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arXiv 0909.3386astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GA
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PROSAC:对低质量原恒星的亚毫米阵列调查。II。包层、盘和恒星从0级到I级的质量演化

PROSAC: A Submillimeter Array survey of low-mass protostars. II. The mass evolution of envelopes, disks, and stars from the Class 0 through I stages

Jes K. Jorgensen, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Ruud Visser, Tyler L. Bourke, David J. Wilner, Dave Lommen, Michiel R. Hogerheijde, Philip C. Myers

摘要:

关于早期原恒星演化的关键问题是,物质是如何从大尺度分子云中通过星周盘吸积到中央恒星上的。用亚毫米波阵列在高角分辨率下连续观测了20颗0类和I类原恒星。使用详细的尘埃辐射转移模型,我们已经开发了一个框架,解开从信封和磁盘的连续发射,并从估计其质量。对于样品中的I类源,还用亚毫米阵列观察到HCO+ 3-2线发射。其中四个源显示出开普勒旋转的迹象,限制了中心恒星的质量。0类和I类原恒星都被典型质量约为0.05 M太阳的圆盘所包围。没有证据表明盘的质量和年轻恒星的演化阶段之间的相关性。这与包层质量形成对比,包层质量从0级的1 M_sun急剧减少到I级的<0.1 M_sun。通常,盘具有的质量是0类阶段中相应包膜质量的1-10%和I类阶段中相应包膜质量的20-60%。对于开普勒旋转的I类源,中心恒星的质量占星盘包层系统总质量的70-98%,这证实了这些天体在嵌入的原恒星阶段的演化较晚。理论模型倾向于高估盘质量相对于恒星质量的后期I级阶段。这些结果支持这样一种观点,即星周盘在原恒星演化的早期就形成了,并迅速处理从大尺度包层吸积到中央恒星上的物质。

英文摘要:

The key question about early protostellar evolution is how matter is accreted from the large-scale molecular cloud, through the circumstellar disk onto the central star. A sample of 20 Class 0 and I protostars has been observed in continuum at (sub)millimeter wavelengths at high angular resolution with the Submillimeter Array. Using detailed dust radiative transfer models, we have developed a framework for disentangling the continuum emission from the envelopes and disks, and from that estimated their masses. For the Class I sources in the sample, HCO+ 3-2 line emission has furthermore been observed with the Submillimeter Array. Four of these sources show signs of Keplerian rotation, constraining the masses of the central stars. Both Class 0 and I protostars are surrounded by disks with typical masses of about 0.05 M_sun. No evidence is found for a correlation between the disk mass and evolutionary stage of the young stellar objects. This contrasts the envelope mass, which decreases sharply from 1 M_sun in the Class 0 stage to <0.1 M_sun in the Class I stage. Typically, the disks have masses that are 1-10% of the corresponding envelope masses in the Class 0 stage and 20-60% in the Class I stage. For the Class I sources for which Keplerian rotation is seen, the central stars contain 70-98% of the total mass in the star-disk-envelope system, confirming that these objects are late in their evolution through the embedded protostellar stages. Theoretical models tend to overestimate the disk masses relative to the stellar masses in the late Class I stage. The results argue in favor of a picture in which circumstellar disks are formed early during the protostellar evolution and rapidly process material accreted from the larger scale envelope onto the central star.

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