Critical phenomena in non-equilibrium systems have been studied by means of a wide variety of theoretical and experimental approaches. Mode-coupling, renormalization group, complex Lie algebras and diagrammatic techniques are some of the usual theoretical tools. Experimental studies include light and inelastic neutron scattering, X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, microwave interferometry and several other techniques. Nevertheless no conclusive reatment has been developed from the basic principles of a thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes. We have developed a formalism in which we obtain correlation functions as field averages of the associated functions. By applying such formalism we attempt to find out if the resulting correlation functions will inherit the mathematical properties (integrability, generalized homogeneity, scaling laws) of its parent potentials, and we will also use these correlation functions to study the behavior of macroscopic systems far from equilibrium, specially in the neighborhood of critical points or dynamic phase transitions. As a working example we will consider the mono-critical behavior of a non-equilibrium binary fluid mixture close to its consolute point.
Comparison of extended irreversible thermodynamics and nonequilibrium statistical operator method with thermodynamics based on a distribution containing the first-passage time
The irreversible currents and entropy production rate of a dilute colloidal suspension are calculated using the linear irreversible thermodynamics and the linear response theory. The \anomalous" or \hidden" entropy recently discussed in the context of the stochastic thermodynamics is fully accounted in these classic frameworks. We show that the two distinct formulations lead to identical results as long as the local equilibrium assumption or, equivalently the linear response theory, is valid.
The underdamped Brownian duet and stochastic linear irreversible thermodynamics
在我们早期工作的基础上（Proesmans et.例如，物理学~修订版~ X \textbf{6}（2016），041010），我们引入欠阻尼布朗二重奏作为耗散系统或工作到工作引擎的原型模型。随机热力学理论的几个最新进展与明确的分析计算和相应的朗之万模拟说明。特别是，我们讨论了Onsager-Casimir对称性，功率，效率和耗散之间的权衡关系，以及随机效率。
Thermoelectricity is traditionally explained via Onsager's irreversible, flux-force framework. The coupled flows of heat and electric charge are modelled as steady-state flows, driven by the thermodynamic forces defined in terms of the gradients of local, intensive parameters like temperature and electrochemical potential. A thermoelectric generator is a device with a finite extension, and its performance is measured in terms of total power output and total entropy generation. These global quantities are naturally expressed in terms of discrete or global forces derived from their local counter…
In the framework of irreversible thermodynamics, we study autonomous systems of reaction-diffusion equations to show how the entropy and free energy of an open and irreversible reactor depend on concentrations. To do this, we find a Lyapunov function that depends directly on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the linearized problem valid for linear and asymptotically stable systems. By suggesting the role of this Lyapunov function as internal free energy, we were able to reflect the properties of the dynamical system directly into the second law of thermodynamics making a redefinition of the …
Low-temperature-differential (LTD) Stirling heat engines are able to operate with a small temperature difference between low-temperature heat reservoirs that exist in our daily lives, and thus they are considered to be an important sustainable energy technology. The author recently proposed a nonlinear dynamics model of an LTD kinematic Stirling heat engine to study the rotational mechanism of the engine [Y. Izumida, EPL \textbf{121}, 50004 (2018)]. This paper presents our study of the nonequilibrium thermodynamics analysis of this engine model, where a load torque against which the engine doe…
By considering an explicit nonequilibrium model, we analyze the statistics of the irreversible work, $w_{\rm irr}$, and irreversible entropy production, $Δ_i s$, within the stochastic energetics framework. Restating the second law of thermodynamics as a function of $w_{\rm irr}$, we introduce the explicit probability of violating the canonical form of that second law for a different set of parameters and initial conditions of the model. Moreover, we study the irreversible entropy production along the same lines, since it can be cast as a generalization of the irreversible work. From an informa…
We study the continuous one-dimensional hard-sphere model and present irreversible local Markov chains that mix on faster time scales than the reversible heatbath or Metropolis algorithms. The mixing time scales appear to fall into two distinct universality classes, both faster than for reversible local Markov chains. The event-chain algorithm, the infinitesimal limit of one of these Markov chains, belongs to the class presenting the fastest decay. For the lattice-gas limit of the hard-sphere model, reversible local Markov chains correspond to the symmetric simple exclusion process (SEP) with …
A first--order irreversible thermodynamic approach to a simple energy converter
几位作者已经表明，基于时间热力学的耗散热循环模型呈现出功率输出与效率的环形曲线，例如它发生在实际的耗散热机中。在一阶不可逆热力学（FOIT）的背景下，在这项工作中，我们表明，对于由两个耦合通量组成的能量转换器，也可以找到功率输出和所谓的生态功能对效率的环形曲线。在以前的工作Stucki [J.W. Stucki，Eur. J. Biochem.vol.109，269（1980）]使用FOIT方法描述线粒体内ATP合成中涉及的氧化磷酸化的热力学性能模式。在这项工作中，作者没有使用上述的环形曲线，他提出氧化磷酸化在稳定状态下同时以最小熵产生和最大效率运行，分别通过零和无限电导的极端状态之间的电导匹配条件。在目前的工作中，我们表明，所有的Stucki的氧化磷酸化的能量学的结果可以得到没有所谓的电导匹配条件。另一方面，我们还表明，最小熵产生状态意味着零功率输出和效率，因此氧化磷酸化性能不能满足这种状态。我们的研究结果表明，氧化磷酸化性能的实际效率值更好地描述了一种操作模式，包括在所谓的生态功能和效率的同时最大化。
Stochastic thermodynamics has revolutionized our understanding of heat engines operating in finite time. Recently, numerous studies have considered the optimal operation of thermodynamic cycles acting as heat engines with a given profile in thermodynamic space (e.g. $P-V$ space in classical thermodynamics), with a particular focus on the Carnot engine. In this work, we use the lens of thermodynamic geometry to explore the full space of thermodynamic cycles with continuously-varying bath temperature in search of optimally shaped cycles acting in the slow-driving regime. We apply classical isope…
In the present paper, a new model of the collision term, of the Boltzmann Kinetic equation dealing with binary gas mixture affected by a centrifugal field, is introduced. The new model is representing a modification of the BGK (Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook) model of the Boltzmann kinetic equation to be suitable for studying the influence of centrifugal field affected on gases mixture. The scientific achievement of the new model is that it is a very simple model without any mathematical complexity; but without any loss of generality. We shed light upon that the new model is satisfied the conservation …
We derive the general probability distribution function of stochastic work for quantum Otto engines in which both the isochoric and driving processes are irreversible due to finite time duration. The time-dependent power fluctuations, average power, and thermodynamic efficiency are explicitly obtained for a complete cycle operating with an analytically solvable two-level system. We show that, there is a trade-off between efficiency (or power) and power fluctuations.
The stochastic thermodynamics provides a framework for the description of systems that are out of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is based on the assumption that the elementary constituents are acted by random forces that generate a stochastic dynamics, which is here represented by a Fokker-Planck-Kramers equation. We emphasize the role of the irreversible probability current, the vanishing of which characterizes the thermodynamic equilibrium and yields a special relation between fluctuation and dissipation. The connection to thermodynamics is obtained by the definition of the energy function an…
We analyze the convergence of the irreversible event-chain Monte Carlo algorithm for continuous spin models in the presence of topological excitations. In the two-dimensional XY model, we show that the local nature of the Markov-chain dynamics leads to slow decay of vortex-antivortex correlations while spin waves decorrelate very quickly. Using a Frechet description of the maximum vortex-antivortex distance, we quantify the contributions of topological excitations to the equilibrium correlations, and show that they vary from a dynamical critical exponent z \sim 2 at the critical temperature to…
We analyze the time-reversible mechanics of two irreversible simulation types. The first is a dissipative one-dimensional heat-conducting oscillator exposed to a temperature gradient in a three-dimensional phase space with coordinate $q$, momentum $p$, and thermostat control variable $ζ$. The second type simulates a conservative two-dimensional $N$-body fluid with $4N$ phase variables $\{q,p\}$ undergoing shock compression. Despite the time-reversibility of each of the three oscillator equations and all of the $4N$ manybody motion equations both types of simulation are irreversible, obeying th…
An exact closed relativistic kinetic equation is derived for a system of identical classical particles interacting with each other through a scalar field. The microscopic deterministic mechanism of the irreversible equilibration process in a relativistic classical system of interacting particles has been established. Keywords: Irreversible equilibration process; Classical relativistic dynamics; Retarded interactions.
Entropy production is a key quantity in any finite-time thermodynamic process. It is intimately tied with the fundamental laws of thermodynamics, embodying a tool to extend thermodynamic considerations all the way to non-equilibrium processes. It is also often used in attempts to provide the quantitative characterization of logical and thermodynamic irreversibility, stemming from processes in physics, chemistry and biology. Notwithstanding its fundamental character, a unifying theory of entropy production valid for general processes, both classical and quantum, has not yet been formulated. Dev…
There is intense effort into understanding the universal properties of finite-time models of thermal machines---at optimal performance---such as efficiency at maximum power, coefficient of performance at maximum cooling power, and other such criteria. In this letter, a {\it global} principle consistent with linear irreversible thermodynamics is proposed for the whole cycle---without considering details of irreversibilities in the individual steps of the cycle. This helps to express the total duration of the cycle as $τ\propto {\bar{Q}^2}/{Δ_{\rm tot} S}$, where $\bar{Q}$ models the effective h…
Linear, irreversible thermodynamics predicts that the entropy production rate can become negative. We demonstrate this prediction for metals under AC-driving whose conductivity is well-described by the Drude-Sommerfeld model. We then show that these negative rates are fully compatible with stochastic thermodynamics, namely, that the entropy production does fulfill a fluctuation theorem. The analysis is concluded with the observation that the stochastic entropy production as defined by the surprisal or ignorance of the Shannon information does not agree with the phenomenological approach.
Irreversible thermodynamics of open chemical networks I: Emergent cycles and broken conservation laws
在这篇文章和一个配套文件中，我们概述了一个一般框架的热力学描述开放的化学反应网络，特别是关于代谢网络调节细胞生理和生化功能。我们首先介绍封闭网络“在一个盒子”，其热力学受到严格的物理约束：质量作用定律，过程的基本性，和细致平衡。我们进一步离题的溶剂的作用和网络独立性的自由能景观似乎未被承认的财产。然后，我们通过假设某些底物物质（恒化器）的浓度是固定的来打开系统，无论是因为通过与水库接触而被环境迅速调节，还是因为在时间窗口中几乎恒定。结果，系统被驱离平衡。内部物种网络中包含丰富的代数和拓扑结构：涌现的不可逆循环与非零亲和力相关，其对称性由守恒定律的破坏决定。这些中心的结果恢复之间的关系$a + b = s^Y$的基本亲和力$a$，打破守恒律$b$和恒化器的数量$s^Y$。我们分解的基本通量和亲和力在Schnakenberg的网络热力学理论的精神，为即将到来的治疗的线性制度，效率和紧耦合，自由能转导和热力学约束网络重建的稳态熵产生率。
According to thermodynamics, the inevitable increase of entropy allows the past to be distinguished from the future. From this perspective, any clock must incorporate an irreversible process that allows this flow of entropy to be tracked. In addition, an integral part of a clock is a clockwork, that is, a system whose purpose is to temporally concentrate the irreversible events that drive this entropic flow, thereby increasing the accuracy of the resulting clock ticks compared to counting purely random equilibration events. In this article, we formalise the task of autonomous temporal probabil…
The energy conversion efficiency of far-from-equilibrium systems is generally limited by irreversible thermodynamic fluxes that make contact with different heat baths. For complex systems, the states of the maximum efficiency and the minimum entropy production are usually not equivalent. Here we show that the proper adjustments of the interaction between the energy and matter currents offer some important criteria for the performance characterizations of thermal agents, regardless of the system types and transition protocols. The universal thermodynamic coupling rule plays a critical role in i…
