Simone Mercuri
A general argument provides the motivation to consider the Barbero--Immirzi parameter as a field. The specific form of the geometrical effective action allows to relate the value of the Barbero--Immirzi parameter to other quantum ambiguities through the analog of the Peccei--Quinn mechanism.
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It has been shown that Sakharov's induced, from the fields entering the standard model, Barbero-Immirzi parameter assumes, in the framework of euclidean formalism, the UV cutoff-independent value, 1/9. The calculus uses the Schwinger's proper-time formalism, the Seeley-DeWitt heat-kernel expansion, and it is akin to the derivation of the ABJ chiral anomaly in space-time with torsion.
The Barbero-Immirzi (BI) parameter is promoted to a field and a canonical analysis is performed when it is coupled with a Nieh-Yan topological invariant. It is shown that, in the effective theory, the BI field is a canonical pseudoscalar minimally coupled with gravity. This framework is argued to be more natural than the one of the usual Holst action. Potential consequences in relation with inflation and the quantum theory are briefly discussed.
A canonical formulation of the N=1 supergravity theory containing the topological Nieh-Yan term in its Lagrangian density is developed. The constraints are analysed without choosing any gauge. In the time gauge, the theory is shown to be described in terms of real SU(2) variables.
We set up a canonical Hamiltonian formulation for a theory of gravity based on a Lagrangian density made up of the Hilbert-Palatini term and, instead of the Holst term, the Nieh-Yan topological density. The resulting set of constraints in the time gauge are shown to lead to a theory in terms of a real SU(2) connection which is exactly the same as that of Barbero and Immirzi with the coefficient of the Nieh-Yan term identified as the inverse of Barbero-Immirzi parameter. This provides a topological interpretation for this parameter. Matter coupling can then be introduced in the usual manner, {\…
In this note, we review the canonical analysis of the Holst action in the time gauge, with a special emphasis on the Hamiltonian equations of motion and the fixation of the Lagrange multipliers. This enables us to identify at the Hamiltonian level the various components of the covariant torsion tensor, which have to be vanishing in order for the classical theory not to depend upon the Barbero-Immirzi parameter. We also introduce a formulation of three-dimensional gravity with an explicit phase space dependency on the Barbero-Immirzi parameter as a potential way to investigate its fate and rele…
We consider gravity in 2+1 space-time dimensions, with negative cosmological constant and a `Barbero-Immirzi' (B-I) like parameter, when the space-time topology is of the form $ T^2 \times \mathbbm{R}$. The phase space structure, both in covariant and canonical framework is analyzed. Full quantization of the theory in the 'constrain first' approach reveals a finite dimensional physical Hilbert space. An explicit construction of wave functions is presented. The dimension of the Hilbert space is found to depend on the `Barbero-Immirzi' like parameter in an interesting fashion. Comparative study …
The 1-parameter family of transformations identified by Barbero and Immirzi plays a significant role in non-perturbative approaches to quantum gravity, among them Loop Quantum Gravity and Spin Foams. It facilitates the loop quantization programme and subsequently the Barbero-Immirzi parameter (gamma) arises in both the spectra of geometrical operators and in the dynamics provided by Spin Foams. However, the debate continues as to whether quantum physics should be Barbero-Immirzi parameter dependent. Starting from a discrete SO(4)-BF theory phase space, we find two possible reductions with resp…
We consider General Relativity as a limit case of the Scalar-Tensor theory with Barbero-Immirzi field when the field tends to a constant. We use Shapiro time delay experimental limit of $1/w = (2.1 \pm 2.3)10^{-5}$ provided by the Cassini spacecraft to find the Barbero-Immirzi parameter value.
We show that within the Ashtekar formulation of General Relativity a considerably simple and compact form of the Lorentzian Hamiltonian constraint occurs for a particular value of the Barbero--Immirzi parameter.
This paper has been withdrawn.
We embed the Loop Quantum Gravity Barbero-Immirzi parameter and field within an action describing 4D, $\cal N$ = 1 supergravity and thus within a Low Energy Effective Action of Superstring/M-Theory. We use the fully gauge-covariant description of supergravity in (curved) superspace. The gravitational constant is replaced with the vacuum expectation value of a scalar field, which in local supersymmetry is promoted to a complex, covariantly chiral scalar superfield. The imaginary part of this superfield couples to a supersymmetric Holst term. The Holst term also serves as a starting point in the…
The Ashtekar-Barbero-Immirzi formulation of General Relativity is extended to include spinor matter fields. Our formulation applies to generic values of the Immirzi parameter and reduces to the Ashtekar-Romano-Tate approach when the Immirzi parameter is taken equal to the imaginary unit. The dynamics of the gravity-fermions coupled system is described by the Holst plus Dirac action with a non-minimal coupling term. The non-minimal interaction together with the Holst modification to the Hilbert-Palatini action reconstruct the Nieh-Yan invariant, so that the effective action coming out is the on…
We study the role of the Barbero-Immirzi parameter $γ$ and the choice of connection in the construction of (a symmetry-reduced version of) loop quantum gravity. We start with the four-dimensional Lorentzian Holst action that we reduce to three dimensions in a way that preserves the presence of $γ$. In the time gauge, the phase space of the resulting three-dimensional theory mimics exactly that of the four-dimensional one. Its quantization can be performed, and on the kinematical Hilbert space spanned by SU(2) spin network states the spectra of geometric operators are discrete and $γ$-dependent…
We introduce a covariant formulation of Barbero-Immirzi connections, which are used in Loop Quantum Gravity to describe gravity. We show that Barbero-Immirzi connections can be uniquely defined out of a given spin connection for any $(n+1)$-dimensional lorentzian manifold which is spin. A remarkable result is that the presence of a real Barbero-Immirzi parameter is a feature unique to the $4$-dimensional case.
We shall here discuss a new spacetime gauge-covariant Lagrangian formulation of General Relativity by means of the Barbero-Immirzi SU(2)-connection on spacetime. To the best of our knowledge the Lagrangian based on SU(2) spacetime fields seems to appear here for the first time.
In this paper we naturally obtain the values of the Barbero-Immirzi parameter as the solution of the simplicity constraints rather than setting it a priori. Particularly the Main theorem shows that if $γ= \pm i$ then the simplicity constraints require that the corresponding Lorentz group representations be necessary finite dimensional and therefore non-unitary.
In order to introduce an interaction between gravity and fermions in the Ashtekar-Barbero-Immirzi formalism without affecting classical dynamics a non-minimal term is necessary. The non-minimal term together with the Holst modification to the Hilbert-Palatini action reconstruct the Nieh-Yan invariant. As a consequence the Immirzi parameter, differently from the minimal coupling approach, does not affect the classical dynamics, which is described by the Einstein-Cartan action.
In Loop Quantum Gravity the classical point of departure is the Einstein-Hilbert action modified by the addition of the so-called Holst term. Classically, this term does not affect the equations of motion, but it induces a well-known quantization ambiguity in the quantum theory, parametrized by the Barbero--Immirzi parameter. Recently, it has been suggested to promote the Barbero--Immirzi parameter to a field. The resulting theory, obtainable starting from the usual Holst action, is General Relativity coupled to a pseudo-scalar field. However, this theory turns out to have an unconventional ki…
A possible topological interpretation of the Barbero-Immirzi parameter is proposed. Classically, by generalizing the Holst action to torsional spacetimes, we construct a precise analogy between the Barbero--Immirzi parameter and the $θ$-angle of Yang-Mills gauge theories, where the role of the Pontryagin class is played by a well known topological term containing the Holst modification, the Nieh--Yan density. Quantum mechanically, the same analogy requires to study the large gauge sector of the theory. In particular, it is argued that the large sector of the gauge group can be correlated with …
We discuss how: (i) a dilaton/axion superfield can play the role of a Barbero-Immirzi field in four-dimensional conformal quantum supergravity theories, (ii) a fermionic component of such a dilaton/axion superfield may play the role of a Goldstino in the low-energy effective action obtained from a superstring theory with F-type global supersymmetry breaking, (iii) this global supersymmetry breaking is communicated to the gravitational sector via the supergravity coupling of the Goldstino, and (iv) such a scenario may be realized explicitly in a D-foam model with D-particle defects fluctuating …
Starting from a constrained real $BF$-type action for general relativity that includes both the Immirzi parameter and the cosmological constant, we obtain the Ashtekar-Barbero variables used in the canonical approach to the quantization of the gravitational field. This is accomplished by explicitly solving the second-class constraints resulting from the Hamiltonian analysis of the considered action, and later imposing the time gauge. All throughout this work the tetrad formalism is left aside, obtaining the Ashtekar-Barbero variables entirely in terms of the $B$-fields that define the action.
An so(4,C)-covariant hamiltonian formulation of a family of generalized Hilbert-Palatini actions depending on a parameter (the so called Immirzi parameter) is developed. It encompasses the Ashtekar-Barbero gravity which serves as a basis of quantum loop gravity. Dirac quantization of this system is constructed. Next we study dependence of the quantum system on the Immirzi parameter. The path integral quantization shows no dependence on it. A way to modify the loop approach in the accordance with the formalism developed here is briefly outlined.
We consider cosmological solution for Einstein gravity with massive fermions with a four-fermion coupling, which emerges from the Holst action and is related to the Barbero-Immirzi (BI) parameter. This gravitational action is an important object of investigation in a non-perturbative formalism of quantum gravity. We study the equation of motion for for the Dirac field within the standard Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric. Finally, we show the theory with BI parameter and minimally coupling Dirac field, in the zero mass limit, is equivalent to an additional term which looks like a perfect …
In the context of the geometrical interpretation of the spin network states of Loop Quantum Gravity, we look at the holonomies of the Ashtekar-Barbero connection on loops embedded in space-like hyperboloids. We use this simple setting to illustrate two points. First, the Ashtekar-Barbero connection is not a space-time connection, its holonomies depend on the spacetime embedding of the canonical hypersurface. This fact is usually interpreted as an inconvenience, but we use it to extract the extrinsic curvature from the holonomy and separate it from the 3d intrinsic curvature. Second, we show th…
We carry out the complete variational analysis of the Barbero--Immirzi--Holst Lagrangian, which is the Holst Lagrangian expressed in terms of the triad of fields $(θ, A, κ)$, where $θ$ is the solder form/spin frame, $A$ is the spacetime Barbero--Immirzi connection, and $κ$ is the extrinsic spacetime field. The Holst Lagrangian depends on the choice of a real, non zero Holst parameter $γ\neq 0$ and constitutes the classical field theory which is then quantized in Loop Quantum Gravity. The choice of a real Immirzi parameter $β$ sets up a one-to-one correspondence between pairs $(A, κ)$ and spin …
Diffeomorphism covariance of the canonical Barbero-Immirzi-Holst triad theory
本文首次基于 Noether 第二定理，直接推导了 Barbero-Immirzi-Holst 拉格朗日量下四维微分同胚对称群的消失相空间生成元，并回顾了其在构建经典微分同胚不变量中的应用。
The Barbero-Immirzi parameter is a one parameter quantization ambiguity underpinning the loop approach to quantum gravity that bears tantalizing similarities to the theta parameter of gauge theories such as Yang-Mills and QCD. Despite the apparent semblance, the Barbero-Immirzi field has resisted a direct topological interpretation along the same lines as the theta-parameter. Here we offer such an interpretation. Our approach begins from the perspective of Einstein-Cartan gravity as the symmetry broken phase of a de Sitter gauge theory. From this angle, just as in ordinary gauge theories, a th…
We shall present here a general apt technique to induce connections along bundle reductions which is different from the standard restriction. This clarifies and generalizes the standard procedure to define Barbero-Immirzi (BI) connection, though on spacetime. The standard spacial BI connection used in LQG is then obtained by its spacetime version by standard restriction. The general prescription to define such a reduced connection is interesting from a mathematical viewpoint and it allows a general and direct control on transformation laws of the induced object. Moreover, unlike what happens b…
Canonical description of Pontryagin and Euler classes with a Barbero-Immirzi parameter
本文通过引入霍尔斯特类变量，对带有巴伯罗-伊米奇参数的庞特里亚金和欧拉类进行规范分析，确定了理论的规范结构和物理自由度，并在BI参数取γ=±i时恢复了自对偶表示。
We shall show that no reductive splitting of the spin group exists in dimension 3 \leq m \leq 20 other than in dimension m = 4. In dimension 4 there are reductive splittings in any signature. Euclidean and Lorentzian signatures are reviewed in particular and signature (2, 2) is investigated explicitly in detail. Reductive splittings allow to define a global SU(2)-connection over spacetime which encodes in an weird way the holonomy of the standard spin connection. The standard Barbero-Immirzi (BI) connection used in LQG is then obtained by restriction to a spacelike slice. This mechanism provid…
{\it If} the total number of punctures($N$) of a quantum isolated horizon is considered to be a macroscopic parameter alongside the Chern-Simons level($k$) or equivalently classical area$(A_{cl})$ a strict analysis of the {\it microcanonical} ensemble reveals that the {\it microcanonical} entropy has the form $S_{MC}=A_{cl}/4\ell_p^2+Nσ(γ)$, only for values of the Barbero-Immirzi(BI) parameter$(γ)$ greater than a certain number. It is argued that the term $Nσ(γ)$ must be negative definite, which leads to the bound on the BI parameter.
The Barbero-Immirzi (BI) connection, as usually introduced out of a spin connection, is a global object though it does not transform properly as a genuine connection with respect to generic spin transformations, unless quite specific and suitable gauges are imposed. We shall here investigate whether and under which global conditions a (properly transforming and hence global) SU(2)-connection can be canonically defined in a gauge covariant way in such a way that SU(2)-connection locally agrees with the usual BI connection and can be defined on pretty general bundles (in particular triviality is…
The Barbero-Immirzi parameter ($γ$) is introduced in loop quantum gravity (LQG) whose physical significance is still a biggest open question; because of its profound traits. In some cases, it is real-valued; while, it is complex-valued in other cases. This parameter emerges out in the process of denoting a Lorentz connection with non compact group $SO(3,1)$ in the form of a complex connection with values in a compact group of rotations, either $SO(3)$ or $SU(2)$. Initially, it was appeared in the Ashtekar variables. Fernando Barbero proposed its possibility to include within formalism. Its pre…
The Barbero-Immirzi (BI) connection, as usually introduced out of a spin connection, is a global object though it does not transform properly as a genuine connection with respect to generic spin transformations, unless quite specific and suitable gauges are imposed. We shall here investigate whether and under which global conditions a (properly transforming and hence global) SU(2)-connection can be canonically defined in a gauge covariant way. Such SU(2)-connection locally agrees with the usual BI connection and it can be defined on pretty general bundles; in particular triviality is not assum…
Cosmological scenarios from topological invariants: Inflation and Quintom theory with Barbero-Immirzi scalar field
本文通过在Palatini作用量中引入三个带标量场的拓扑不变量，构建了含挠率的三标量场宇宙学模型，重点研究Barbero-Immirzi标量场驱动的暴胀与Quintom晚期加速膨胀机制。
We consider a loop-quantum gravity inspired modification of general relativity, where the Holst action is generalized by making the Barbero-Immirzi (BI) parameter a scalar field, whose value could be dynamically determined. The modified theory leads to a non-zero torsion tensor that corrects the field equations through quadratic first-derivatives of the BI field. Such a correction is equivalent to general relativity in the presence of a scalar field with non-trivial kinetic energy. This stress-energy of this field is automatically covariantly conserved by its own dynamical equations of motion,…
It was showed by Perez and Rovelli in 2006 that the Holst action in gravity with torsion with massless and minimally coupling Dirac fermions gives rise to the four-fermion coupling term, whose coefficient is a function of the Barbero-Immirzi (BI) parameter. This parameter is present in the Holst action, which is an object of investigation in a non-perturbative formalism of quantum gravity. The key feature is the torsion because its absence implies no effect from Holst term in dynamical equations. In this paper we consider a spin fluid (also called Weyssenhoff fluid), which is a perfect fluid t…
We revisit a propagating torsion gravity theory obtained by introducing a field coupled to the Holst term in the first-order Einstein-Cartan action. The resulting theory has second order field equations, no adjustable coupling constants, and one more propagating degree of freedom as compared to general relativity. When no fermions are present the theory is known to be equivalent to that of a single massless scalar field canonically coupled to gravity. We extend this result to the case with fermions and obtain an effective interaction between the scalar field and the fermionic currents. We also…
Lecture Notes in Loop Quantum Gravity. LN3: Boundary equations for Ashtekar-Barbero-Immirzi model
本文探讨了阿斯泰卡-巴伯罗-伊米里兹模型的边界方程，通过规范分析确定约束方程，并提出量化方案。
We study the semiclassical behavior of Lorentzian Engle-Pereira-Rovelli-Livine (EPRL) spinfoam model, by taking into account of the sum over spins in the large spin regime. The large spin parameter λand small Barbero-Immirzi parameter γare treated as two independent parameters for the asymptotic expansion of spinfoam state-sum (such an idea was firstly pointed out in arXiv:1105.0216). Interestingly, there are two different spin regimes: 1<<γ^{-1}<<λ<<γ^{-2} and λ>γ^{-2}. The model in two spin regimes has dramatically different number of effective degrees of freedom. In 1<<γ^{-1}<<λ<<γ^{-2}, th…
The form of Hamiltonian and Diffeomorphism constraints in Sen-Ashtekar-Barbero-Immirzi variables is well known for the spacelike 3+1 ADM foliation. It is also known that Sen-Ashtekar-Barbero-Immirzi connection can be introduced only in 3 dimensional space and does not work for $D > 3$. The reason it works in $D = 3$ is due to existence of isomorphism between $so(3)$ algebra and $R^3$ space with vector product. It turns out that similar isomorphism exists between $so(2,1)$ algebra and $R^3_{2,1}$ space algebra with respect to its vector product. By using this isomorphism we find both analog of …
In this paper we research all possible finite-dimensional representations and corresponding values of the Barbero-Immirzi parameter contained in EPRL simplicity constraints by using Naimark's fundamental theorem of the Lorentz group representation theory. It turns out that for each non-zero pure imaginary with rational modulus value of the Barbero-Immirzi parameter $γ= i \frac{p}{q}, p, q \in Z, p, q \ne 0$, there is a solution of the simplicity constraints, such that the corresponding Lorentz representation is finite dimensional. The converse is also true - for each finite-dimensional Lorentz…
We revisit the predictions for the duration of the inflationary phase after the bounce in loop quantum cosmology. We present our analysis for different classes of inflationary potentials that include the monomial power-law chaotic type of potentials, the Starobinsky and the Higgs-like symmetry breaking potential with different values for the vacuum expectation value. Our setup can easily be extended to other forms of primordial potentials than the ones we have considered. Independently on the details of the contracting phase, if the dynamics starts sufficiently in the far past, the kinetic ene…
Fiber bundle structure in Ashtekar-Barbero-Immirzi formulation of General Relativity
该研究为广义相对论的Ashtekar-Barbero-Immirzi表述建立严格的几何框架，利用自旋结构和主SU(2)-丛将约束表示为向量值形式，并实现为自同构群的动量映射。
The Barbero-Immirzi parameter $γ$ appears in the \emph{real} connection formulation of gravity in terms of the Ashtekar variables, and gives rise to a one-parameter quantization ambiguity in Loop Quantum Gravity. In this paper we investigate the conditions under which $γ$ will have physical effects in Euclidean Quantum Gravity. This is done by constructing a well-defined Euclidean path integral for the Holst action with non-zero cosmological constant on a manifold with boundary. We find that two general conditions must be satisfied by the spacetime manifold in order for the Holst action and it…
The Ashtekar-Barbero constraints for General Relativity with fermions are derived from the Einstein-Cartan canonical theory rescaling the state functional of the gravity-spinor coupled system by the exponential of the Nieh-Yan functional. A one parameter quantization ambiguity naturally appears and can be associated with the Immirzi parameter.
We consider spinfoam quantum gravity for general triangulations in the regime $l_P^2\ll a\ll a/γ$, namely in the combined classical limit of large areas $a$ and flipped limit of small Barbero-Immirzi parameter $γ$, where $l_P$ is the Planck length. Under few working hypotheses we find that the flipped limit enforces the constraints that turn the spinfoam theory into an effective Regge-like quantum theory with lengths as variables, while the classical limit selects among the possible geometries the ones satisfying the Einstein equations. Two kinds of quantum corrections appear in terms of power…
Action-level characterization of gravitational-wave propagation in dynamical Barbero--Immirzi gravity
该研究利用GWTC-3暗引力波源的观测数据，通过引力波传播效应约束动力学Barbero--Immirzi场，得到ξ_BI的有效约束，探测了与挠率波约束互补的物理部分。
Starting from a Lagrangian we perform the full constraint analysis of the Hamiltonian for General relativity in the tetrad-connection formulation for an arbitrary value of the Immirzi parameter and solve the second class constraints, presenting the theory with a Hamiltonian composed of first class constraints which are the generators of the gauge symmetries of the action. In the time gauge we then recover Barbero's formulation of gravity.
Axion-photon-mixing dark matter conversion mediated by torsion mass constrained by the Barbero-Immirzi parameter
本文在 Einstein-Cartan-Holst 框架下研究挠率介导的光子–轴子–暗光子混合，导出 BI 参数对挠率与暗轴子质量的严格约束。
Is there a chiral dark dynamo in the universe induced by quantum correction, Nieh-Yan gravity and Barbero-Immirzi field?
本文在Einstein-Cartan-Holst框架下引入挠率质量和量子修正，研究Immirzi场驱动的宇宙暗磁发电机，解析求解早期与晚期宇宙磁场演化，并给出QCD相变期及当前宇宙的磁场强度估计。
The Immirzi parameter is promoted to be a scalar field and the Hamiltonian analysis of the corresponding dynamical system is performed in the presence of gravity. We identified some SU(2) connections, generalizing Ashtekar-Barbero variables, and we rewrite the constraints in terms of them, setting the classical formulation suitable for loop quantization. Then, we consider the reduced system obtained when restricting to a flat isotropic cosmological model. By mimicking loop quantization via an effective semiclassical treatment, we outline how quantum effects are able to tame the initial singula…
Dark photons and tachyonic instability induced by Barbero-Immirzi parameter and axion-torsion transmutation
本文通过最小和非最小耦合挠率研究Holst引力，将约束常数系数技术扩展至暗光子研究，推导出约0.775的BI参数，并探讨暗光子磁螺旋度不稳定性与轴子振荡频率对BI参数的依赖。
Barbero has generalized the Ashtekar canonical transformation to a one-parameter scale transformation $U(ι)$ on the phase space of general relativity. Immirzi has noticed that in loop quantum gravity this transformation alters the spectra of geometrical quantities. We show that $U(ι)$ is a canonical transformation that cannot be implement unitarily in the quantum theory. This implies that there exists a one-parameter quantization ambiguity in quantum gravity, namely a free parameter that enters the construction of the quantum theory. The purpose of this letter is to elucidate the origin and th…
The Ashtekar-Barbero formulation of general relativity admits a one-parameter family of canonical transformations that preserves the expressions of the Gauss and diffeomorphism constraints. The loop quantization of the connection formalism based on each of these canonical sets leads to different predictions. This phenomenon is called the Immirzi ambiguity. It has been recently argued that this ambiguity could be generalized to the extent of a spatially dependent function, instead of a parameter. This would ruin the predictability of loop quantum gravity. We prove that such expectations are not…
Dynamical Barbero--Immirzi field coupled to quintessence: gravitational-wave propagation constraints and next-generation forecasts
本研究首次利用GW数据同时约束与 quintessence 耦合的动力学BI场的两个参数，结合GWTC-3数据获得约束，预测下一代探测器可大幅提升精度，为相关引力理论提供观测途径。
In four dimensional gravity theory, the Barbero-Immirzi parameter has a topological origin, and can be identified as the coefficient multiplying the Nieh-Yan topological density in the gravity Lagrangian, as proposed by Date et al.[1]. Based on this fact, a first order action formulation for spacetimes with boundaries is introduced. The bulk Lagrangian, containing the Nieh-Yan density, needs to be supplemented with suitable boundary terms so that it leads to a well-defined variational principle. Within this general framework, we analyse spacetimes with and without a cosmological constant. For …
Gravitational wave signatures from area metric gravity
该研究探讨源自自旋泡沫等的平移对称线性化面积度规引力理论，分析其类引力波解，推导引力波探测器信号，提出可通过偏振光测量双折射以确定Barbero-Immirzi参数，但相关信号因普朗克质量非长度激发而极弱。
Spinfoams, $γ$-duality and parity violation in primordial gravitational waves
研究通过γ-对称性探讨引力宇称破坏，分析有效场论中引力和标量场的耦合常数关系，揭示其在早期宇宙膨胀中的测量可能性。
By identifying the recently introduced Barbero-Immirzi field with the QCD axion, the strong CP problem can be solved through the Peccei-Quinn mechanism. A specific energy scale for the Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking is naturally predicted by this model. This provides a complete dynamical setting to evaluate the contribution of such an axion to the cold dark matter content of the Universe. Furthermore, a tight upper bound on the tensor-to-scalar ratio production of primordial gravitational waves can be fixed, representing a strong experimental test for this model.
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