The quasi-stationary nonequilibrium distribution function of an independent electron gas interacting with a medium, which is at local thermal equilibrium, can be obtained by entropy production rate minimization, subject to constraints of fixed moments. The result is not restricted to the region near equilibrium (linear response) and provides a closure of the associated generalized hydrodynamic equations of the electron gas for an arbitrary number of moments. Besides an access to far from equilibrium states, the approach provides a useful description of semi-classical transport in mesoscopic conductors, particularly because macroscopic contacts can be naturally taken into account.
Measurements of any property of a microscopic system are bound to show significant deviations from the average, due to thermal fluctuations. For time-integrated currents such as heat, work or entropy production in a steady state, it is in fact known that there will be long stretches of fluctuations both above as well as below the average, occurring equally likely at large times. In this paper we show that for any finite-time measurement in a non-equilibrium steady state - rather counter-intuitively - fluctuations below the average are more probable. This discrepancy is higher when the system i…
The accurate determination of transport coefficients in numerical simulations is becoming increasingly important in a wide range of applications. Here we consider the linear response in systems driven away from thermal equilibrium into a non-equilibrium steady state with non-vanishing entropy production rate. A simple derivation of a general response formula is presented. For Markov processes we explicitly construct the conjugate quantities and discuss their relation with known response formulas. Emphasis is put on the formal analogy with thermodynamic potentials and some consequences are disc…
Modified fluctuation-dissipation and Einstein relation at non-equilibrium steady states
从G. S. Agarwal [Zeitschrift für Physik 252，25（1972）]，我们提出了一个统一的推导一些修改的波动耗散关系（MFDR），涉及到响应周围的小扰动非平衡稳态的相关性。使用这种形式主义，我们表明使用连续朗之万和离散主方程动力学导出的MFDR的速度形式的等价性。由此产生的添加剂修正爱因斯坦关系的例子使用闪烁棘轮模型的分子马达。
An equivalence between non equilibrium steady states (NESS) driven by a time-independent force and stochastic pumps (SP) stirred by a time-varying conservative force is studied for general many-body diffusive systems. When the particle density and current of NESS are imitated by SP time-averaged counterparts, we prove that the entropy production rate in NESS is always greater than that of SP, provided that the conductivity of the particle current is concave as a function of the particle density. Searching for a SP protocol that saturates the entropy production bound reveals an unexpected conne…
We develop an exact quantum thermodynamic description for a noninteracting nanoscale steady state that couples strongly with multiple reservoirs. It is demonstrated that there exists a steady-state extension of the thermodynamic function that correctly accounts for the multiterminal Landauer-Büttiker formula of quantum transport of charge, energy or heat, via the nonequilibrium thermodynamic relations. Its explicit form is obtained for a single bosonic or fermionic level in the wide-band limit, and corresponding thermodynamic forces (affinities) are identified. Nonlinear generalization of the …
Long-ranged correlations generically exist in non-equilibrium fluid systems. In the case of a non-equilibrium steady state caused by a temperature gradient the correlations are especially long-ranged and strong. The anomalous light scattering predicted to exist in these systems is well-confirmed by numerous experiments. Recently the Casimir force or pressure due to these fluctuations or correlations have been discussed in great detail. In this paper the notion of a Casimir work is introduced and a novel way to measure the non-equilibrium Casimir force is suggested. In particular, the non-equil…
We explore the idea that non-equilibrium steady states breaking detailed balance are obtained by deforming trajectories (lines in space-time) that have been sampled in a reference system with stochastic dynamics obeying detailed balance, and we ask for the work required to perform this task. These geometric deformations are not arbitrary but arise through interactions with the environment, either the manipulation of conserved quantities by an external agent, or by their exchange with a work reservoir. This view allows to consistently model the breaking of detailed balance and the accompanying …
Non-equilibrium steady states for chains of oscillators (masses) connected by harmonic and anharmonic springs and interacting with heat baths at different temperatures have been the subject of several studies. In this paper, we show how some of the results extend to more complicated networks. We establish the existence and uniqueness of the non-equilibrium steady state, and show that the system converges to it at an exponential rate. The arguments are based on controllability and conditions on the potentials at infinity.
The connection between dissipation and symmetry breaking is a long-standing enigma in statistical physics. It is intimately connected to the quest of a non-equilibrium functional whose minimization gives the non-equilibrium steady state (NESS). Writing down such a functional, we show that, in the presence of additive noise, any NESS is characterized by the minimum entropy production compatible with the maximum dissipation along cycles in the trajectory space. This result sheds light on the excess entropy production principle and the onset of chiral symmetry breaking out-of-equilibrium, indicat…
The Mpemba effect denotes an anomalous relaxation phenomenon where a system initially at a hot temperature cools faster than a system that starts at a less elevated temperature. We introduce an isothermal analog of this effect for a system prepared in a non-equilibrium steady state that then relaxes towards equilibrium. Here, the driving strength, which determines the initial non-equilibrium steady state, takes the role of the temperature in the original version. As a paradigm, we consider a particle initially driven by a non-conservative force along a one-dimensional periodic potential. We sh…
We examine how systems in non-equilibrium steady states close to a continuous phase transition can still be described by a Landau potential if one forgoes the assumption of analyticity. In a system simultaneously coupled to several baths at different temperatures, the non-analytic potential arises from the different density of states of the baths. In periodically driven-dissipative systems, the role of multiple baths is played by a single bath transferring energy at different harmonics of the driving frequency. The mean-field critical exponents become dependent on the low-energy features of th…
We investigate the steady state properties arising from the open system dynamics described by a memoryless (Markovian) quantum collision model, corresponding to a master equation in the ultra-strong coupling regime. By carefully assessing the work cost of switching on and off the system-environment interaction, we show that only a coupling Hamiltonian in the energy-preserving form drives the system to thermal equilibrium, while any other interaction leads to non-equilibrium steady states that are supported by steady-state currents. These currents provide a neat exemplification of the housekeep…
Computer simulations generate trajectories at a single, well-defined thermodynamic state point. Statistical reweighting offers the means to reweight static and dynamical properties to different equilibrium state points by means of analytic relations. We extend these ideas to non-equilibrium steady states by relying on a maximum path entropy formalism subject to physical constraints. Stochastic thermodynamics analytically relates the forward and backward probabilities of any pathway through the external non-conservative force, enabling reweighting both in and out of equilibrium. We avoid the co…
Non-equilibrium systems lack an explicit characterisation of their steady state like the Boltzmann distribution for equilibrium systems. This has drastic consequences for the inference of parameters of a model when its dynamics lacks detailed balance. Such non-equilibrium systems occur naturally in applications like neural networks or gene regulatory networks. Here, we focus on the paradigmatic asymmetric Ising model and show that we can learn its parameters from independent samples of the non-equilibrium steady state. We present both an exact inference algorithm and a computationally more eff…
Recently Prosen and Mejía-Monasterio (J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 49 (2016) 185003) obtained exact nonequilibrium steady states of an integrable and reversible cellular automaton driven by some stochastic boundary conditions. In this paper, we explore the possible extensions of their method by generalizing the boundary conditions. As the result, we find two cases where such an extension is possible. One is the case where a special condition is satisfied in a generalized boundary condition. The other is obtained by considering a conserved quantity as energy and boundaries as heat reservoirs. The l…
We study a mass transport model on a ring with parallel update, where a continuous mass is randomly redistributed along distinct links of the lattice, choosing at random one of the two partitions at each time step. The redistribution process on a given link depends on the masses on both sites, at variance with the Zero Range Process and its continuous mass generalizations. We show that the steady-state distribution takes a simple non-factorized form that can be written as a sum of two inhomogeneous product measures. A factorized measure is recovered for a symmetric mass redistribution, corresp…
