Ronald Lipton
We report on studies of vertically interconnected electronics (3D) performed by the Fermilab pixel group over the past two years. These studies include exploration of interconnect technology, backside thinning and laser annealing, the production of the first 3D chip for particle physics, the VIP, and plans for a commercial two-tier 3D fabrication run.
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In this report the test beam requirements for the vertex detector and the tracking detector for ILC are discussed. It focuses on the infrastructure needs of the different subsystems. In the second part of this summary the ideas about future infrastructure above the immediate needs are summarised.
ISIS (In-situ Storage Imaging Sensor) is a novel CMOS sensor with multiple charge storage capability developed for the ILC vertex detector by the Linear Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) collaboration. This paper reports test results for ISIS2, the second generation of ISIS sensors implemented in a 0.18 micron CMOS process. The local charge storage and charge transfer were unambiguously demonstrated.
The precision measurements envisaged at the International Linear Collider (ILC) depend on excellent instrumentation and reconstruction software. The correct identification of heavy flavour jets, placing unprecedented requirements on the quality of the vertex detector, will be central for the ILC programme. This paper describes the LCFIVertex software, which provides tools for vertex finding and for identification of the flavour and charge of the leading hadron in heavy flavour jets. These tools are essential for the ongoing optimisation of the vertex detector design for linear colliders such a…
The Fine Pixel CCD (FPCCD) is one of the candidate sensor technologies for the ILC vertex detector. The vertex detector is located near the interaction point, thus high radiation tolerance is required. Charge transfer efficiency of CCD is degraded by radiation damage which makes traps in pixels. We measured charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) of a neutron irradiated FPCCD prototype. We observed a degradation of CTI compared with non-irradiated CCD. To improve the CTI of irradiated CCD, we performed the fat-zero charge injection to fill the traps. In this paper, we report a status of CTI improve…
The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a project of an electron-positron (e+e-) linear collider with the centre-of-mass energy of 200-500 GeV. Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) are one of the proposed silicon pixel detector concepts for the ILC vertex detector (VTX). Basic characteristics of two MAPS pixel matrices MIMOSA-5 (17 $μ$m pixel pitch) and MIMOSA-18 (10 $μ$m pixel pitch) are studied and compared (pedestals, noises, calibration of the ADC-to-electron conversion gain, detector efficiency and charge collection properties). The e+e- collisions at the ILC will be accompanied by i…
The Silicon Detector (SiD) is one of the detector concepts for the International Linear Collider (ILC), which is proposed to be built in Japan. Since the decision to reduce the center-of-mass energy for the first stage of the ILC to 250 GeV, numerous efforts are ongoing to evaluate the possible physics program and the change in the detector background. It was found that changing the beam parameters would increase the luminosity and therefore further strengthen the physics outcome. On the downside, the new beam parameters lead to an increase in the detector background arising from beam-beam int…
The development of ultra-light pixelated ladders is motivated by the requirements of the ILD vertex detector at ILC. This paper summarizes three projects related to system integration. The PLUME project tackles the issue of assembling double-sided ladders. The SERWIETE project deals with a more innovative concept and consists in making single-sided unsupported ladders embedded in an extra thin plastic enveloppe. AIDA, the last project, aims at building a framework reproducing the experimental running conditions where sets of ladders could be tested.
The SiD concept is one of two proposed detectors to be mounted at the interaction region of the International Linear Collider (ILC). A substantial ILC background arises from low transverse momentum $\mathrm{e}^{+}\mathrm{e}^{-}$ pairs created by the interaction of the colliding beams' electromagnetic fields. In order to provide hermeticity and sensitivity to beam targeting parameters, a forward Beamline Calorimeter (BeamCal) is being designed that will provide coverage down to 5 mrad from the outgoing beam trajectory, and intercept the majority of this pair background. Using the SiD simulation…
The contribution gives an overview of the LCFIVertex package, providing software tools for high-level event reconstruction at the International Linear Collider using vertex-detector information. The package was validated using a fast Monte Carlo simulation. Performance obtained with a more realistic GEANT4-based detector simulation and realistic tracking code is presented. The influence of hadronic interactions on flavour tagging is discussed.
DEPFET active pixel sensors are a well-developed technology for vertex detectors at future colliders. Extensive test beam campaigns have proven the excellent performance of these devices, and their radiation hardness has been thoroughly tested. For the Belle-II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider, a new vertex detector based on DEPFET technology is being developed, using sensors thinned down to 75 μm. We give an overview over recent results with test devices using ILC pixel geometries as well as the concepts and challenges for the Belle-II pixel vertex tracker and discuss how the R&D for the …
Over the past few years we have developed, in collaboration with the SARNOFF Corporation, a design of a Monolithic CMOS Pixel Detector for ILC Vertex Detectors. The unique feature of this design is that each hit is accompanied by a time tag with sufficient precision to assign each hit to a particular bunch crossing of the ILC (thus the name Chronopixel). This reduces the occupancy even in the innermost Vertex Detector layer to negligible levels, allowing a robust Vertex Detector even in the case that the backgrounds in the ILC are higher than presently estimated.
Results of detailed simulations of the charge transfer inefficiency of a prototype CCD chip are reported. The effect of radiation damage in a particle detector operating at a future accelerator is studied by examining two electron trap levels, 0.17 eV and 0.44 eV below the bottom of the conduction band. Good agreement is found between simulations using the ISE-TCAD DESSIS program and an analytical model for the 0.17 eV level. Optimum operation is predicted to be at about 250 K where the effect of the traps is minimal which is approximately independent of readout frequency. This work has been c…
We have developed a prototype system for the ILC vertex detector based on DEPFET pixels. The system operates a 128x64 matrix (with ~35x25 square micron large pixels) and uses two dedicated microchips, the SWITCHER II chip for matrix steering and the CURO II chip for readout. The system development has been driven by the final ILC requirements which above all demand a detector thinned to 50 micron and a row wise read out with line rates of 20MHz and more. The targeted noise performance for the DEPFET technology is in the range of ENC=100 e-. The functionality of the system has been demonstrated…
The DEPFET Collaboration pursues the development of a high resolution pixel vertex detector for future colliders (like ILC), based on the integration of amplifying transistors into a fully depleted bulk. In August 2008, six DEPFET prototypes were tested in a pion beam at SPS complex at CERN, collecting more than 20 million of events. In this contribution, the prototype system, the experimental setup, the analysis software and preliminary results are presented.
We report on the progress in flavor identification tools developed for a future $e^+e^-$ linear collider such as the International Linear Collider (ILC) and Compact Linear Collider (CLIC). Building on the work carried out by the LCFIVertex collaboration, we employ new strategies in vertex finding and jet finding, and introduce new discriminating variables for jet flavor identification. We present the performance of the new algorithms in the conditions simulated using a detector concept designed for the ILC. The algorithms have been successfully used in ILC physics simulation studies, such as t…
The development of CMOS pixel sensors with column parallel read-out and integrated zero-suppression has resulted in a full size, nearly 1 Megapixel, prototype with ~100 μs read-out time. Its performances are quite close to the ILD vertex detector specifications, showing that the sensor architecture can presumably be evolved to meet these specifications exactly. Starting from the existing architecture and achieved performances, the paper will expose the details of how the sensor will be evolved in the coming 2-3 years in perspective of the ILD Detector Baseline Document, to be delivered in 2012…
We are developing the vertex detector with a fine pixel CCD (FPCCD) for the international linear collider (ILC), whose pixel size is $5 \times 5$ $μ$m$^{2}$. To evaluate the performance of the FPCCD vertex detector and optimize its design, development of the software dedicated for the FPCCD is necessary. We, therefore, started to develop the software for FPCCD. In this article, the status of the study is reported.
We have explored the reconstruction of kinks from the decay of metastable staus into a gravitino and a stau lepton in the radial region between the outer layer of the vertex detector and the second central tracking layer. After applying a cut on track multiplicity, we find a high efficiency for such events, with minimal background from Standard Model processes.
One of candidates for the International Linear Collider(ILC)'s vertex detector is the Fine Pixel CCD (FPCCD) with a pixel size of 5 \times 5 (\mum^2). Sensor and readout systems are currently being studied and prototypes have been developed. In this paper we will report on the performance of latest developed readout ASIC prototype as well as the outline of the design strategy for the next ASIC prototype.
This paper presents the design and results of detailed tests of a CMOS active pixel chip for charged particle detection with in-pixel charge storage for correlated double sampling and readout in rolling shutter mode at frequencies up to 25 MHz. This detector is developed in the framework of R&D for the Vertex Tracker for the International Linear Collider.
The Fine Pixel CCD (FPCCD) is one of the candidate sensor technologies for the ILC vertex detector. It will be located near interaction point and require high radiation tolerance. It will thus be operated at -40 degree C to improve radiation tolerance. In this paper, we report on the status of neutron radiation tests, on a cooling system using two-phase CO2 with a gas compressor for circulation, and on the mechanical structure of the FPCCD ladders.
Fine pixel CCD (FPCCD) is one of the candidate sensor technologies for the vertex detector used for experiments at the International Linear Collider (ILC). A vertex detector system for the International Large Detector (ILD) using FPCCD sensors has been designed. We report on the R&D status of FPCCD sensors, as well as the vertex detector design for ILD.
Fine pixel CCD (FPCCD) is one of the candidate sensor technologies for the vertex detector used for experiments at the International Linear Collider (ILC). FPCCD vertex detector is supposed to be cooled down to -40 degree for improvement of radiation immunity. For this purpose, a two-phase CO2 cooling system using a gas compressor for CO2 circulation is being developed at KEK. The status of this R&D is presented in this article.
We develop the vertex detector for the international linear collider (ILC) using the FPCCD (Fine Pixel CCD), whose pixel size is 5 x 5 um2. Together with the FPCCD sensor, a prototype of the readout ASIC was developed in 2008. The readout ASIC was confirmed to work correctly at slow readout speed (1.5 Mpix/sec). In this letter, we describe the status of the performance study for the readout ASIC.
The MAPS technology is considered as a possible choice for the ILC Vertex Detector. Test results of MIMOSA-5 sensors indicate that the pixel multiplicity and the single point resolution depend significantly on the incident particle angle. We propose a simple model describing charge distribution in the detector, which can be used for detailed simulation of the Vertex Detector response. Good agreement with beam test data is obtained. A new class for Track Detailed Simulation (TDS) has been developed and implemented in the EUTelescope software framework.
One of the major physics goals at the ILC is the precise measurement of the Higgs coupling constants to b-quarks and c-quarks. To achieve this measurement, we need a high-performance vertex detector leading to precise flavor tagging. For this purpose, we are developing the Fine Pixel CCD (FPCCD) vertex detector. In this paper, we will report on the development status of FPCCDTrackFinder, a new track finder improving tracking efficiency, especially in the low $p_t$ region, and an evaluation result of the flavor tagging performance with FPCCDTrackFinder in the FPCCD vertex detector.
Deep learning is a rapidly-evolving technology with possibility to significantly improve physics reach of collider experiments. In this study we developed a novel algorithm of vertex finding for future lepton colliders such as the International Linear Collider. We deploy two networks; one is simple fully-connected layers to look for vertex seeds from track pairs, and the other is a customized Recurrent Neural Network with an attention mechanism and an encoder-decoder structure to associate tracks to the vertex seeds. The performance of the vertex finder is compared with the standard ILC recons…
Updating the SiD Detector concept
本研究针对未来国际直线对撞机的SiD探测器，结合近年技术进展回顾其DBD阶段的设计与技术决策，介绍其结构性能并讨论各领域研发方向与参与机会。
The hit response of silicon vertex and tracking detectors to muon collider beam background and results of a study of hit reducing techniques are presented. The background caused by decays of the 750 GeV/c m+ and m- beams was simulated using the MARS15 program, which included the infrastructure of the beam line elements near the detector and the 10 degree nozzles that shield the detector from this background. The ILCRoot framework, along with the Geant4 program, was used to simulate the hit response of the silicon vertex and tracker detectors to the muon decay background remaining after the shi…
This paper reports recent results from the ongoing R&D on monolithic pixels for the ILC Vertex Tracker at LBNL.
As a candidate of the vertex detector for experiments at ILC, fully depleted fine pixel CCDs (FPCCDs) are under development. We describe the basic concept of the FPCCD and report on preliminary results of the performance study of the first prototype FPCCD sensors.
A vertex detector concept of the Linear Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) collaboration, which studies pixel detectors for heavy quark flavour identification, has been implemented in simulations for c-quark tagging in scalar top studies. The production and decay of scalar top quarks (stops) is particularly interesting for the development of the vertex detector as only two c-quarks and missing energy (from undetected neutralinos) are produced for light stops. Previous studies investigated the vertex detector design in scenarios with large mass differences between stop and neutralino, corre…
Fine pixel CCD (FPCCD) is an option for the sensor used for the ILC vertex detector to reduce the pixel occupancy due to the high background rate near the interaction point. In this paper, we report on the R&D status of FPCCD sensors and the R&D plan for the sensors and the cooling system.
The goal of the EUDET project is the development and construction of infrastructure to permit detector R&D for the International Linear Collider (ILC) with larger scale prototypes. It encompasses major detector components: the vertex detector, the tracker and the calorimeters. We describe here the status and plans of the project with emphasis on issues related to data acquisition for future test beam experiments.
CMOS sensors were successfully implemented in the STAR tracker [1]. LHC experiments have shown that efficient b tagging, reconstruction of displaced vertices and identification of disappearing tracks are necessary. An improved vertex detector is justified for the ILC. To achieve a point(spatial single layer) resolution below the one-μm range while improving other characteristics (radiation tolerance and eventually time resolution) we will need the use of 1-micron pitch pixels. Therefore, we propose a single MOS transistor that acts as an amplifying device and a detector with a buried charge-co…
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