Miroslav Englis, Harald Upmeier
For a real symmetric domain $G_{\mathbb R}/K_{\mathbb R}$, with complexification $G_{\mathbb C}/K_{\mathbb C}$, we introduce the concept of "star-restriction" (a real analogue of the "star-products" for quantization of Kähler manifolds) and give a geometric construction of the $G_{\mathbb R}$-invariant differential operators yielding its asymptotic expansion.
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We establish the theory of Berezin-Toeplitz quantization on symplectic manifolds of bounded geometry. The quantum space of this quantization is the spectral subspace of the renormalized Bochner Laplacian associated with some interval near zero. We show that this quantization has the correct semiclassical limit.
We study the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization on Kaehler manifolds. We explain first how to compute various associated asymptotic expansions, then we compute explicitly the first terms of the expansion of the kernel of the Berezin-Toeplitz operators, and of the composition of two Berezin-Toeplitz operators. As application we estimate the norm of Donaldson's Q-operator.
We survey recent results about the asymptotic expansion of Toeplitz operators and their kernels, as well as Berezin-Toeplitz quantization. We deal in particular with calculation of the first coefficients of these expansions.
For arbitrary compact quantizable Kaehler manifolds it is shown how a natural formal deformation quantization (star product) can be obtained via Berezin-Toeplitz operators. Results on their semi-classical behaviour (their asymptotic expansion) due to Bordemann, Meinrenken and Schlichenmaier are used in an essential manner. It is shown that the star product is null on constants and fulfills parity. A trace is constructed and the relation to deformation quantization by geometric quantization is given.
Let $M$ be an arbitrary complex manifold and let $L$ be a Hermitian holomorphic line bundle over $M$. We introduce the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization of the open set of $M$ where the curvature on $L$ is non-degenerate. The quantum spaces are the spectral spaces corresponding to $[0,k^{-N}]$ ($N>1$ fixed), of the Kodaira Laplace operator acting on forms with values in tensor powers $L^k$. We establish the asymptotic expansion of associated Toeplitz operators and their composition as $k\to\infty$ and we define the corresponding star-product. If the Kodaira Laplace operator has a certain spectral …
This article is a review on Berezin-Toeplitz operator and Berezin-Toeplitz deformation quantization for compact quantizable Kaehler manifolds. The basic objects, concepts, and results are given. This concerns the correct semi-classical limit behaviour of the operator quantization, the unique Berezin-Toeplitz deformation quantization (star product), covariant and contravariant Berezin symbols, and Berezin transform. Other related objects and constructions are also discussed.
The author has introduced in a recent paper a new class of operators, called co-Toeplitz operators, with symbols in a co-algebra. This is the categorical dual to Toeplitz operators which have symbols in an algebra. The mapping from a symbol to its co-Toeplitz operator gives a quantization scheme, called co-Toeplitz quantization. A new, quite simple particular case of co-Toeplitz quantization is introduced in this note. Examples are given in order to show some of its properties.
In this paper, we study quantization on a compact integral symplectic manifold $X$ with transversal real polarizations. In the case of complex polarizations, namely $X$ is Kähler equipped with transversal complex polarizations $T^{1, 0}X, T^{0, 1}X$, geometric quantization gives $H^0(X, L^{\otimes k})$'s. They are acted upon by $\mathcal{C}^\infty(X, \mathbb{C})$ via Toeplitz operators as $\hbar = \tfrac{1}{k} \to 0^+$, determining a deformation quantization $(\mathcal{C}^\infty(X, \mathbb{C})[[\hbar]], \star)$ of $X$.\par We investigate the real analogue to these, comparing deformation quanti…
In this paper, we give a correspondence between the Berezin-Toeplitz and the complex Weyl quantizations of the torus $ \mathbb{T}^2$. To achieve this, we use the correspondence between the Berezin-Toeplitz and the complex Weyl quantizations of the complex plane and a relation between the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization of a periodic symbol on the real phase space $\mathbb{R}^2$ and the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization of a symbol on the torus $ \mathbb{T}^2 $.
We study the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization on symplectic manifolds making use of the full off-diagonal asymptotic expansion of the Bergman kernel. We give also a characterization of Toeplitz operators in terms of their asymptotic expansion. The semi-classical limit properties of the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization for non-compact manifolds and orbifolds are also established.
In this paper, we construct a family of Berezin-Toeplitz type quantizations of a compact symplectic manifold. For this, we choose a Riemannian metric on the manifold such that the associated Bochner Laplacian has the same local model at each point (this is slightly more general than in almost-Kähler quantization). Then the spectrum of the Bochner Laplacian on high tensor powers $L^p$ of the prequantum line bundle $L$ asymptotically splits into clusters of size ${\mathcal O}(p^{3/4})$ around the points $pΛ$, where $Λ$ is an eigenvalue of the model operator (which can be naturally called a Landa…
On a compact Kähler manifold $X$, Toeplitz operators determine a deformation quantization $(\operatorname{C}^\infty(X, \mathbb{C})[[\hbar]], \star)$ with separation of variables [10] with respect to transversal complex polarizations $T^{1, 0}X, T^{0, 1}X$ as $\hbar \to 0^+$ [15]. The analogous statement is proved for compact symplectic manifolds with transversal non-singular real polarizations [13]. In this paper, we establish the analogous result for transversal singular real polarizations on compact toric symplectic manifolds $X$. Due to toric singularities, half-form correction and localiza…
For phase-space manifolds which are compact Kaehler manifolds relations between the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization and the quantization with the help of Berezin's coherent states and symbols are studied. First the results on the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization of arbitrary compact Kaehler manifolds due to Bordemann, Meinrenken and Schlichenmaier are recalled. It is shown that the covariant symbol map is adjoint to the Toeplitz map. The Berezin transform for compact Kaehler manifolds is discussed. (Talk presented at the XVII workshop on geometric methods in physics, Bialowieza, Poland, July 3 --Ju…
A Szegö-type theorem for Toeplitz operators was proved by Boutet de Monvel and Guillemin for general Toeplitz structures. We give a local version of this result in the setting of positive line bundles on compact symplectic manifolds.
We show that compatible almost-complex structures on symplectic manifolds correspond to optimal quantizations.
In the theory of Toeplitz quantization of algebras, as developed by the second author, coherent states are defined as eigenvectors of a Toeplitz annihilation operator. These coherent states are studied in the case when the algebra is the generically non-commutative Manin plane. In usual quantization schemes one starts with a classical phase space, then quantizes it in order to produce annihilation operators and then their eigenvectors and eigenvalues. But we do this in the opposite order, namely the set of the eigenvalues of the previously defined annihilation operator is identified as a gener…
We establish that Hitchin's connection exist for any rigid holomorphic family of Kahler structures on any compact pre-quantizable symplectic manifold which satisfies certain simple topological constraints. Using Toeplitz operators we prove that Hitchin's connection induces a unique formal connection on smooth functions on the symplectic manifold. Parallel transport of this formal connection produces equivalences between the corresponding Berezin-Toeplitz deformation quantizations. - In the cases where the Hitchin connection is projectively flat, the formal connections will be flat and we get a…
In this lecture results on the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization of arbitrary compact quantizable Kaehler manifolds are presented. These results are obtained in joint work with M. Bordemann and E. Meinrenken. The existence of the Berezin-Toeplitz deformation quantization is also covered. Recent results obtained in joint work with A. Karabegov on the asymptotic expansion of the Berezin transform for arbitrary quantizable compact Kaehler manifolds are explained. As an application the asymptotic expansion of the Fubini-Study fundamental form under the coherent state embedding is considered. Some comm…
We give a proof of a slightly refined version of Gammelgaard's graph theoretic formula for Berezin-Toeplitz quantization on (pseudo-)Kaehler manifolds. Our proof has the merit of giving an alternative approach to Karabegov-Schlichenmaier's identification theorem. We also identify the dual Karabegov-Bordemann-Waldmann star product.
We argue that the Landau-Hall states provide a suitable framework for formulating the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization of classical functions on a Kähler phase space. We derive the star-products for such functions in this framework and generalize the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization to matrix-valued classical functions. We also comment on how this is related to different calculations of the effective action for Hall systems.
We give a complete identification of the deformation quantization which was obtained from the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization on an arbitrary compact Kaehler manifold. The deformation quantization with the opposite star-product proves to be a differential deformation quantization with separation of variables whose classifying form is explicitly calculated. Its characteristic class (which classifies star-products up to equivalence) is obtained. The proof is based on the microlocal description of the Szegoe kernel of a strictly pseudoconvex domain given by Boutet de Monvel and Sjoestrand.
We define co-Toeplitz operators, a new class of Hilbert space operators, in order to define a co-Toeplitz quantization scheme that is dual to the Toeplitz quantization scheme introduced by the author in the setting of symbols that come from a possibly non-commutative algebra with unit. In the present dual setting the symbols come from a possibly non-co-commutative co-algebra with co-unit. However, this co-Toeplitz quantization is a usual quantization scheme in the sense that to each symbol we assign a densely defined linear operator acting in a fixed Hilbert space. Creation and annihilation op…
This paper deals with the local semiclassical asymptotics of a quantum evolution operator in the Berezin-Toeplitz scheme, when both time and phase space variables are subject to appropriate scalings in the neighborhood of the graph of the underlying classical dynamics. Global consequences are then drawn regarding the scaling asymptotics of the trace of the quantum evolution as a function of time.
Toeplitz quantization is defined in a general setting in which the symbols are the elements of a possibly non-commutative algebra with a conjugation and a possibly degenerate inner product. We show that the quantum group $SU_q(2)$ is such an algebra. Unlike many quantization schemes, this Toeplitz quantization does not require a measure. The theory is based on the mathematical structures defined and studied in several recent papers of the author; those papers dealt with some specific examples of this new Toeplitz quantization. Annihilation and creation operators are defined as densely defined …
We generalize some earlier results on a Berezin-Toeplitz type of quantization on Hilbert spaces built over certain matrix domains. In the present, wider setting, the theory could be applied to systems possessing several kinematic and internal degrees of freedom. Our analysis leads to an identification of those observables, in this general context, which admit a semi-classical limit and those for which no such limit exists. It turns out that the latter class of observables involve the internal degrees of freedom in an intrinsic way. Mathematically, the theory, being a generalization of the stan…
In this note we quantize the free $ * $-algebra generated by finitely many variables, which is a new example of the theory of Toeplitz quantization of $ * $-algebras as developed previously by the author. This is achieved by defining Toeplitz operators with symbols in that non-commutative free $ * $-algebra. These are densely defined operators acting in a Hilbert space. Then creation and annihilation operators are introduced as special cases of Toeplitz operators, and their properties are studied.
Invited lecture at the XIV-th workshop on geometric methods in physics, Bialowieza, Poland, July 9-15, 1995. In this lecture results are reviewed obtained by the author together with Martin Bordemann and Eckhard Meinrenken on the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization of compact Kaehler manifolds. Using global Toeplitz operators, approximation results for the quantum operators are shown. From them it follows that the quantum operators have the correct classical limit. A star product deformation of the Poisson algebra is constructed.
This talk reports on results on the deformation quantization (star products) and on approximative operator representations for quantizable compact K"ahler manifolds obtained via Berezin-Toeplitz operators. After choosing a holomorphic quantum line bundle the Berezin-Toeplitz operator associated to a differentiable function on the manifold is the operator defined by multiplying global holomorphic sections of the line bundle with this function and projecting the differentiable section back to the subspace of holomorphic sections. The results were obtained in (respectively based on) joint work wi…
We explore the possibility of extending the well-known Berezin-Toeplitz quantization to reproducing kernel spaces of vector-valued functions. In physical terms, this can be interpreted as accommodating the internal degrees of freedom of the quantized system. We analyze in particular the vector-valued analogues of the classical Segal-Bargmann space on the domain of all complex matrices and of all normal matrices, respectively, showing that for the former a semi-classical limit, in the traditional sense, does not exist, while for the latter only a certain subset of the quantized observables have…
In~this paper, we construct noncommutative coherent states using various families of unitary irreducible representations (UIRs) of $\g$, a connected, simply connected nilpotent Lie group, that was identified as the kinematical symmetry group of noncommutative quantum mechanics for a system of 2-degrees of freedom in an earlier paper. Likewise described are the degenerate noncommutative coherent states arising from the degenerate UIRs of $\g$. We~then compute the reproducing kernels associated with both these families of coherent states and study Berezin-Toeplitz quantization of the observables…
Berezin-Toeplitz Quantization of non-compact manifolds
本文研究非紧致复几何背景下伯格曼-托普利茨量子化的性质，证明了在满足特定谱间隙条件下的Bergman投影的衰减性和渐进行为，并给出了托普利茨算子的闭包代数和星积结构。
This note is a follow-up to a recent paper by the author. Most of that theory is now realized in a new setting where the vector space of symbols is not necessarily an algebra nor is it equipped with an inner product, although it does have a conjugation. As in the previous paper one does not need to put a measure on this vector space. A Toeplitz quantization is defined and shown to have most of the properties as in the previous paper, including creation and annihilation operators. As in the previous paper this theory is implemented by densely defined Toeplitz operators which act in a Hilbert sp…
We introduce a minimalistic notion of semiclassical quantization and use it to prove that the convex hull of the semiclassical spectrum of a quantum system given by a collection of commuting operators converges to the convex hull of the spectrum of the associated classical system. This gives a quick alternative solution to the isospectrality problem for quantum toric systems. If the operators are uniformly bounded, the convergence is uniform. Analogous results hold for non-commuting operators.
Let K be a connected compact semisimple Lie group and Kc its complexification. The generalized Segal-Bargmann space for Kc, is a space of square-integrable holomorphic functions on Kc, with respect to a K-invariant heat kernel measure. This space is connected to the "Schrodinger" Hilbert space L^2(K) by a unitary map, the generalized Segal-Bargmann transform. This paper considers certain natural operators on L^2(K), namely multiplication operators and differential operators, conjugated by the generalized Segal-Bargmann transform. The main results show that the resulting operators on the genera…
We investigate two aspects of the elementary example of POVMs on the Euclidean plane, namely their status as quantum observables and their role as quantizers in the integral quantization procedure. The compatibility of POVMs in the ensuing quantum formalism is discussed, and a Naimark dilation is found for the quantum operators. The relation with Toeplitz quantization is explained. A physical situation is discussed, where we describe the linear polarization of the light with the use of Stokes parameters. In particular, the case of sequential measurements in a real bidimensional Hilbert space i…
For compact quantizable Kähler manifolds certain naturally defined star products and their constructions are reviewed. The presentation centers around the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization scheme which is explained. As star products the Berezin-Toeplitz, Berezin, and star product of geometric quantization are treated in detail. It is shown that all three are equivalent. A prominent role is played by the Berezin transform and its asymptotic expansion. A few ideas on two general constructions of star products of separation of variables type by Karabegov and by Bordemann--Waldmann respectively are gi…
We study the asymptotic expansion of the product of two Toeplitz operators on the Fock space. In comparison to earlier results we require significantly less derivatives and get the expansion to arbitrary order. This, in particular, improves a result of Borthwick related to Toeplitz quantization. In addition, we derive an intertwining identity between the Berezin star product and the sharp product.
We consider a natural variant of Berezin-Toeplitz quantization of compact Kähler manifolds, in the presence of a Hamiltonian circle action lifting to the quantizing line bundle. Assuming that the moment map is positive, we study the diagonal asymptotics of the associated Szegö and Toeplitz operators, and specifically their relation to the moment map and to the geometry of a certain symplectic quotient. When the underlying action is trivial and the moment map is taken to be identically equal to one, this scheme coincides with the usual Berezin-Toeplitz quantization. This continues previous work…
We give examples of spectral triples, in the sense of A. Connes, constructed using the algebra of Toeplitz operators on smoothly bounded strictly pseudoconvex domains in $C^n$, or the star product for the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization. Our main tool is the theory of generalized Toeplitz operators on the boundary of such domains, due to Boutet de Monvel and Guillemin.
This note starts from work done by Dai, Geary, and Kadanoff (Hui Dai, Zachary Geary, and Leo P. Kadanoff, H. Dai, Z. Geary and L. P. Kadanoff, Journal of Statistical Mechanics, P05012 (2009)) on exact eigenfunctions for Toeplitz operators. It builds methods for finding convergent expansions for eigenvectors and eigenvalues of large-n Toeplitz matrices, using the infinite-n case as a starting point. One expansion is derived from operator equations having a two-dimensional continuous spectrum of eigenvalues, which include the eigenvalues of the finite-$n$ matrices. Another expansion is derived f…
We use the theory of Berezin-Toeplitz operators of Ma and Marinescu to study the spaces of holomorphic sections of a prequantizing line bundle over compact Kähler manifolds under deformations of the complex structure. We show that the parallel transport in the induced vector bundle over the deformation space behaves like a Toeplitz operator, and compute its first coefficient. We then use this result to establish a semi-classical trace formula for the induced quantization of symplectic maps, and give an application to Witten's asymptotic expansion conjecture for the quantum representations of t…
We discuss an extension of Toeplitz quantization based on polyanalytic functions. We derive isomorphism theorem for polyanalytic Toeplitz operators between weighted Sobolev-Fock spaces of polyanalytic functions, which are images of modulation spaces under polyanalytic Bargmann transforms. This generalizes well-known results from the analytic setting. Finally, we derive an asymptotic symbol calculus and present an asymptotic expansion of complex Weyl operators in terms of polyanalytic Toeplitz operators.
Asymptotic expansion of Toeplitz determinants of an indicator function with discrete rotational symmetry and powers of random unitary matrices
本文针对大N情形下随机酉矩阵m次幂的特征值落在指定弧区间的概率，给出了对应离散旋转对称指示函数Toeplitz行列式的完整渐近展开，解决了此前猜想，并提供了用拓扑递归计算亏格g>0谱曲线含非微扰项的完整渐近展开的实例。
We derive an asymptotic expansion for a Wiener-Hopf determinant arising in the problem of counting one-dimensional free fermions on a line segment at zero temperature. This expansion is an extension of the result in the theory of Toeplitz and Wiener-Hopf determinants known as the generalized Fisher-Hartwig conjecture. The coefficients of this expansion are conjectured to obey certain periodicity relations, which renders the expansion explicitly periodic in the "counting parameter". We present two methods to calculate these coefficients and verify the periodicity relations order by order: the m…
Quantization of Kähler manifolds via differential operators
本文通过微分算子研究Kähler流形上经典可观测量的量子化，构造了Kostant-Souriau预量子微分算子的高阶推广，并证明了其与Berezin-Toeplitz算子的渐近等价性，同时给出了Berezin-Toeplitz算子成为全纯微分算子的完整刻画。
In this article, we study the large $n$ asymptotic expansions of $n\times n$ Toeplitz determinants whose symbols are indicator functions of unions of arc-intervals of the unit circle. In particular, we use an Hermitian matrix model reformulation of the problem to provide a rigorous derivation of the general form of the large $n$ expansion when the symbol is an indicator function of either a single arc-interval or several arc-intervals with a discrete rotational symmetry. Moreover, we prove that the coefficients in the expansions can be reconstructed, up to some constants, from the Eynard-Orant…
Toeplitz operators and zeros of square-integrable random holomorphic sections
本文利用抽象 Wiener 空间理论，在完备 Hermitian 复流形上构建了 Berezin-Toeplitz 量子化的概率模型，将紧支集函数与平方可积 Gaussian 全纯截面关联，证明了半经典极限下随机零点的等分布、大偏差估计及中心极限定理。
Optimal Remainder Estimates in the Quantization of Complex Projective Spaces
本文研究复射影空间的 Berezin-Toeplitz 量子化，通过完全渐近展开和算子不等式得到正则性最优且常数精确或渐近精确的余项估计。
We obtain the semi-classical expansion of the kernels and traces of Toeplitz operators with $\cC^k$--\,symbol on a symplectic manifold. We also give a semi-classical estimate of the distance of a Toeplitz operator to the space of self-adjoint and multiplication operators.
In this paper, we will provide a review of the geometric construction, proposed by Witten, of the SU(n) quantum representations of the mapping class groups which are part of the Reshetikhin-Turaev TQFT for the quantum group U_q(sl(n, C)). In particular, we recall the differential geometric construction of Hitchin's projectively flat connection in the bundle over Teichmuller space obtained by push-forward of the determinant line bundle over the moduli space of rank n, fixed determinant, semi-stable bundles fibering over Teichmuller space. We recall the relation between the Hitchin connection an…
We study the spectrum of the Toeplitz matrix with a sine kernel, which corresponds to the single-particle reduced density matrix for free fermions on the one-dimensional lattice. For the spectral determinant of this matrix, a Fisher--Hartwig expansion in the inverse matrix size has been recently conjectured. This expansion can be verified order by order, away from the line of accumulation of zeros, using the recurrence relation known from the theory of discrete Painleve equations. We perform such a verification to the tenth order and calculate the corresponding coefficients in the Fisher-Hartw…
We study the determinants of Toeplitz matrices as the size of the matrices tends to infinity, in the particular case where the symbol has two jump discontinuities and tends to zero on an arc of the unit circle at a sufficiently fast rate. We generalize an asymptotic expansion by Widom [22], which was known for symbols supported on an arc. We highlight applications of our results in the Circular Unitary Ensemble and in the study of Fredholm determinants associated to the sine kernel.
Geometric quantization results for semi-positive line bundles on a Riemann surface
本文探讨了Riemann面上半正线丛Bergman核展开的相关结果，包括Tian逼近定理、Toeplitz算子渐近性、随机截面零点及全纯挠渐近性。
By the quantization condition compact quantizable Kaehler manifolds can be embedded into projective space. In this way they become projective varieties. The quantum Hilbert space of the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization (and of the geometric quantization) is the projective coordinate ring of the embedded manifold. This allows for generalization to the case of singular varieties. The set-up is explained in the first part of the contribution. The second part of the contribution is of tutorial nature. Necessary notions, concepts, and results of algebraic geometry appearing in this approach to quantiz…
Using geometric quantization, we represent curve operators in the TQFT of Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev with jauge group SU_2 as Toeplitz operators with symbols corresponding to trace functions. As an application, we show that eigenvectors of these operators are concentrated near the level sets of these trace functions, and obtain asymptotic estimates of pairings of such eigenvectors. This yields an asymptotic for some matrix coefficients of the image of mapping classes by quantum representations.
We prove sharp remainder bounds for the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization and present applications to semiclassical quantum measurements.
We use the theory of Berezin-Toeplitz operators of Ma and Marinescu to study the quantum Hamiltonian dynamics associated with classical Hamiltonian flows over closed prequantized symplectic manifolds in the context of geometric quantization of Kostant and Souriau. We express the associated evolution operators via parallel transport in the quantum spaces over the induced path of almost complex structures, and we establish various semi-classical estimates. In particular, we establish a Gutzwiller trace formula for the Kostant-Souriau operator and compute explicitly the leading term. We then desc…
We study the asymptotic eigenvalue distribution of Toeplitz matrices generated by a singular symbol. It has been conjectured by Widom that, for a generic symbol, the eigenvalues converge to the image of the symbol. In this paper we ask how the eigenvalues converge to the image. For a given Toeplitz matrix $T_n(a)$ of size $n$, we take the standard approach of looking at $\det(ζ-T_n(a))$, of which the asymptotic information is given by the Fisher-Hartwig theorem. For a symbol with single jump, we obtain the distribution of eigenvalues as an expansion involving $1/n$ and $\log n/n$. To demonstra…
We study matrix integration over the classical Lie groups $U(N),Sp(2N),O(2N)$ and $O(2N+1)$, using symmetric function theory and the equivalent formulation in terms of determinants and minors of Toeplitz$\pm$Hankel matrices. We establish a number of factorizations and expansions for such integrals, also with insertions of irreducible characters. As a specific example, we compute both at finite and large $N$ the partition functions, Wilson loops and Hopf links of Chern-Simons theory on $S^{3}$ with the aforementioned symmetry groups. The identities found for the general models translate in this…
Continuing our earlier investigation of the Hermite case [J. Math. Phys. 55 (2014), 042102], we study an unorthodox variant of the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization scheme associated with Laguerre polynomials. In particular, we describe a "Laguerre analogue" of the classical Fock (Segal-Bargmann) space and the relevant semi-classical asymptotics of its Toeplitz operators; the former actually turns out to coincide with the Hilbert space appearing in the construction of the well-known Barut-Girardello coherent states. Further extension to the case of Legendre polynomials is likewise discussed.
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