A comparison is made between results obtained using smooth initial conditions and event-by-event initial conditions in the hydrodynamical description of relativistic nuclear collisions. Some new results on directed flow are also included.
We investigate hadronic particle spectra and flow characteristics of heavy-ion reactions in the FAIR/NICA energy range of $1\ A{\rm GeV} \le E_{\rm lab} \le 10\ A{\rm GeV}$ within a relativistic ideal hydrodynamic one-fluid approach. The particlization is realized by sampling the Cooper-Frye distribution for a grand canonical hadron gas on a hypersurface of constant energy density. Results of the hydrodynamic calculations for different underlying equations of state are presented and compared with experimental data and microscopic transport simulations. The sensitivity of the approach to physic…
Disentangling the effect of initial conditions and medium properties is an open question in the field of relativistic heavy ion collisions. We argue that, while one can study the impact of initial inhomogeneities by varying their size, it is important to maintain the global properties fixed. We present a method to do this. We show that many observables are insensitive to the the hot spot sizes, including integrated vn, scaled distributions of vn, symmetric cumulants, eventplane correlations, and differential vn(pT ). We find however that the factorization breaking ratio rn and sub-leading comp…
We investigate the effects of pre-hydrodynamic evolution on final-state observables in heavy-ion collisions using state-of-the art event simulations coupled to different pre-hydrodynamic scenarios, which include the recently-developed effective kinetic transport theory evolution model KoMPoST. Flow observables are found to be insensitive to the details of pre-hydrodynamic evolution. The main effect we observe is in the $p_T$ spectra, particularly the mean transverse momentum. However, at least part of this effect is a consequence of the underlying conformal invariance assumption currently pres…
In this review, we present the motivation for using relativistic anisotropic hydrodynamics to study the physics of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We then highlight the main ingredients of the 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics model and present phenomenological comparisons with experimental data at different collision energies. These comparisons show that anisotropic hydrodynamics can describe many bulk observables of the quark-gluon plasma.
We present comparisons between 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) predictions for a large set of bulk observables and experimental data collected in 5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions. We make aHydroQP predictions for identified hadron spectra, identified hadron average transverse momentum, charged particle multiplicity as a function of pseudorapidity, the kaon-to-pion ($K/π$) and proton-to-pion ($p/π$) ratios, and integrated elliptic flow. We compare to data collected by the ALICE collaboration in 5.02 TeV Pb-Pb collisions. We find that these bulk observables are quite well descri…
An open question in the field of heavy-ion collisions is to what extent the size of initial inhomogeneities in the system affects measured observables. Here we present a method to smooth out these inhomogeneities with minimal effect on global properties, in order to quantify the effect of short-range features of the initial state. We show a comparison of hydrodynamic predictions with original and smoothened initial conditions for four models of initial conditions and various observables. Integrated observables (integrated $v_n$, scaled $v_n$ distributions, normalized symmetric cumulants, event…
Heavy-ion collisions are well described by a dynamical evolution with a long hydrodynamical phase. In this phase the properties of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma are reflected in the equation of state (EoS) and the transport coefficients, most prominently by the shear and bulk viscosity over entropy density ratios $η$/s(T) and $ζ$/s(T), respectively. While the EoS is by now known to a high accuracy, the transport coefficients and in particular their temperature and density dependence are not well known from first-principle computations yet, as well as the possible influence they can h…
The impact of non-equilibrium effects on the dynamics of heavy-ion collisions is investigated by comparing a non-equilibrium transport approach, the Parton-Hadron-String-Dynamics (PHSD), to a 2D+1 viscous hydrodynamical model, which is based on the assumption of local equilibrium and conservation laws. Starting the hydrodynamical model from the same non-equilibrium initial condition as in the PHSD, using an equivalent lQCD Equation-of-State (EoS), the same transport coefficients, i.e. shear viscosity $η$ and the bulk viscosity $ζ$ in the hydrodynamical model, we compare the time evolution of t…
We present a novel approach to the treatment of thermal fluctuations in the (3+1)-D viscous hydrodynamic simulation MUSIC. The phenomenological impact of thermal fluctuations on hadronic observables is investigated using the IP-Glasma + hydrodynamics + hadronic cascade hybrid approach. The anisotropic flow observed in heavy-ion collision experiments is mostly attributed to the hydrodynamic response to the event-by-event collision geometry and to the sub-nucleon quantum fluctuations. However, hydrodynamic fluctuations are present during the dynamical evolution of the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) an…
We explore theoretical uncertainties in the hydrodynamic description of relativistic heavy-ion collisions by examining the full non-linear causality conditions and quantifying the second-order transport coefficients' role on flow observables. The causality conditions impose physical constraints on the maximum allowed values of inverse Reynolds numbers during the hydrodynamic evolution. Including additional second-order gradient terms in the Denicol-Niemi-Molnár-Rischke (DNMR) theory significantly shrinks the casual regions compared to those in the Israel-Stewart hydrodynamics. For Au+Au collis…
In this proceedings contribution, we will review the basics of quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics. Then, we will present some recent phenomenological results of 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics and Pb-Pb $2.76$ TeV collisions from the ALICE collaboration. We show that 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics model is able to describe the experimental results for Pb-Pb collisions at $2.76$ TeV quite well for many observables such as the spectra, the elliptic flow, and HBT radii in many centrality classes.
The quark gluon plasma is formed in heavy-ion collisions, and it can be described by solutions of relativistic hydrodynamics. In this paper we utilize perturbative hydrodynamics, where we study first order perturbations on top of a known solution. We investigate the perturbations on top of the Hubble flow. From this perturbative solution we can give the form of the particle emitting source and calculate observables of heavy-ion collisions. We describe the source function and the single-particle momentum spectra for a spherically symmetric solution.
Hydrodynamic Predictions for Pb+Pb Collisions at 5.02 A TeV
用流体力学+强子级联混合方法对2.76 A TeV和5.02 A TeV的Pb+Pb碰撞的强子流观测值进行了预测和比较。初始条件是通过一个新的IP-Escherma模型的制定,然后使用相对论粘性流体动力学演化,最后进入强子阶段的输运级联。这项工作的结果表明,最近的收费强子各向异性流测量从ALICE合作的铅+铅碰撞在5.02 A TeV的协议。事件的事件分布的带电强子v n,流事件平面的相关性,和流因子分解破碎比进行比较,与现有的测量在2.76 A TeV,并预测在5.02 A TeV。进一步预测确定的强子观测值(光和多奇怪的强子),如p T -谱和各向异性流量系数,提出。
In this proceedings contribution, we review 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP). Then, we show some recent phenomenological comparisons between the aHydroQP model and some experimental results. We show comparisons between aHydroQP and Pb-Pb 2.76 TeV collisions from the ALICE collaboration and Au-Au 200 GeV collisions from RHIC experiments. We show that the quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics model is able to describe the experimental results for Pb-Pb and Au-Au collisions quite well for many observables such as the spectra, multiplicity, elliptic flow, and HBT radii in …
State-of-the-art hydrodynamic models of heavy-ion collisions have considerable theoretical model uncertainties in the description of the very early pre-hydrodynamic stage. We add a new computational module, K$_\mathrm{T}$Iso, that describes the pre-hydrodynamic evolution kinetically, based on the relativistic Boltzmann equation with collisions treated in the Isotropization Time Approximation. As a novelty, K$_\mathrm{T}$Iso allows for the inclusion and evolution of initial-state momentum anisotropies. To maintain computational efficiency K$_\mathrm{T}$Iso assumes strict longitudinal boost inva…
We evaluate the effects of preequilibrium dynamics on observables in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We simulate the initial nonequilibrium phase within A MultiPhase Transport (AMPT) model, while the subsequent near-equilibrium evolution is modeled using (2+1)-dimensional relativistic viscous hydrodynamics. We match the two stages of evolution carefully by calculating the full energy-momentum tensor from AMPT and using it as input for the hydrodynamic evolution. We find that when the preequilibrium evolution is taken into account, final-state observables are insensitive to the switchin…
The recent discovery of the potential of jet quenching observables to constrain the initial stages after a heavy-ion collision makes imperative to have a better understanding of the process of medium-induced radiation before the formation of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and its impact on observables at high-$p_T$. In this work, we generalize the BDMPS-Z framework for medium-induced radiation to account for additional emissions occurring before the creation of the QGP. For simplicity, we assume that during the pre-hydrodynamics phase the hard parton propagates as in vacuum. This set-up, allows …
We train a deep convolutional neural network to predict hydrodynamic results for flow coefficients, average transverse momenta and charged particle multiplicities in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions from the initial energy density profiles. We show that the neural network can be trained accurately enough so that it can reliably predict the hydrodynamic results for the flow coefficients and, remarkably, also their correlations like normalized symmetric cumulants, mixed harmonic cumulants and flow-transverse-momentum correlations. At the same time the required computational time decreases …