我们提出了一个简单的框架,超大质量黑洞(SMBHs)的生长和演化的分级结构形成范式。在我们的模型中,黑洞吸积是在宿主暗物质晕之间的主要合并(质量比>~0.3)过程中触发的。类星体光度的连续演化遵循一个普遍的光变曲线形式:初始的指数增长,以恒定的爱丁顿比为单位,直到它达到峰值光度,其次是幂律衰减。假设峰值光度与合并后的晕质量相关,我们将光变曲线与类星体活动的触发率卷积,预测类星体的光度函数(LF)。我们的模型再现了在0.5 <z <4.5处观察到的LF,用于当前光学和X射线调查探测的全部光度范围。我们的模型再现了观测到的红移演化和光度依赖的线性偏置类星体/活动星系核集群。由于瞬时光度和晕质量之间的散射,类星体/活动星系核成团在低到中等光度时对光度的依赖很弱,但在高光度端和高红移时,线性偏差随光度迅速上升。在我们的模型中,爱丁顿比分布大致呈对数正态分布,从高光度类星体(L_bol>~10^46 erg s ^-1)到低光度活动星系核(L_bol <~10^45 erg s ^-1),这种分布会变宽并向较低的平均值移动,与观测结果吻合得很好。
英文摘要:
(Abridged) We present a simple framework for the growth and evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the hierarchical structure formation paradigm. In our model, black hole accretion is triggered during major mergers (mass ratio>~0.3) between host dark matter halos. The successive evolution of quasar luminosities follows a universal light curve form: an initial exponential growth at constant Eddington ratio of order unity until it reaches the peak luminosity, followed by a power-law decay. Assuming that the peak luminosity correlates with the post-merger halo mass, we convolve the light curve with the triggering rate of quasar activity to predict the quasar luminosity function (LF). Our model reproduces the observed LF at 0.5<z<4.5 for the full luminosity ranges probed by current optical and X-ray surveys. Our model reproduces both the observed redshift evolution and luminosity dependence of the linear bias of quasar/AGN clustering. Due to the scatter between instantaneous luminosity and halo mass, quasar/AGN clustering weakly depends on luminosity at low to intermediate luminosities; but the linear bias rises rapidly with luminosity at the high luminosity end and at high redshift. In our model, the Eddington ratio distribution is roughly log-normal, which broadens and shifts to lower mean values from high luminosity quasars (L_bol>~10^46 erg s^-1) to low luminosity AGNs (L_bol<~ 10^45 erg s^-1), in good agreement with observations.
New observational Constraints on the Growth of the First Supermassive Black Holes
我们限制总吸积质量密度在z>6的超大质量黑洞,推断通过从光度选择的星系候选者的样本的集成X射线发射的上限。研究从最深的哈勃太空望远镜图像中获得的星系,结合钱德拉深场南的钱德拉4兆秒观测,我们获得了早期宇宙中总黑洞生长的最严格限制。我们估计在z~6处的吸积质量密度<1000 Mo Mpc^-3,明显低于先前根据早期黑洞增长的一些现有模型和早期观测所作的预测。这些结果对早期黑洞的增长和通过吸积的质量聚集提出了有趣的限制,并暗示了以下一个或多个问题:(1)在这个时期,只有一小部分明亮的星系含有活跃的黑洞;(2)早期大多数黑洞的增长发生在尘埃和/或质量较小的--尚未被探测到的--宿主星系中;(3)在星系样本中有相当大比例的低z闯入者;(4)早期黑洞的增长是辐射效率低的,严重模糊和/或由于黑洞合并而不是吸积;或(5)大部分黑洞增长发生在晚期。所有这些可能性对我们理解高红移种子形成模型具有重要意义。
Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies: Supplemental Material
这是Kormendy和Ho 2013,ARAA,51,511(arXiv:1304.7762)的补充材料。第S1节总结了间接的方法,用于估计黑洞(BH)的质量与活动核(AGN)的星系。第S2节列出了用于分类经典隆起和伪隆起的观测标准。主要论文中使用的(伪)凸起分类并不是基于物理解释;相反,它们是基于这些观察标准。第S3节补充了主要论文第5节和第S4节中的BH数据库。它讨论了星系和BH参数的修正,最重要的是2 MASS K波段视星等。它提供的证据表明,修正是必要的,因为2 MASS错过了大半径的光时,星系的图像对着天空的大角度或有浅的外部亮度梯度。第S4节基本上逐字复制了主要文件第5节的第一部分,即波黑数据库。它包括BH和宿主星系的属性列表(表2和表3)。它最重要的目的是提供关于单个对象的所有注释。
Cosmic backgrounds due to the formation of the first generation of supermassive black holes
黑洞及其质量的统计数据强烈地表明,它们的质量分布在$3 \times 10^{6}$ M $_{\odot}$附近有一个截止点,朝向较低的质量。这与宇宙中第一颗大质量恒星凝聚的经典形成机制一致。然而,当恒星的质量接近$10^{6}$ M $_{\odot}$时,恒星变得不稳定并坍缩,可能形成第一代宇宙学黑洞。在这里,我们推测,声称检测到的各向同性无线电背景可能构成这些第一个超大质量黑洞形成的证据,因为它们的数据在光谱和强度上与来自残余物的同步辐射兼容。提出的模型满足所有观测条件的背景,在单源强度,源的数量,远红外和伽马射线发射。观测到的高能中微子流在流率和谱上与我们的计算是一致的。本文所描述的建议也可以解释早期的大质量无膨胀盘星系的形成和增长,来自于大质量,气体壳形成在爆炸形成之前的超大质量黑洞。
Fuzzy Dark Matter Soliton Cores around Supermassive Black Holes
我们探讨了超大质量黑洞(SMBH)对暗物质晕中心模糊暗物质(FDM)孤子核密度分布的影响。我们数值求解薛定谔-泊松方程,治疗的黑洞作为一个引力质点,并证明,这一额外的扰动项有"压缩"效应的孤子密度分布,减少核心半径,增加中心密度。在大黑洞质量的极限下,该解接近于类似于氢原子的解,其半径与黑洞质量成反比。通过将我们的分析应用到两个特定的星系(M87和银河系),并将其与已知的观测限制的中心集中的暗物质的量,我们得到了FDM粒子质量的约束,发现范围$10^{-22.12}$ eV $\lesssim m \lesssim 10^{-22.06}$ eV应被禁止(考虑到额外的因素,在附近的一个黑洞的孤子的寿命)。改进的观测质量测量的黑洞和总封闭的质量将显着扩展的下限上排除FDM质量区域,而自洽的理论模型的孤子-黑洞系统可以扩展的上限。
We discuss the relationship between dark matter and the entropy of the universe with the premise that dark matter exists in the form of primordial black holes (PBHs) in a hierarchy of mass tiers. The lightest tier are intermediate-mass PIMBHs within galaxies including the Milky Way. Supermassive black holes at galactic centres are in the second tier. We are led to speculate that there exists a third tier of extremely massive PBHs, more massive than entire galaxies. We discuss future observations by the Rubin Observatory and James Webb Space Telescope.
We investigate the clustering property of primordial black holes (PBHs) in a scenario where PBHs can explain the existence of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at high redshifts. We analyze the angular correlation function of PBHs originating from fluctuations of a spectator field which can be regarded as a representative model to explain SMBHs without conflicting with the constraint from the spectral distortion of cosmic microwave background. We argue that the clustering property of PBHs can give a critical test for models with PBHs as the origin of SMBHs and indeed show that the spatial distr…
We identify the intrinsic dependence of star formation quenching on a variety of galactic and environmental parameters, utilizing a machine learning approach with Random Forest classification. We have previously demonstrated the power of this technique to isolate causality, not mere correlation, in complex astronomical data. First, we analyze three cosmological hydrodynamical simulations (Eagle, Illustris, and IllustrisTNG), selecting snapshots spanning the bulk of cosmic history from comic noon ($z \sim 2$) to the present epoch, with stellar masses in the range $9 < \log(M_*/M_{\odot}) < 12$.…
Sensitivity of Weak Lensing Surveys to Gravitational Waves from Inspiraling Supermassive Black Hole Binaries
University of Southern California(南加州大学);Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院喷气推进实验室);California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院)
Galileons are scalar field theories which obey the Galileon symmetry $φ\to φ+ b + c_μx^μ$ and are capable of self-acceleration if they have an inverted sign for the kinetic term. These theories violate the Strong Equivalence Principle, such that black holes (BHs) do not couple to the Galileon field, whereas non-relativistic objects experience a fifth force with strength $ΔG / G_{\rm N}$ relative to gravity. For galaxies falling down a gradient in the Galileon field, this results in an offset between the centre of the galaxy and its host supermassive BH. We reconstruct the local gravitational a…