We study the metallicities and abundance ratios of early-type galaxies in cosmological semi-analytic models (SAMs) within the hierarchical galaxy formation paradigm. To achieve this we implemented a detailed galactic chemical evolution (GCE) model and can now predict abundances of individual elements for the galaxies in the semi-analytic simulations. This is the first time a SAM with feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) has included a chemical evolution prescription that relaxes the instantaneous recycling approximation. We find that the new models are able to reproduce the observed mass-metallicity (M*-[Z/H]) relation and, for the first time in a SAM, we reproduce the observed positive slope of the mass-abundance ratio (M*-[$alpha$/Fe]) relation. Our results indicate that in order to simultaneously match these observations of early-type galaxies, the use of both a very mildly top-heavy IMF (i.e., with a slope of x=1.15 as opposed to a standard x=1.3), and a lower fraction of binaries that explode as Type Ia supernovae appears to be required. We also examine the rate of supernova explosions in the simulated galaxies. In early-type (non-star forming) galaxies, our predictions are also consistent with the observed SNe rates. However, in star-forming galaxies, a higher fraction of SN Ia binaries than in our preferred model is required to match the data. If, however, we deviate from the classical model and introduce a population of SNe Ia with very short delay times, our models simultaneously produce a good match to the observed metallicities, abundance ratios and SN rates.
Massive, red galaxies in a hierarchical universe-II Clustering of Extremely Red Objects
利用半解析星系形成模型结合宇宙学N体模拟,对Λ冷暗物质宇宙中极红天体(ERO)的成簇进行了预测. ERO是在0.7< z < 3观测到的红色大质量星系,它们的数量和性质对分层星系形成模型提出了挑战。分析了ERO的晕占据分布和两点关联函数,探讨了这些量随视星等、色切和红移的变化规律。我们的模型预测的晕占据分布是显着不同的,通常假设。这是由于活动星系核反馈的加入,它改变了活动星系核反馈第一次变得重要的质量之上的亮度-宿主晕质量关系的斜率和散射。我们预测,平均而言,质量大于10^{13}h^{-1}Msun的暗物质晕至少有一个在1.5 < z < 2.5处的ERO。考虑到观测估计中的样本方差,对于(R-K)>5或(i-K)>4.5的ERO,预测的角聚类与当前观测结果相当一致。
We discuss the relationship between dark matter and the entropy of the universe with the premise that dark matter exists in the form of primordial black holes (PBHs) in a hierarchy of mass tiers. The lightest tier are intermediate-mass PIMBHs within galaxies including the Milky Way. Supermassive black holes at galactic centres are in the second tier. We are led to speculate that there exists a third tier of extremely massive PBHs, more massive than entire galaxies. We discuss future observations by the Rubin Observatory and James Webb Space Telescope.
Chemical evolution of antimatter domains in early Universe
National Research Nuclear University MEPhI(国立研究核大学MEPhI);Virtual Institute of Astroparticle Physics (VIA)(虚拟高能天体物理研究所(VIA));Institute of Physics, Southern Federal University(南联邦大学物理研究所)
Supermassive Black Holes in the Hierarchical Universe: A General Framework and Observational Tests
我们提出了一个简单的框架,超大质量黑洞(SMBHs)的生长和演化的分级结构形成范式。在我们的模型中,黑洞吸积是在宿主暗物质晕之间的主要合并(质量比>~0.3)过程中触发的。类星体光度的连续演化遵循一个普遍的光变曲线形式:初始的指数增长,以恒定的爱丁顿比为单位,直到它达到峰值光度,其次是幂律衰减。假设峰值光度与合并后的晕质量相关,我们将光变曲线与类星体活动的触发率卷积,预测类星体的光度函数(LF)。我们的模型再现了在0.5 <z <4.5处观察到的LF,用于当前光学和X射线调查探测的全部光度范围。我们的模型再现了观测到的红移演化和光度依赖的线性偏置类星体/活动星系核集群。由于瞬时光度和晕质量之间的散射,类星体/活动星系核成团在低到中等光度时对光度的依赖很弱,但在高光度端和高红移时,线性偏差随光度迅速上升。在我们的模型中,爱丁顿比分布大致呈对数正态分布,从高光度类星体(L_bol>~10^46 erg s ^-1)到低光度活动星系核(L_bol <~10^45 erg s ^-1),这种分布会变宽并向较低的平均值移动,与观测结果吻合得很好。
The star formation history and chemical evolution of star forming galaxies in the nearby universe
我们测定了SDSS DR 7中122751个SFG样品的O/H和N/O。对于所有这些星系,我们也确定了它们的形态和SFH使用代码星光。化学丰度与SFH的比较使我们能够以与它们的恒星星族和形态的形成相一致的方式来描述附近宇宙(z < 0.25)的化学演化。在我们的样品中,45%的SFG显示出相对于其金属丰度的氮丰度过剩。我们还发现这种过剩伴随着氧气的缺乏,这表明这可能是有效的星暴风的结果。然而,我们没有发现富氮和贫氮SFG的恒星形成模式的差异。我们的分析表明,它们都是通过在几个Gyr周期内连续的恒星形成爆发来形成恒星的。因此,产生这些星系之间化学差异的似乎是爆发的强度:具有过量氮的星系是那些目前正在经历更强烈爆发的星系,或者在过去经历过更强烈爆发的星系。我们还发现了化学演化过程与星系形成相关的证据:氮过量的星系比没有过量的星系质量更大,有更多的大规模凸起和更早的形态。作为一种可能的解释,我们提出,与星暴风一致的金属损失发生在星系形成期间,当时它们的势阱仍在建立,因此比今天弱,使星暴风更有效,与星系的最终质量无关。与这种解释非常一致,我们也发现了与缩小一致的证据,根据这些证据,更大质量的SFG在质量较小的SFG之前形成。
Swinburne University of Technology(斯威本科技大学);Australian National University(澳大利亚国立大学)
We present a Bayesian hierarchical forward model for mapping the local luminosity-density field from heterogeneous redshift surveys. By dividing the survey volume into angular cells and redshift shells, we model the observed galaxy distribution directly in apparent-magnitude and redshift space. This allows us to infer cell-level luminosity functions and densities while preserving each survey's unique selection function. Simultaneously, the ensemble of cells constrains the cosmic-mean luminosity function, its redshift evolution, and the hyperparameters describing cell-to-cell variation. We appl…
Electron-positron annihilation largely occurs in local thermal and chemical equilibrium after the neutrinos fall out of thermal equilibrium and during the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) epoch. The effects of this process are evident in BBN yields as well as the relativistic degrees of freedom. We self-consistently calculate the collision integral for electron-positron creation and annihilation using the Klein-Nishina amplitude and appropriate statistical factors for Fermi-blocking and Bose-enhancement. Our calculations suggest that this annihilation freezes out when the photon-electron-positro…
Answers to the metal production of the Universe can be found in galaxy clusters, notably within their Intra-Cluster Medium (ICM). The X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) on board the next-generation European X-ray observatory Athena (2030s) will provide the necessary leap forward in spatially-resolved spectroscopy required to disentangle the intricate mechanisms responsible for this chemical enrichment. In this paper, we investigate the future capabilities of the X-IFU in probing the hot gas within galaxy clusters. From a test sample of four clusters extracted from cosmological hydrodynamical si…
We propose a semi-analytic model that is developed to understand the cosmological evolution of the mean metallicity in the Universe. In particular, we study the contributions of Population III (Pop III) and Population II (Pop II) stars to the production of $\mathrm{Fe,~Si,~Zn, ~Ni,~P, ~Mg, ~Al, ~S, ~C, ~N}$, and $\mathrm{~O}$. We aim to quantify the roles of two different models in the chemical enrichment of the Universe. The first model (A) considers both stars with Pop III and Pop II yields. For the second model (B), the yields involved are only for Pop II stars. We start by describing the c…
Chemical evolution is essential in understanding the origins of life. We present a theory for the evolution of molecule masses and show that small molecules grow by random diffusion and large molecules by a preferential attachment process leading eventually to life's molecules. It reproduces correctly the distribution of molecules found via mass spectroscopy for the Murchison meteorite and estimates the start of chemical evolution back to 12.8 billion years following the birth of stars and supernovae. From the Frontier mass between the random and preferential attachment dynamics the birth time…
We are now routinely detecting gravitational waves (GW) emitted by merging black holes and neutron stars. Those are the afterlives of massive stars that formed all across the Universe - at different times and with different metallicities (abundances of elements heavier than helium). Birth metallicity plays an important role in the evolution of massive stars. Consequently, the population properties of mergers are sensitive to the metallicity dependent cosmic star formation history (f$_{\rm SFR}$(Z,z)). In particular, within the isolated formation scenarios (the focus of this paper), a strong lo…
In this work, the sixth of a series, we use the ASTRAEUS (semi-numerical rAdiative tranSfer coupling of galaxy formaTion and Reionization in N-body dark matter simUlationS) framework to investigate the nature of the sources that reionized the Universe. We extend ASTRAEUS, which already couples a galaxy formation semi-analytical model with a detailed semi-numerical reionization scheme, to include a model for black hole formation, growth, and the production of ionizing radiation from associated AGN (active galactic nuclei). We calibrate our fiducial AGN model to reproduce the bolometric luminosi…
One of the outstanding problems in modern physics is the origin is of accelerated expansion of the universe. High-precision determinations of the Hubble parameter $\mbox{H}_0$ at different redshifts provide direct insight into the Universe expansion: equation of state of the Dark Energy, geometry and curvature of space, sum of neutrino masses and isotropy of the Universe. We investigate the effect of chemical composition on the classical distance ladder based on Cepheids stars and Supernovae type Ia. Cepheids belonging to Magellanic Clouds represent a natural anchor for the ladder, due to thei…