Line-of-sight magnetograms for 217 active regions (ARs) of different flare rate observed at the solar disk center from January 1997 until December 2006 are utilized to study the turbulence regime and its relationship to the flare productivity. Data from {\it SOHO}/MDI instrument recorded in the high resolution mode and data from the BBSO magnetograph were used. The turbulence regime was probed via magnetic energy spectra and magnetic dissipation spectra. We found steeper energy spectra for ARs of higher flare productivity. We also report that both the power index, $α$, of the energy spectrum, $E(k) \sim k^{-α}$, and the total spectral energy $W=\int E(k)dk$ are comparably correlated with the flare index, $A$, of an active region. The correlations are found to be stronger than that found between the flare index and total unsigned flux. The flare index for an AR can be estimated based on measurements of $α$ and $W$ as $A=10^b (αW)^c$, with $b=-7.92 \pm 0.58$ and $c=1.85 \pm 0.13$. We found that the regime of the fully-developed turbulence occurs in decaying ARs and in emerging ARs (at the very early stage of emergence). Well-developed ARs display under-developed turbulence with strong magnetic dissipation at all scales.
We present the photospheric energy density of magnetic fields in two solar active regions inferred from observational vector magnetograms, and compare it with the possible different defined energy parameters of magnetic fields in the photosphere. We analyze the magnetic fields in active region NOAA 6580-6619-6659 and 11158. It is noticed that the quantity 1/4pi Bn.Bp is an important energy parameter that reflects the contribution of magnetic shear on the difference between the potential magnetic field (Bp) and non-potential one (Bn), and also the contribution to the free magnetic energy near t…
Magnetic fields dominate most solar activities, there exist direct relations between solar flare and the distributions of magnetic field, and also its corresponding magnetic energy. In this paper, the statistical results about the relationships between the spatial magnetic field and solar flare are given basing on vector magnetic field observed by the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope (SMFT) at Huairou Solar Observing Station (HSOS). The spatial magnetic fields are obtained by extrapolated photosphere vector magnetic field observed by SMFT. There are 23 active regions with flare eruption are chos…
Using a recently proposed nonlinear force-free method designed for single vector magnetograms of solar active regions we calculate the instantaneous free magnetic energy and relative magnetic helicity budgets in 162 vector magnetograms corresponding to 42 different active regions. We find a statistically robust, monotonic correlation between the free magnetic energy and the relative magnetic helicity in the studied regions. This correlation implies that magnetic helicity, besides free magnetic energy, may be an essential ingredient for major solar eruptions. Eruptive active regions appear well…
Extrapolation codes for modelling the magnetic field in the corona in cartesian geometry do not take the curvature of the Sun's surface into account and can only be applied to relatively small areas, \textit{e.g.}, a single active region. We apply a method for nonlinear force-free coronal magnetic field modelling of photospheric vector magnetograms in spherical geometry which allows us to study the connectivity between multi-active regions. We use vector magnetograph data from the Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigations of the Sun survey (SOLIS)/Vector Spectromagnetograph(VSM) to model the c…
Using magnetic field maps acquired by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory we measured rotation rates of 864 active and 322 ephemeral regions observed between 2010 and 2016. We found smaller magnetic tracers to show a tendency to rotate faster as compared to larger ones. Thus, ephemeral regions exhibit on average the fastest rotation rate. We further divided active regions into three classes. Class A comprised magnetic bipoles obeying Hale's polarity law, Joy's law, and exhibiting more coherent leading polarity in comparison with the following one. The s…
A statistical study has been carried out of the relationship between plasma flow Doppler velocities and magnetic field parameters during the emergence of active regions at the solar photospheric level with data acquired by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). We have investigated 224 emerging active regions with different spatial scales and positions on the solar disc. The following relationships for the first hours of the emergence of active regions have been analysed: i) of peak negative Doppler velocities with the position of the emerging…
Large scale solar eruptions significantly impact space weather and damages space-based human infrastructures. It is necessary to predict large scale solar eruptions, which will enable us to protect our vulnerable infrastructures of modern society. We aim to investigate the difference between flaring and non-flaring active regions. We use photospheric vector magnetogram data from Solar Dynamic Observatory's Helioseismic Magnetic Imager to study the time evolution of photospheric magnetic parameters on the solar surface. We build a database of flaring and non-flaring active region observed on th…
The evolution of magnetic helicity has a close relationship with solar eruptions and is of interest as a predictive diagnostic. In this case study, we analyse the evolution of the normalised emergence, shearing and total magnetic helicity components in the case of three flaring and three non-flaring active regions (ARs) using SHARPs (Spaceweather Helioseismic Magnetic Imager Active Region Patches) vector magnetic field data. The evolution of the three magnetic helicity components is analysed with wavelet transforms, revealing significant common periodicities of the normalised emergence, sheari…
We study the relationship between decaying active region magnetic fields, coronal holes and the global coronal magnetic structure using Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG) synoptic magnetograms, Solar Terrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) extreme ultra-violet (EUV) synoptic maps and coronal potential-field source-surface (PFSS) models. We analyze 14 decaying regions and associated coronal holes occurring between early 2007 and late 2010, four from cycle 23 and 10 from cycle 24. We investigate the relationship between asymmetries in active regions' positive and negative magnetic inten…
{In order to understand the emergence of the active region, we investigate the emerging process and magnetic properties of a naked anti-Hale active region during the period between August 24 to 25, 2018.} {Using the data from Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Soar Dynamic Observatory and the New Vacuum Solar Telescope, we calculated different evolving parameters (such as pole separation, tilt angle) and magnetic parameters (such as vertical electric current, force-free parameter, relative magnetic helicity) during the emergence of the active region. With these calculated parameters…
The geoeffective magnetic cloud (MC) of 20 November 2003, has been associated to the 18 November 2003, solar active events in previous studies. In some of these, it was estimated that the magnetic helicity carried by the MC had a positive sign, as well as its solar source, active region (AR) NOAA 10501. In this paper we show that the large-scale magnetic field of AR 10501 had a negative helicity sign. Since coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are one of the means by which the Sun ejects magnetic helicity excess into the interplanetary space, the signs of magnetic helicity in the AR and MC should agr…
At the Sun, the strongest magnetic fields are routinely detected at dark sunspots. The magnitude of the field is typically about 3000 G, with only a few exceptions that reported the magnetic field in excess of 5000 G. Given that the magnetic field decreases with height in the solar atmosphere, no coronal magnetic field above ~2000 G was ever reported. Here, we present imaging microwave observations of an anomalously strong magnetic field of about 4000 G at the base of the corona in solar active region NOAA 12673 on 06 September 2017. Combining the photospheric vector measurements of the magnet…
Expanding on an earlier work that relied on linear force-free magnetic fields, we self-consistently derive the instantaneous free magnetic energy and relative magnetic helicity budgets of an unknown three-dimensional nonlinear force-free magnetic structure extending above a single, known lower-boundary magnetic field vector. The proposed method does not rely on the detailed knowledge of the three-dimensional field configuration but is general enough to employ only a magnetic connectivity matrix on the lower boundary. The calculation yields a minimum free magnetic energy and a relative magnetic…
Dynamical changes in the solar corona have proven to be very important in inducing seismic waves into the photosphere. Different mechanisms for their generation have been proposed. In this work, we explore the magnetic field forces as plausible mechanisms to generate sunquakes as proposed by Hudson, Fisher and Welsch. We present a spatial and temporal analysis of the line-of-sight magnetic field variations induced by the seismically active 2003 October 29 and 2005 January 15 solar flares and compare these results with other supporting observations.
We study the role of the coronal magnetic field configuration of an active region in determining the propagation direction of a coronal mass ejection (CME). The CME occurred in the active region 11944 (S09W01) near the disk center on 2014 January 7 and was associated with an X1.2 flare. A new CME reconstruction procedure based on a polarimetric technique is adopted, which shows that the CME changed its propagation direction by around 28$^\circ$ in latitude within 2.5 R$_\odot$ and 43$^\circ$ in longitude within 6.5 R$_\odot$ with respect to the CME source region. This significant non-radial mo…
Sequences of line-of-sight (LOS) magnetograms recorded by the Michelson-Doppler Imager are used to quantitatively characterize photospheric magnetic structure and evolution in three active regions that rotated across the Sun's disk during the Whole Heliosphere Interval (WHI), in an attempt to relate the photospheric magnetic properties of these active regions to flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Several approaches are used in our analysis, on scales ranging from whole active regions, to magnetic features, to supergranular scales, and, finally, to individual pixels. We calculated severa…
With multiple vantage points around the Sun, STEREO and SDO imaging observations provide a unique opportunity to view the solar surface continuously. We use He II 304 A data from these observatories to isolate and track ten active regions and study their long-term evolution. We find that active regions typically follow a standard pattern of emergence over several days followed by a slower decay that is proportional in time to the peak intensity in the region. Since STEREO does not make direct observations of the magnetic field, we employ a flux-luminosity relationship to infer the total unsign…
The main objective of this study is to better understand how magnetic helicity injection in an active region is related to the occurrence and intensity of solar flares. We therefore investigate magnetic helicity injection rate and unsigned magnetic flux, as a reference. In total, 378 active regions are analyzed using $SOHO$/MDI magnetograms. The 24-hour averaged helicity injection rate and unsigned magnetic flux are compared with the flare index and the flare-productive probability in next 24 hours following an measurement. In addition, we study the variation of helicity over a span of several…
With the SDO/AIA instrument, continuous and intermittent plasma outflows are observed on the boundaries of an active region along two distinct open coronal loops. %with the speed of 30$\sim$200 km s$^{-1}$. By investigating the temporal sequence magnetograms obtained from HMI/SDO, it is found that small-scale magnetic reconnection probably plays an important role in the generation of the plasma outflows in the coronal loops. It is found that the origin of the plasma outflows coincides with the locations of the small-scale magnetic fields with mixed polarities, which suggests that the plasma ou…
Magnetic twist of the active region has been measured over a decade using photospheric vector field data, chromospheric H_alpha data, and coronal loop data. The twist and tilt of the active regions have been measured at the photospheric level with the vector magnetic field measurements. The active region NOAA 10930 is a highly twisted emerging region. The same active region produced several flares and has been extensively observed by Hinode. In this paper, we will show the evolution of twist and tilt in this active region leading up to the two X-class flares. We find that the twist initially i…
The solar active region (AR) 12192 was one of the most flare productive region of solar cycle 24, which produced many X-class flares; the most energetic being an X3.1 flare on October 24, 2014 at 21:10 UT. Customarily, such events are believed to be triggered by magnetic reconnection in coronal magnetic fields. Here we use the vector magnetograms from solar photosphere, obtained from Heliospheric Magnetic Imager (HMI) to investigate the magnetic field topology prior to the X3.1 event, and ascertain the conditions that might have caused the flare. To infer the coronal magnetic field, a novel no…
We demonstrate that the current helicity observed in solar active regions traces the magnetic helicity of the large-scale dynamo generated field. We use an advanced 2D mean-field dynamo model with dynamo saturation based on the evolution of the magnetic helicity and algebraic quenching. For comparison, we also studied a more basic 2D mean-field dynamo model with simple algebraic alpha quenching only. Using these numerical models we obtained butterfly diagrams both for the small-scale current helicity and also for the large-scale magnetic helicity, and compared them with the butterfly diagram f…
The characteristic electron densities, temperatures, and thermal distributions of 1MK active region loops are now fairly well established, but their coronal magnetic field strengths remain undetermined. Here we present measurements from a sample of coronal loops observed by the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode. We use a recently developed diagnostic technique that involves atomic radiation modeling of the contribution of a magnetically induced transition (MIT) to the Fe X 257.262A spectral line intensity. We find coronal magnetic field strengths in the range of 60--150G…
Active regions often host large-scale gas flows in the chromosphere presumably directed along curved magnetic field lines. Spectropolarimetric observations of these flows are critical to understanding the nature and evolution of their anchoring magnetic structure. We discuss recent work with the Facility Infrared Spectropolarimeter (FIRS) located at the Dunn Solar Telescope in New Mexico to achieve high resolution imaging-spectropolarimetry of the Fe I lines at 630 nm, the Si I line at 1082.7 nm, and the He I triplet at 1083 nm. We present maps of the photospheric and chromospheric magnetic fi…
We use observations of line-of-sight magnetograms from Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board of Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) to investigate polarity separation, magnetic flux, flux emergence rate, twist and tilt of solar emerging active regions. Functional dependence of polarity separation and maximum magnetic flux of an active region is in agreement with a simple model of flux emergence as the result of buoyancy forces. Our investigation did not reveal any strong dependence of emergence rate on twist properties of active regions.
We show that the speed of the fastest coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that an active region (AR) can produce can be predicted from a vector magnetogram of the AR. This is shown by logarithmic plots of CME speed (from the SOHO LASCO CME catalog) versus each of ten AR-integrated magnetic parameters (AR magnetic flux, three different AR magnetic-twist parameters, and six AR free-magnetic-energy proxies) measured from the vertical and horizontal field components of vector magnetograms (from the {\it Solar Dynamics Observatory's Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager}) of the source ARs of 189 CMEs. These …
We study the vector magnetic field of a filament observed over a compact Active Region Neutral Line. Spectropolarimetric data acquired with TIP-II (VTT, Tenerife, Spain) of the 10830 Åspectral region provide full Stokes vectors which were analyzed using three different methods: magnetograph analysis, Milne-Eddington inversions and PCA-based atomic polarization inversions. The inferred magnetic field strengths in the filament are of the order of 600 - 700 G by all these three methods. Longitudinal fields are found in the range of 100 - 200 G whereas the transverse components become dominant, wi…
We examine the cradle-to-grave magnetic evolution of 10 bipolar ephemeral active regions (BEARs) in solar coronal holes, especially aspects of the magnetic evolution leading to each of 43 obvious microflare events. The data are from Solar Dynamics Observatory: 211 A coronal EUV images and line-of-sight photospheric magnetograms. We find evidence that (1) each microflare event is a magnetic explosion that results in a miniature flare arcade astride the polarity inversion line (PIL) of the explosive lobe of the BEARs anemone magnetic field; (2) relative to the BEAR's emerged flux-rope omega loop…
We present new measurements of the dependence of the Extreme Ultraviolet radiance on the total magnetic flux in active regions as obtained from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Using observations of nine active regions tracked along different stages of evolution, we extend the known radiance - magnetic flux power-law relationship ($I\proptoΦ^α$) to the AIA 335 Å passband, and the Fe XVIII 93.93 Å spectral line in the 94 Å passband. We find that the total unsigned magnetic flux divided by the polarity …
A new data product from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) called Space-weather HMI Active Region Patches (SHARPs) is now available. SDO/HMI is the first space-based instrument to map the full-disk photospheric vector magnetic field with high cadence and continuity. The SHARP data series provide maps in patches that encompass automatically tracked magnetic concentrations for their entire lifetime; map quantities include the photospheric vector magnetic field and its uncertainty, along with Doppler velocity, continuum intensity, and line-of-s…
The electric current helicity density $\displaystyle χ=\langleε_{ijk}b_i\frac{\partial b_k}{\partial x_j}\rangle$ contains six terms, where $b_i$ are components of the magnetic field. Due to the observational limitations, only four of the above six terms can be inferred from solar photospheric vector magnetograms. By comparing the results for simulation we distinguished the statistical difference of above six terms for isotropic and anisotropic cases. We estimated the relative degree of anisotropy for three typical active regions and found that it is of order 0.8 which means the assumption of …
A statistical study is carried out on the photospheric magnetic nonpotentiality in solar active regions and its relationship with associated flares. We select 2173 photospheric vector magnetograms from 1106 active regions observed by the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope at Huairou Solar Observing Station, National Astronomical Observatories of China, in the period of 1988-2008, which covers most of the 22nd and 23rd solar cycles. We have computed the mean planar magnetic shear angle (\bar{Δϕ}), mean shear angle of the vector magnetic field (\bar{Δψ}), mean absolute vertical current density (\bar…
Densely packed coronal loops are rooted in plages in the vicinity of active regions on the Sun. The photospheric magnetic features underlying these plages are patches of mostly unidirectional magnetic field extending several arcsec on the solar surface. We aim to explore the transient nature of the magnetic field, its mixed-polarity characteristics, and the associated energetics in plages using high resolution observations and simulations. We used photospheric Fe I 6173 Å spectropolarimetric observations of a decaying active region obtained from the SST. These data were inverted to retrieve th…
We adopt an isotropic representation of the Fourier-transformed two-point correlation tensor of the magnetic field to estimate the magnetic energy and helicity spectra as well as current helicity spectra of two individual active regions (NOAA 11158 and NOAA 11515) and the change of the spectral indices during their development as well as during the solar cycle. The departure of the spectral indices of magnetic energy and current helicity from 5/3 are analyzed, and it is found that it is lower than the spectral index of the magnetic energy spectrum. Furthermore, the fractional magnetic helicity…
The magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere structure the plasma, store free magnetic energy and produce a wide variety of active solar phenomena, like flare and coronal mass ejections(CMEs). The distribution and strength of magnetic fields are routinely measured in the solar surface(photosphere). Therefore, there is considerable interest in accurately modeling the 3D structure of the coronal magnetic field using photospheric vector magnetograms. Knowledge of the 3D structure of magnetic field lines also help us to interpret other coronal observations, e.g., EUV images of the radiating coronal…
By using high-resolution observations of nearly co-temporal and co-spatial Solar Optical Telescope spectropolarimeter and X-Ray Telescope coronal X-ray data onboard Hinode, we revisit the problematic relationship between global magnetic quantities and coronal X-ray brightness. Co-aligned vector magnetogram and X-ray data were used for this study. The total X-ray brightness over active regions is well correlated with integrated magnetic quantities such as the total unsigned magnetic flux, the total unsigned vertical current, and the area-integrated square of the vertical and horizontal magnetic…
A magnetic power spectral analysis is performed on 53 solar active regions, observed from August 2011 to July 2012. Magnetic field data obtained from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, inverted as Active Region Patches, are used to study the evolution of the magnetic power index as each region rotates across the solar disk. Active regions are classified based on the number, and sizes, of solar flares they produce, in order to study the relationship between flare productivity and the magnetic power index. The choice of window size and inertial range plays a key role in determining the correc…
We study the correlation heights, which indicate the formation height of Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lines in an active region using observations from the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) and Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) on board \emph{Hinode}. The nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) optimization method is adopted to extrapolate the 3D magnetic fields to higher layers. Three subregions with different characteristics are selected in the active region for this study. The results show that the formation heights in different subregions vary with their different magnetic fields or velocity patterns. Af…
We study the emergence of a toroidal flux tube into the solar atmosphere and its interaction with a pre-existing field of an active region. We investigate the emission of jets as a result of repeated reconnection events between colliding magnetic fields. We perform 3D simulations by solving the time-dependent, resistive MHD equations in a highly stratified atmosphere. A small active region field is constructed by the emergence of a toroidal magnetic flux tube. A current structure is build up and reconnection sets in when new emerging flux comes into contact with the ambient field of the active…
Photospheric vector magnetograms from Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory are utilized as the boundary conditions to extrapolate both non-linear force-free and potential magnetic fields in solar corona. Based on the extrapolations, we are able to determine the free magnetic energy (FME) stored in active regions (ARs). Over 3000 vector magnetograms in 61 ARs were analyzed. We compare FME with ARs' flare index (FI) and find that there is a weak correlation ($<60\%$) between FME and FI. FME shows slightly improved flare predictability relative to total unsigned…
We study structure and dynamics of the turbulent photospheric magnetic field in the active region NOAA 11158 by characterizing the spatial and temporal scaling properties of the line-of-sight (LOS) component. Using high-resolution high-cadence LOS magnetograms from SDO/HMI, we measured power-law exponents $α$ and $β$ describing wavenumber- ($k$) and frequency-domain ($f$) Fourier power spectra, respectively, and investigated their evolution during the passage of the active region through the field of view of HMI. Flaring active region NOAA 11158 produces an average one-dimensional spatial powe…
We employ the DAVE (differential affine velocity estimator, Schuck 2005; 2006) tracking technique on a time series of MDI/1m high spatial resolution line- of-sight magnetograms to measure the photospheric flow velocity for three newly emerging bipolar active regions. We separately calculate the magnetic helicity injection rate of the leading and following polarities to confirm or refute the magnetic helicity asymmetry, found by Tian & Alexander (2009) using MDI/96m low spatial resolution magnetograms. Our results demonstrate that the magnetic helicity asymmetry is robust being present in the t…
The continuous observation of the magnetic field by Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) produces numerous image sequences in time and space. These sequences provide data support for predicting the evolution of photospheric magnetic field. Based on the spatiotemporal long short-term memory(LSTM) network, we use the preprocessed data of photospheric magnetic field in active regions to build a prediction model for magnetic field evolution. Because of the elaborate learning and memory mechanism, the trained model can characterize the inherent relationships conta…
An isolated and fast decayed active region (NOAA 9729) was observed when passing through solar disk. There is only one CME related with it that give us a good opportunity to investigate the whole process of the CME. Filament in this active region rises up rapidly and then hesitates and disintegrates into flare loops. The rising filament from EIT images separates into two parts just before eruption. A new filament reforms several hours later after CME and the axis of this new one rotates clockwise about 22 degrees comparing with that of the former one. We also observed a bright transient J-shap…
The purpose of this letter is to address a blind-spot in our knowledge of solar active region statistics. To the best of our knowledge there are no published results showing the variation of the Mount Wilson magnetic classifications as a function of solar cycle based on modern observations. We show statistics for all active regions reported in the daily Solar Region Summary from 1992 January 1 to 2015 December 31. We find that the $α$ and $β$ class active regions (including all sub-groups e.g. $βγ$, $βδ$) make up fractions of approximately 20% and 80% of the sample respectively. This fraction …
Magnetic field and radial velocity fluxes at the initial stages of the evolution of solar active regions based on measurements at the photospheric level
The negative effective magnetic pressure instability operates on scales encompassing many turbulent eddies and is here discussed in connection with the formation of active regions near the surface layers of the Sun. This instability is related to the negative contribution of turbulence to the mean magnetic pressure that causes the formation of large-scale magnetic structures. For an isothermal layer, direct numerical simulations and mean-field simulations of this phenomenon are shown to agree in many details in that their onset occurs at the same depth. This depth increases with increasing fie…
In this paper we present an analysis of the first high-resolution full Stokes vector spectropolarimetric observations of the active M dwarf AD Leo. Based on observations collected in 2016 with the ESPaDOnS instrument at CFHT, we derived the least-squares deconvolved Stokes profiles and detected linear polarisation signatures in spectral lines. At the same time, we discovered that the circular polarisation profiles corresponding to our data set are significantly weaker compared to all archival spectra of AD Leo, which exhibited approximately constant profiles over the timescale of at least 6 ye…
Based on several magnetic nonpotentiality parameters obtained from the vector photospheric active region magnetograms obtained with the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope at the Huairou Solar Observing Station over two solar cycles, a machine learning model has been constructed to predict the occurrence of flares in the corresponding active region within a certain time window. The Support Vector Classifier, a widely used general classifier, is applied to build and test the prediction models. Several classical verification measures are adopted to assess the quality of the predictions. We investigat…
The magnetic field plays a key role in producing solar flares, so that the investigation on the relationship between the magnetic field properties and flares is significant. In this paper, based on the magnetic field extrapolated from the photospheric vector magnetograms of the active region NOAA 9077 obtained at Huairou Solar Observing Station, the magnetic field parameters including the height of field lines, force-free factor, free magnetic energy and inclination angle were studied with respect to an X-class flare in this region. We found that the magnetic field lines became lower and the r…
We compute magnetic helicity and energy spectra from about 2485 patches of about 100 megameters (Mm) side length on the solar surface using data from Hinode during 2006--2017. An extensive database is assembled where we list magnetic energy and helicity, large- and small-scale magnetic helicity, mean current helicity density, fractional magnetic helicity, and correlation length along with the Hinode map identification number (MapID), as well as Carrington latitude and longitude for each MapID. While there are departures from the hemispheric sign rule for magnetic and current helicities, the we…
