For the particular class of \textbf{$SU(4)_{L}\otimes U(1)_{Y}$} electro-weak models without exotic electric charges, some plausible phenomenological predictions - such as the boson mass spectrum and charges of all the fermions involved therein - are made by using the algebraical approach of the exactly solving method for gauge models with high symmetries. Along with the one-parameter resulting mass scale (to be confirmed at TeV scale in LHC, LEP, CDF and other high energy experiments) our approach predicts the exact expressions of the charges (both electric and neutral) in the fermion sector, while all the Standard Model phenomenology is naturally recovered.
The boson mass spectrum of the electro-weak \textbf{$SU(4)_{L}\otimes U(1)_{Y}$} model with exotic electric charges is investigated by using the algebraical approach supplied by the method of exactly solving gauge models with high symmetries. Our approach predicts for the boson sector a one-parameter mass scale to be tuned in order to match the data obtained at LHC, LEP, CDF.
A phenomenological analysis of the three-family model based on the local gauge group $SU(3)_c\otimes SU(3)_L\otimes U(1)_X$ with exotic charged leptons, is carried out. Instead of using the minimal scalar sector able to break the symmetry in a proper way, we introduce an alternative set of four Higgs scalar triplets, which combined with an anomaly-free discrete symmetry, produce quark and charged lepton mass spectrum without hierarchies in the Yukawa coupling constants. We also embed the structure into a simple group and show some conditions to achieve a low gauge coupling unification, avoidin…
The weak currents with respect to the diagonal neutral bosons $Z$,$Z^{\prime}$, and $Z^{\prime\prime}$ of a specific \textbf{$SU(4)_{L}\otimes U(1)_{Y}$} gauge model are computed in detail for all the fermion families involved therein. Our algebraical approach, which is based on the general method of solving gauge models with high symmetries proposed several years ago by Cotăescu, recovers in a non-trivial way all the Standard Model values for current couplings of the traditional leptons and quarks, and predicts plausible values for those of the exotic fermions in the model.
We study some of the consequences of the SU(6)$_{L}\otimes$U(1)$_{Y}$ model of unification of electroweak interactions and families with a horizontal gauge group SU(2)$_{H}$, paying special attention to processes with flavor changing neutral currents. We compute at tree level the decays $K^{+}\longrightarrow π^{+}μ^{+}e^{-}$, $K_L^0\longrightarrow μ^{+}e^{-}$ and $μ^{-} \longrightarrow e^{-} \bar{ν_e} ν_μ$ from which we obtain lower bounds for the mass of the horizontal gauge boson associated with FCNC. Finally we obtain limits on the mixing between ordinary and exotic charged leptons.
There are different models based on the gauge symmetry $SU(3)_C \otimes SU(3)_L \otimes U(1)_X$ (331) some of them includes exotic particles and others are constructed without any exotic charges assigned to the fermionic spectrum. Each model build up on 331 symmetry has its own interesting properties according to the representations of the gauge group used for the fermionic spectrum; that is the main reason to explore and identify the possible sources of flavor changing neutral currents and lepton flavor violation at tree level.
We study an electroweak gauge extension of the standard model, so called 3-4-1 model, which does not contain exotic electric charges and it is anomaly free. We discuss phenomenological constraints of the model and compute all the corrections to the muon magnetic moment. Mainly, we discuss different mass regimes and their impact on this correction, deriving for the first time direct limits on the masses of the neutral fermions and charged vector bosons. Interestingly, the model could address the reported muon anomalous magnetic moment excess, however it would demands a rather low scale of symme…
Recently, a hadronic state named $η_1(1855)$, about 1.86 GeV, was observed in the BESIII experiment. This finding has a peculiar interest due to its exotic quantum number $J^{PC}=1^{-+}$. In this paper, we examine the tetraquark interpretation for the structure of $η_1(1855)$ in the configurations of $[1_c]_{\bar{s}s}\otimes[1_c]_{\bar{q}q}$ and $[1_c]_{\bar{s}q}\otimes[1_c]_{\bar{s}q}$, and perform a mass spectrum calculation in the framework of QCD sum rules. The results show that the observed $η_1(1855)$ could be embedded into the $[1_c]_{\bar{s}s}\otimes[1_c]_{\bar{q}q}$ configuration. The…
Very recently a new hadronic structure around $3.98$ GeV was observed in BESIII experiment. From its decay modes, it is reasonable for people to assign it to the category of exotic state, say $Z^+_{cs}$, the stranged-parter of $Z_{c}(3900)$. This finding indicates for the first time the exotic state with strange quark in charm sector, and hence has a peculiar importance. By virtue of the QCD Sum Rule technique, we analyze the $Z^+_{cs}$ about its possible configuration and physical properties, and find it could be configured as a mixture of two types of structures, $[1_c]_{\bar{c} u}\otimes[1_…
To explaine the matter-antimatter asymmetry, a supersymmetric extention of the standard model is proposed where baryon and lepton numbers are local gauged(BLMSSM), and exotic superfields are introduced when gauge group is enlarged to $SU(3)_C\otimes SU(2)_L\otimes U(1)_Y \otimes U(1)_B \otimes U(1)_L$. As signals of new physics have not been observed on Large Hadron Collider, the parameter space relevant to the masses of new particles is stringently constrainted. By diagonalizing the mass squared matrices for neutral scalar sectors and the mass matrices for exotic quarks, we plot the masses of…
We study the minimal set of Higgs scalars, for models based on the local gauge group $SU(3)_c \otimes SU(3)_L \otimes U(1)_X$ which do not contain particles with exotic electric charges. We show that only two Higgs $SU(3)_L$ triplets are needed in order to properly break the symmetry. The exact tree-level scalar mass matrices resulting from symmetry breaking are calculated at the minimum of the most general scalar potential, and the gauge bosons are obtained, together with their couplings to the physical scalar fields. We show how the scalar sector introduced is enough to produce masses for fe…
We have systematically calculated the mass spectra for S-wave and P-wave fully-charm $c\bar{c}c\bar{c}$ and fully-bottom $b\bar{b}b\bar{b}$ tetraquark states in the $\mathbf{8}_{[Q\bar{Q}]}\otimes \mathbf{8}_{[Q\bar{Q}]}$ color configuration, by using the moment QCD sum rule method. The masses for the fully-charm $c\bar cc\bar c$ tetraquark states are predicted about $6.3-6.5$ GeV for S-wave channels and $7.0-7.2$ GeV for P-wave channels. These results suggest the possibility that there are some $\mathbf{8}_{[c\bar{c}]}\otimes \mathbf{8}_{[c\bar{c}]}$ components in LHCb's di-$J/ψ$ structures. …
We take up again the study of the mass spectrum of the quark sector in a model with gauge symmetry $SU(3)_{c}\otimes SU(3)_{L}\otimes U(1)_{X}$ (331). In a special type II-like 331 model, we obtain specific zero-texture mass matrices for the quarks which predict four massless quarks ($u,c,d,s$) and two massive quarks ($b,t$) at the electroweak scale ($\sim $ GeV). By considering the mixing between the SM quarks and new exotic quarks at large scales predicted by the model, we find that a third quark (associated to the charm quark) acquires a mass. The remaining light quarks ($u,d,s$) get small …
We present an extension of the Standard Model to the local gauge group $SU(3)_c\otimes SU(4)_L\otimes U(1)_X$ with a family non-universal treatment and anomalies canceled among the three families in a nontrivial fashion. The mass scales, the gauge boson masses, and the masses for the spin 1/2 particles in the model are analyzed. The neutral currents coupled to all neutral vector bosons in the model are studied, and particular values of the parameters are used in order to simplify the mixing between the three neutral currents present in the theory, mixing which is further constrained by experim…
Lepton family number violation processes arise in the $SU(6)_L \otimes U(1)_Y$ model due to the presence of an extra neutral gauge boson, Z$'$, with family changing couplings, and due to the fact that this model demands the existence of heavy exotic leptons. The mixing of the standard Z with Z$'$ and the mixing of ordinary leptons with exotic ones induce together family changing couplings on the Z and therefore nonvanishing rates for lepton family number violation processes, such as $Z \to e \barμ$, $μ\to ee\bar{e}$ and $μ\to eγ$. Additional contributions to the processes $μ\to e γ$ and $μ\to …
We investigate how exotic differential structures may reveal themselves in particle physics. The analysis is based on the A. Connes' construction of the standard model. It is shown that, if one of the copies of the spacetime manifold is equipped with an exotic differential structure, compact object of geometric origin may exist even if the spacetime is topologically trivial. Possible implications are discussed. An $SU(3)\otimes SU(2)\otimes U(1)$ gauge model is constructed. This model may not be realistic but it shows what kind of physical phenomena might be expected due to the existence of ex…
An extension of the Standard Model to the local gauge group $SU(3)_c\otimes SU(3)_L\otimes U(1)_X$ which is a subgroup of the electroweak-strong unification group $E_6$ is analyzed. The mass scales, the gauge boson masses, and the masses for the spin 1/2 particles in the model are calculated. The mass differences between the up and down quark sectors, between the quarks and leptons, and between the charged and neutral leptons in one family are explained as a consequence of mixing of ordinary with exotic fermions implied by the model. By using experimental results we constrain the mixing angle …
We propose a predictive inert 2 Higgs doublet model, where the Standard Model (SM) symmetry is extended by $S_{3}\otimes Z_{2}\otimes Z_{12}$ and the field content is enlarged by extra scalar fields, charged exotic fermions and two heavy right-handed Majorana neutrinos. The charged exotic fermions generate a nontrivial quark mixing and provide one-loop-level masses for the first- and second-generation charged fermions. The masses of the light active neutrinos are generated from a one loop-level radiative seesaw mechanism. Our model successfully explains the observed SM fermion mass and mixing …
A detailed analysis of $Z^{'0}Z^{'0}$, $K^{+}K^{-}$ and $K^{0}\bar{K}^{0}$ pair production in $e^{+}e^{-}$ collisions is presented by using helicity amplitudes. The trilinear bosons couplings in the $SU(3)_{C}\otimes SU(3)_{L}\otimes U(1)_{X}$ models without exotic electric charges are also calculated. We carry out the mentioned analysis for two models, one of them is a one family model which is an $E_6$ subgroup \cite{b1} and the other one is a three family model with right handed neutrinos\cite{b2,b3}. These models do not contain exotic electric charges. For them, we give explicit formulae a…
Our analysis shows that SM-like electroweak phase transition (EWPT) in the $SU(2)_1 \otimes SU(2)_2 \otimes U(1)_Y$ (2-2-1) model is a first-order phase transition at the $200$ GeV scale (the SM scale). Its strength ($S$) is about $1 - 2.7$ and the masses of new gauge bosons are larger than $1.7$ TeV when the second VEV is larger than $535$ GeV in a three-stage EWPT scenario and the coupling constant of $SU(2)_2$ group must be larger than 2. Therefore, this first order EWPT can be used to fix VEVs and the coupling constant of the gauge group in electro-weak models.
The extensions of the Standard Model based on the $SU(3)_{C} \otimes SU(3)_{L} \otimes U(1)_{X}$ gauge group are known as 331 Models. Different properties such as the fermion assignment and the electric charges of the exotic spectrum, that defines a particular 331 model, are fixed by a $β$ parameter. In this article we study the electric charge quantization in two versions of the 331 models, set by the conditions $β=1/\left( 3\sqrt{3}\right)$ and $β=0$. In these frameworks, arise exotic particles, for instance, new leptons and gauge bosons with a fractional electric charge. Additionally, depen…
An extension of the gauge group $SU(2)_L\otimes U(1)_Y$ of the standard model to the symmetry group $SU(4)_L\otimes U(1)_X$ (3-4-1 for short) is presented. The model does not contain exotic electric charges and anomaly cancellation is achieved with a family of quarks transforming differently from the other two, thus leading to FCNC. By introducing a discrete $Z_2$ symmetry we obtain a consistent fermion mass spectrum, and avoid unitarity violation of the CKM mixing matrix arising from the mixing of ordinary and exotic quarks. The neutral currents coupled to all neutral vector bosons are studie…
In a model with a gauge group $G_{SM}\otimes U(1)_X$, where $G_{SM} \equiv SU(3)_C \otimes SU(2)_L \otimes U(1)_Y$ is the standard model gauge group and $U(1)_X$ is a horizontal local gauge symmetry, the spectrum of charged fermion masses and mixing angles are obtained from radiative contributions with the aim to reproduce the fermion masses and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix with no {\it a priori} texture assumption. The assignment of horizontal charges is made such that at tree level only the third family becomes massive when electroweak symmetry is broken. Using these tree level masse…
We study the neutrino mass generation in the $SU(4)_L \otimes U(1)_X$ electroweak extension of the standard model by considering non-renormalizable dimension five effective operators. It is shown that there exist two topologies for the realizations of such an operator at the tree-level and for one of the three-family models is explore the neutrino phenomenology after extending its particle content with an $SU(4)_L$ fermion singlet and a scalar decuplet. Constraints in the available parameters space of the model are partially discussed.
We investigate the neutrino masses and mixing patten in a version of the $SU(3)_c\otimes SU(3)_L\otimes U(1)_X$ model with one extra exotic charged lepton per family as introduced by Ozer. It is shown that an extended scalar sector, together with a discrete $Z_2$ symmetry, is able to reproduce a consistent lepton mass spectrum without a hierarchy in the Yukawa coupling constants, the former as a carefull balance between one universal see-saw and two radiative mechanisms.
A new flipped $SU(3)_C\otimes SU(4)_L\otimes U(1)_X$ model without exotic electric charges is proposed. All the quarks families are arranged in the same representation while leptons generations are in different representations leading to a tree level FCNC. Moreover, It is shown that the cancellation of the triangle chiral anomalies requires new additional leptons 10-plet and quadruplet. All fermions masses have been also discussed. Furthermore, using the most recent experimental data of the branching ratios of $μ\to ee\bar{e}$ and $μ\to eγ$ rare decay modes, stringent bounds on the heavy neutr…
In this letter we address the issue of generating appropriate tiny neutrino masses within the framework of a particular $SU(3)_{c}\otimes SU(3)_{L}\otimes U(1)_{X}$ gauge model by adding three singlet exotic Majorana neutrinos to the ones included in the three lepton triplet representations. The theoretical device is the general method of treating gauge models with high symmetries $SU(3)_{c}\otimes SU(N)_{L}\otimes U(1)_{X}$ proposed by Cotăescu more than a decade ago. When it is worked-out in the 3-3-1 model it supplies a unique free parameter ($a$) to be tuned in order to get a realistic mas…
After proving, in a previous paper, that the electric charge quantization occurs as a natural consequence in renormalizable $SU(3)_c \otimes SU(n)_{L} \otimes U(1)_{Y}$ gauge models, we take here a step further within the same paradigm in order to obtain the precise weak charges quantization. To this end a viable boson mass spectrum yields first, once a proper parametrization in the Higgs sector is employed. Hence, by diagonalizing the neutral bosons mass matrix, the quantized neutral weak charge operators are obtained. The Standard Model phenomenology is entirely recovered, as its scale ($v_{…
In a model with a gauge group $G_{SM}\otimes U(1)_X$, where $G_{SM} \equiv SU(3)_C \otimes SU(2)_L \otimes U(1)_Y$ is the standard model gauge group and $U(1)_X$ is a horizontal local gauge symmetry, we propose a radiative generation of the spectrum of quark masses and mixing angles. The assignment of horizontal charges is such that at tree level only the third family is massive. Using these tree level masses and introducing exotic scalars, the light families of quarks acquire hierarchical masses through radiative corrections. The rank three quark mass matrices obtained are written in terms of…
We consider a model for the electroweak interactions with $SU(3)_L\otimes U(1)_N$ gauge symmetry. We show that, it is the conservation of $F=L+B$ which forbids massive neutrinos and the neutrinoless double beta decay, $(ββ)_{0ν}$. Explicit and spontaneous breaking of $F$ imply that the neutrinos have an arbitrary mass and $(ββ)_{0ν}$ proceeds also with some contributions that do not depend explicitly on the neutrino mass.
In this brief report, apart from the usual approach, we discriminate among models in the class of \textbf{$SU(4)_{L}\otimes U(1)_{Y}$} electro-weak gauge models by just setting the versors in the method of the exactly solving gauge models with high symmetries. We prove that the method itself naturally predicts the correct assingment of the electric charge spectrum along with the relation between the gauge couplings of the groups involved therein for each particular model in this class.
We consider the problem of neutrino masses and mixing angles in a supersymmetric model based on the gauge group SU(4)$\otimes$SU(2)$_L\otimes$SU(2)$_R$ broken at the scale $M_X\approx 10^{16}$ GeV. We extend a previous operator analysis of the charged lepton and quark masses and mixing angles in this model to include the neutrino sector, assuming a universal Majorana mass $M$ for the right-handed neutrinos. The Dirac part of the neutrino matrix is then fixed and the physical neutrino masses and magnitudes of all of the elements of the leptonic mixing matrix are then predicted in terms of the s…
An extension of the Standard Model to the local gauge group $SU(3)_c\otimes SU(4)_L\otimes U(1)_X$ as a three-family model is presented. The model does not contain exotic electric charges and we obtain a consistent mass spectrum by introducing an anomaly-free discrete $Z_2$ symmetry. The neutral currents coupled to all neutral vector bosons in the model are studied. By using experimental results from the CERN LEP, SLAC Linear Collider and atomic parity violation we constrain the mixing angle between two of the neutral currents in the model and the mass of the additional neutral gauge bosons to…
The couplings between the neutrinos and exotic fermion can be probed in both neutrino scattering experiments and dark matter direct detection experiments. We present a detailed analysis of the general neutrino interactions with an exotic fermion and electrons at neutrino-electron scattering experiments. We obtain the constraints on the coupling coefficients of the scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, axialvector, tensor and electromagnetic dipole interactions from the CHARM-II, TEXONO and Borexino experiments. For the flavor-universal interactions, we find that the Borexino experiment sets the strong…
We argue that the gauge symmetry which includes SU(3)_L as a higher weak-isospin symmetry is manifestly given by SU(3)_C\otimes SU(3)_L\otimes U(1)_X\otimes U(1)_N, where the last two factors determine the electric charge and B-L, respectively. This theory not only provides a consistent unification of the electroweak and B-L interactions, but also gives insights in dark matter, neutrino masses, and inflation. The dark matter belongs to a class of new particles that have wrong B-L numbers, and is stabilized due to a newly-realized W-parity as residual gauge symmetry. The B-L breaking field is i…
We suggest a new particle model based on the symmetry group $SU(3)_{C}\otimes SU(2)_{L}\otimes SU(2)_{L'}\otimes SU(2)_{R}\otimes U(1)_{B-L}\otimes SU(3)_{F}\otimes U(1)_{N}$. The family symmetry and the high-energy left-handed and right-handed isospin subgroups are respectively broken by some flavon and Higgs fields one after another. At the low-energy scale the super-heavy fermions are all integrated out, the model finally leads to an effective theory with the standard model symmetry group. After the electroweak breaking all the fermion mass matrices are elegantly characterized only by six p…
Accessing a full image of the inner content of hadrons represents a central endeavour of modern particle physics, with the main scientific motivation to investigate the strong interaction binding the visible matter. On the one hand, the structure of known exotic candidates is a fundamental open issue addressed widely by scientists. On the other hand, looking for new states of exotic nature is a central component for theoretical and experimental efforts from electron-positron machine and electron accelerator with fixed target to heavy ion and electron-ion colliders. In this article we present a…
We enumerate various effective couplings that contribute to the mixings between an exotic vector boson $Z^{\prime}$ and the neutral electroweak vector bosons. The miscellaneous mixing patterns can be evaluated perturbatively. The effective oblique parameters $S^{\prime}$, $T^{\prime}$, and $U^{\prime}$ are calculated to compare with the electroweak precision test results. With the contributions to the non-negligible $U^{\prime}$ parameter from the $ε_{B,W}$ parameters and the aid of some other parameters to cancel the negative $T^{\prime}$, the recent CDF $W$-mass anomaly can therefore be expl…
The complete list of electroweak chiral Lagrangian for W', Z' and a neutral light higgs with symmetry $SU(2)_1\otimes SU(2)_2\otimes U(1)$ is provided. The bosonic part is accurate up to order of $p^4$, the matter part involving various fermions representation arrangements includes dimension three Yukawa type and dimension four gauge type operators. The universal mixings and masses of gauge boson and fermion are given. Constraints from mass differences for $K^0-\bar{K}^0$, $B_d^0-\bar{B}_{d}^0$, $B_s^0-\bar{B}_{s}^0$ systems and indirect CP violation parameter $|ε_K|$ for $K$ mesons are evalua…
The production of the \sm\ Higgs $ϕ$ with intermediate mass at the proposed CERN LEP$\otimes$LHC $ep$ collider in $γq(\bar q)\rightarrow W^\pmϕq'(\bar q')$, $γq(\bar q)\rightarrow Z^0ϕq(\bar q)$ and $gγ\rightarrow q\bar qϕ$ events is studied. This is done for all possible (massive) flavours of the quarks $q(q')$ and using photons generated via Compton back--scattering of laser light. We study signatures in which the Higgs decays to $b\bar b$--pairs and the electroweak vector bosons $W^\pm$ and $Z^0$ decay either hadronically or leptonically. All possible backgrounds to these signals are also c…
With the strong experimental evidence for standard neutrino mass and mixings, there exists now a possibility of the lepton flavor violating process e\sup + mu \sup - \arrow W \sup + W \sup -, which would occur via t-channel neutrino exchange induced by neutrino mixings. We consider Langackers generalized neutrino mixings including ordinary (canonical SU(2) \sub L x U(1) \sub Y assignments), exotic (non-canonical SU(2) \sub L x U(1) \sub Y assignments) and singlet neutrinos leading to light and heavy mass eigen states. Constraints on lepton flavor violating (LFV) ordinary and heavy neutrino ove…
We analyze the ultraviolet to infrared evolution and nonperturbative properties of asymptotically free ${\rm SU}(N) \otimes {\rm SU}(N-4) \otimes {\rm U}(1)$ chiral gauge theories with $N_f$ copies of chiral fermions transforming according to $([2]_N,1)_{N-4} + ([\bar 1]_N,[\bar 1]_{N-4})_{-(N-2)} + (1,(2)_{N-4})_N$, where $[k]_N$ and $(k)_N$ denote the antisymmetric and symmetric rank-$k$ tensor representations of SU($N$) and the rightmost subscript is the U(1) charge. We give a detailed discussion for the lowest nondegenerate case, $N=6$. These theories can exhibit both self-breaking of a st…
We study double parton scattering (DPS) processes involving electroweak gauge bosons at the 13 TeV and 100 TeV proton-proton colliders. Specifically, we focus on three DPS channels: $W$-boson plus two jets ($W\otimes jj$), $Z$-boson plus two jets ($Z\otimes jj$), and same-sign $W$ pair production ($W^\pm\otimes W^\pm$). We demonstrate that the $Z\otimes jj$ process, which has not been paid too much attentions, is the best channel for measuring effective cross section $σ_{\rm eff}$. The accuracy of $σ_{\rm eff}$ measurement in the three DPS channels, especially the $W^\pm\otimes W^\pm$ producti…
The Twin Higgs model is the preeminent example of a theory of neutral naturalness, where the new particles that alleviate the little hierarchy problem are Standard Model (SM) singlets. The most promising collider search strategy, based on rare Higgs decays, is nevertheless not effective in significant regions of the parameter space of the low energy theory. This underlines the importance of phenomenological studies on ultraviolet completions of the Twin Higgs model, which must lie at a scale lower than 5-10 TeV. We pursue this course in the context of non-supersymmetric completions, focusing o…
