidogen radical ND was detected and securely identified with 2 hyperfine component groups of its fundamental transition in absorption against the continuum background emitted from the nascent protostar. The 3 groups of hyperfine components of its hydrogenated counterpart NH were also detected in absorption. We derive a very high deuterium fractionation with an [ND]/[NH] ratio of between 30 and 100%. The deuterium fractionation of imidogen is of the same order of magnitude as that in other molecules, which suggests that an efficient deuterium fractionation mechanism is at play. We discuss two possible formation pathways for ND, by means of either the reaction of N+ with HD, or deuteron/proton exchange with NH.
Water deuterium fractionation in the inner regions of two solar type protostars
[HDO]/[H2O]比是探测水形成历史的关键参数。到目前为止,只对三颗太阳型原恒星进行了测量,并得出了不同的结果,可能指向它们形成的不同历史。本文报道了位于NGC 1333区的两颗太阳型原恒星IRAS 2A和IRAS 4A的HDO 42,2 - 42,3谱线的新的干涉观测结果。在这两个源中,检测到的HDO发射源自中央致密的未解析区域。与先前发表的H218 $O 3 1,3 - 2 2,0 line shows that the HDO and H$ _2 $O lines mostly come from the same region. A non-LTE LVG analysis of the HDO and H218$ O谱线发射的干涉观测结果相比较,结合已发表的观测结果,IRAS 2A中的[HDO]/[H2O]比为0.3 - 8%,IRAS 4A中为0.5 - 3%。首先,水的分馏低于相同来源中的其他分子如甲醛和甲醇的分馏。其次,它与太阳型原恒星原型IRAS 16293 -2422的测量结果相似,而且令人惊讶的是,它比NGC 1333 IRAS 4 B的测量结果更大。{The将IRAS 2A和IRAS 4A的测量值与我们的气体颗粒模型GRAINOBLE的预测进行比较,得出了与IRAS 16293相似的结论,认为这些原恒星具有相似的化学历史,尽管它们位于不同的云中。
Deuterated water in the solar-type protostars NGC 1333 IRAS 4A and IRAS 4B
Aims. The aim of this paper is to study deuterated water in the solar-type protostars NGC1333 IRAS4A and IRAS4B, to compare their HDO abundance distribution with other star-forming regions, and to constrain their HDO/H2O ratios. Methods. Using the Herschel/HIFI instrument as well as ground-based telescopes, we observed several HDO lines covering a large excitation range (Eup/k=22-168 K) towards these protostars and an outflow position. Non-LTE radiative transfer codes were then used to determine the HDO abundance profiles in these sources. Results. The HDO fundamental line profiles show a very…
Water and Methanol Maser Survey of Protostars in the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex
本文介绍了对猎户座分子云复合体中九十九颗原恒星的脉泽巡天结果。目标源是通过红外观测确定的低质量原恒星。单碟观测在22 GHz的水脉泽线和44,95和133 GHz的甲醇I类脉泽线进行。大多数探测到的源被映射以确定源位置。探测到5个水脉泽源,它们分别是HH 1-2 VLA 3,HH 1-2 VLA 1,L1641 N MM 1/3,NGC 2071 IRS 1/3和OMC 3区的一个天体激发的。水脉泽的强度和速度在一个月或更短的时间尺度上表现出显着的变化。在OMC 2 FIR 3/4区和L1641 N MM 1/3区探测到4个甲醇发射源,它们可能是脉泽。NGC 2071 IRS 1-3和V380 Ori NE区域的其他两个来源的甲醇排放可能是热的。对于水脉泽,在调查区域内,每颗原恒星的探测数量约为2%,这表明低质量原恒星的水脉泽很少被探测到。低质量原恒星的甲醇I类脉泽是一种更罕见的现象,探测率远小于1%。
High-resolution mid-IR spectroscopy of SVS 13-A with EXES/SOFIA: The surprisingly high CH$_3$OH/H$_2$O ratio in the planet-forming zone of a solar mass protostar
Space Science Institute(空间科学研究所);ESO(欧洲南方天文台);INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri(意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切特里天文台);Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG(格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学、法国国家科学研究中心、行星与地球物理研究所);Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center(美国宇航局艾姆斯研究中心空间科学与天体生物学部门);Bay Area Environmental Research Institute(湾区环境研究所);Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院喷气推进实验室);Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona(巴塞罗那自治大学);University of Turin(都灵大学)
初始条件的恒星形成在集群中估计的原恒星的质量遵循初始质量函数(IMF)从0.05到10太阳质量。由于气体扩散受恒星反馈主导,恒星形成的坠落被认为同样有可能随时停止。对于球形下落,典型的初始凝结必须有一个陡峭的密度梯度,如在低质量的核心,周围的梯度较浅,如在核心周围的团块。这些属性匹配观察到的柱密度在集群形成的地区时,平均下落停止时间为0.05万年和吸积效率为0.5。坍缩持续时间随着最终原恒星质量的增加而增加,从0.01百万年增加到0.3百万年,质量吸积速率从3 x 10^(-6)太阳质量/年增加到300 x 10^(-6)太阳质量/年。典型的球形吸积光度是~5个太阳光度,将光度问题减少到~3倍。初始凝聚密度梯度在半径为0.04 pc处由陡变浅,包围0.9个太阳质量,平均柱密度为2 x 10^(22)cm^(-2),有效中心温度为16 K。这些初始条件比孤立恒星形成的条件更致密、更温暖。
Complex Organic Molecules in Protostars with ALMA Spectral Surveys (COMPASS) VII. First interstellar detection of fully deuterated methanol
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie(马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所);Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik(马克斯·普朗克地外物理研究所);Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES(图卢兹大学、法国国家科学研究中心、法国国家空间研究中心天体物理学和行星学研究所在);Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos und Weltstrahlungszentrum (PMOD/WRC)(达沃斯物理气象观测站和世界辐射中心);Universität Bern(伯尔尼大学);Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen(哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所);Seoul National University(首尔大学);National Radio Astronomy Observatory(美国国家射电天文台);Institute of Astronomy, Department of Physics, National Tsinghua University(国立清华大学物理系天文学研究所);Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG(格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学、法国国家科学研究中心IPAG)
The First Detection of a Protostellar CO Outflow in the Small Magellanic Cloud with ALMA
原恒星外流是恒星形成过程中最显著的特征之一。过去几十年的观测研究已经成功地证明,外流是无处不在的低质量和高质量的原恒星在太阳金属量银河系的条件。然而,原恒星外流特性的环境依赖性仍然知之甚少,特别是在低金属度制度。在这里,我们报告的第一次检测到的分子外流的小麦哲伦云与0.2 $Z_{\odot}$,使用阿塔卡玛大型毫米/亚毫米阵列观测在0.1 pc的空间分辨率对大质量的原恒星Y246。在$\gtrsim$ 15 km s $^{-1}$处CO(3-2)发射的高速翼很好地说明了双极外流。流出物的评估属性(动量、机械力等)与银河系的对应物一致我们的研究结果表明,分子外流,即,小尺度吸积盘的路标,可能普遍与原恒星的金属丰度范围的$\sim$ 0.2-1 $Z_{\odot}$。
Detections of Compact Radio Continuum toward Methanol Maser Rings Using the VLA
Nicolaus Copernicus University(尼古拉·哥白尼大学);SKA Observatory(平方公里阵列射电望远镜天文台);INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari(意大利国家天体物理研究所-卡利亚里天文台);INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri(意大利国家天体物理研究所-阿尔切特里天文台);Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC(甚长基线干涉测量联合研究所);Leiden University(莱顿大学)
Dust Seeding Molecules in a Massive Protostar -- Detection of TiO in Orion Source I
RIKEN Pioneering Research Institute(理化学研究所先锋研究本部);The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI(日本综合研究院 (SOKENDAI));University of Florida(佛罗里达大学);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院);Kyoto University(京都大学);The University of Tokyo(东京大学);Institute of Science Tokyo(东京科学大学);Shanghai Jiao Tong University(上海交通大学);National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台)