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arXiv 0909.2044astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP
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褐矮星形成过程的数值研究

A Numerical Study of Brown Dwarf Formation via Encounters of Protostellar Disks

Sijing Shen, James Wadsley, Tristen Hayfield, Nicholas Ellens

摘要:

研究了两两碰撞过程中原恒星盘碎裂形成棕矮星的过程。高分辨率允许使用现实的初始磁盘模型,其中垂直结构和当地的金斯质量解决。结果表明,从巨行星到低质量恒星的质量范围内的物体可以在最初稳定的磁盘中形成。探索了初始自旋轨道取向和每个盘的方位角的参数空间。初始Toomre Q值~2的上限被发现发生碎裂。根据初始配置,冲击,潮尾结构和质量流入是负责磁盘气体的冷凝。逆行椎间盘通常更容易碎裂。当相互作用的时间尺度明显短于盘的动力学时间尺度时,原恒星盘倾向于被截断而不形成物体。这些新形成的天体的质量从0.9到127木星质量不等,其中大部分在BD区域。它们通常居住在恒星-BD复合体中,在某些情况下还形成了等级轨道系统。它们中的大多数都有很大的角动量和高度扁平的盘状形状。这些天体的半径从0.1到10天文单位不等。圆盘气体被假定为局部等温的,适用于扩展的原恒星圆盘中的短冷却时间,但不适用于凝聚物体。另外一种情况下,显式冷却减少到零的光学厚气体进行了模拟,以测试极端的冷却效果,它仍然有可能在这种情况下形成的对象。详细的辐射转移有望延长这些天体的内部演化时间尺度,但不会改变我们的基本结果。

英文摘要:

The formation of brown dwarfs (BDs) due to the fragmentation of proto-stellar disks undergoing pairwise encounters was investigated. High resolution allowed the use of realistic initial disk models where both the vertical structure and the local Jeans mass were resolved. The results show that objects with masses ranging from giant planets to low mass stars can form during such encounters from initially stable disks. The parameter space of initial spin-orbit orientations and the azimuthal angles for each disk was explored. An upper limit on the initial Toomre Q value of ~2 was found for fragmentation to occur. Depending on the initial configuration, shocks, tidal-tail structures and mass inflows were responsible for the condensation of disk gas. Retrograde disks were generally more likely to fragment. When the interaction timescale was significantly shorter than the disks' dynamical timescales, the proto-stellar disks tended to be truncated without forming objects. The newly-formed objects had masses ranging from 0.9 to 127 Jupiter masses, with the majority in the BD regime. They often resided in star-BD multiples and in some cases also formed hierarchical orbiting systems. Most of them had large angular momenta and highly flattened, disk-like shapes. The objects had radii ranging from 0.1 to 10 AU. The disk gas was assumed to be locally isothermal, appropriate for the short cooling times in extended proto-stellar disks, but not for condensed objects. An additional case with explicit cooling that reduced to zero for optically thick gas was simulated to test the extremes of cooling effectiveness and it was still possible to form objects in this case. Detailed radiative transfer is expected to lengthen the internal evolution timescale for these objects, but not to alter our basic results.

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