Let D be a bounded domain in the complex plane whose boundary bD consists of finitely many pairwise disjoint real analytic simple closed curves. Let f be an integrable function on bD. In the paper we show how to compute the candidates for poles of a meromorphic extension of f through D and thus reduce the question of meromorphic extendibility to the question of holomorphic extendibility. Let A(D) be the algebra of all continuous functions on the closure of D which are holomorphic on D. For continuous functions f on bD we obtain a characterization of meromorphic extendibility in terms of the argument principle: f extends meromorphically through D if and only if there is a nonnegative integer N such that the winding number of Pf+Q along bD is bounded below by -N for all P, Q in A(D) such that Pf+Q has no zero on bD. If this is the case then the meromorphic extension of f has at most N poles in D, counting multiplicity.
Let D be the open unit disc in C. The paper deals with the following conjecture: If f is a continuous function on bD such that the change of argument of Pf+1 around bD is nonnegative for every polynomial P such that Pf+1 has no zero on bD then f extends holomorphically through D. We prove a related result on meromorphic extendibility for smooth functions with finitely many zeros of finite order, which, in particular, implies that the conjecture holds for real analytic functions.
Let U be the open unit disc in C. Given a continuous function g: bU --> C-{0} denote by W(g) the winding number of g around the origin. We prove that a continuous function f: bU --> C extends meromorphically through U if and only if there is a nonnegative integer N such that W(Pf+Q) is greater than or equal to -N for every pair P,Q of polynomials such that Pf+Q has no zero on bU. If this is the case then the meromorphic extension of f has at most N poles in U, counting multiplicity.
In this note, we consider meromorphic univalent functions $f(z)$ in the unit disc with a simple pole at $z=p\in(0,1)$ which have a $k$-quasiconformal extension to the extended complex plane $\hat{\mathbb C},$ where $0\leq k < 1$. We denote the class of such functions by $Σ_k(p)$. We first prove an area theorem for functions in this class. Next, we derive a sufficient condition for meromorphic functions in the unit disc with a simple pole at $z=p\in(0,1)$ to belong to the class $Σ_k(p)$. Finally, we give a convolution property for functions in the class $Σ_k(p)$.
Let $Σ_k(p)$ be the class of univalent meromorphic functions defined on $\mathbb{D}$ with $k$-quasiconformal extension to the extended complex plane $\widehat{\mathbb{C}}$, where $0\leq k < 1$. Let $Σ_k^0(p)$ be the class of functions $f \in Σ_k(p)$ having expansion of the form $f(z)= 1/(z-p) + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}b_n z^{n}$ on $\mathbb{D}$. In this article, we obtain sharp area distortion and weighted area distortion inequalities for functions in $Σ_k^0(p)$. As a consequence of the obtained results, we present a sharp estimate for the bounds of the Hilbert transform.
It is a consequence of the Jacobi Inversion Theorem that a line bundle over a Riemann surface M of genus g has a meromorphic section having at most g poles, or equivalently, the divisor class of a divisor D over M contains a divisor having at most g poles (counting multiplicities). We explore various analogues of these ideas for vector bundles and associated matrix divisors over M. The most explicit results are for the genus 1 case. We also review and improve earlier results concerning the construction of automorphic or relatively automorphic meromorphic matrix functions having a prescribed nu…
In this paper we prove that isoperiodic moduli spaces of meromorphic differentials with two simple poles on homologically marked smooth curves are non empty and connected, unless they correspond to double covers of $\mathbb{C}/\mathbb{Z}$ on curves of genus at least two. We deduce dynamical consequences for the corresponding isoperiodic foliation.
Let f be a nonconstant meromorphic function in the plane and h be a nonconstant elliptic function. We show that if all zeros of f are multiple exept finitely many and T(r,h)=o{T(r,f)} as r tends to infinity, then f'=h has infinitely many solutions (including poles).
We consider transcendental meromorphic functions for which the zeros, 1-points and poles are distributed on three distinct rays. We show that such functions exist if and only if the rays are equally spaced. We also obtain a normal family analogue of this result.
Scalar-valued meromorphic Herglotz-Nevanlinna functions are characterized by the interlacing property of their poles and zeros together with some growth properties. We give a characterization of matrix-valued Herglotz-Nevanlinna functions by means of a higher-order interlacing property. As an application we deduce a matrix version of the classical Hermite-Biehler Theorem for entire functions.
Let f be a function transcendental and meromorphic in the plane, and define g(z) by g(z) = f(z+1) - f(z). A number of results are proved concerning the existence of zeros of g(z) or g(z)/f(z), in terms of the growth and the poles of f.
Let $B$ be a meromorphic Blaschke product in the upper half-plane with zeros $z_n$ and let $K_B=H^2\ominus BH^2$ be the associated model subspace of the Hardy class. In other words, $K_B$ is the space of square summable meromorphic functions with the poles at the points $\bar z_n$. A nonnegative function $w$ on the real line is said to be an admissible majorant for $K_B$ if there is a non-zero function $f\in K_B$ such that $|f|\le w$ a.e. on $\mathbb{R}$. We study the relations between the distribution of the zeros of a Blaschke product $B$ and the class of admissible majorants for the space $…
In this paper, subordination results are studied for certain subclass of p-valent meromorphic functions in the punctured unit disc having a pole of order p at the origin. The subclass under investigation is defined by using certain new linear operator. Moreover, we also introduced an interesting particular cases of these results in several corollaries.
We show that for a real transcendental meromorphic function f, the differential polynomial f'+f^m with m > 4 has infinitely many non-real zeros. Similar results are obtained for differential polynomials f'f^m-1. We specially investigate the case of meromorphic functions with finitely many poles. We show by examples the precision of our results. One of our main tools is the Fatou theorem from complex dynamics.
Two meromorphic functions $f(z)$ and $g(z)$ sharing a small function $α(z)$ usually is defined in terms of vanishing of the functions $f-α$ and $g-α$. We argue that it would be better to modify this definition at the points where $α$ has poles. Related to this issue we also point out some possible gaps in proofs in the published literature.
Let $M$ be the class of all transcendental meromorphic functions $f: \mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C} \bigcup\{\infty\}$ with at least two poles or one pole that is not an omitted value, and $M_o =\{f \in M:f{has at least one omitted value}\}$. Some dynamical issues of the functions in $M_o$ are addressed in this article. A complete classification in terms of forward orbits of all the multiply connected Fatou components is made. As a corollary, it follows that the Julia set is not totally disconnected unless all the omitted values are contained in a single Fatou component. Non-existence of both Baker…
This paper studies the uniqueness of two non-integral finite ordered meromorphic functions with finitely many poles when they share two finite sets. Also, studies an answer to a question posed by Gross for a particular class of meromorphic functions. Moreover, some observations are made on some results due to Sahoo and Karmakar ( Acta Univ. Sapientiae, Mathematica, DOI: 10.2478/ausm-2018-0025) and Sahoo and Sarkar (Bol. Soc. Mat. Mex., DOI: 10.1007/s40590-019-00260-4).
We prove the existence of "half-plane differentials" with prescribed local data on any Riemann surface. These are meromorphic quadratic differentials with higher-order poles which have an associated singular flat metric isometric to a collection of euclidean half-planes glued by an interval-exchange map on their boundaries. The local data is associated with the poles and consists of the integer order, a non-negative real residue, and a positive real leading order term. This generalizes a result of Strebel for differentials with double-order poles, and associates metric spines with the Riemann …
In this paper, we investigate zeros of difference polynomials of the form $f(z)^nH(z, f)-s(z)$, where $f(z)$ is a meromorphic function, $H(z, f)$ is a difference polynomial of $f(z)$ and $s(z)$ is a small function. We first obtain some inequalities for the relationship of the zero counting function of $f(z)^nH(z, f)-s(z)$ and the characteristic function and pole counting function of $f(z)$. Based on these inequalities, we establish some difference analogues of a classical result of Hayman for meromorphic functions. Some special cases are also investigated. These results improve previous findin…
A meromorphic quadratic differential with poles of order two, on a compact Riemann surface, induces a measured foliation on the surface, with a spiralling structure at any pole that is determined by the complex residue of the differential at the pole. We introduce the space of such measured foliations, and prove that for a fixed Riemann surface, any such foliation is realized by a quadratic differential with second order poles at marked points. Furthermore, such a differential is uniquely determined if one prescribes complex residues at the poles that are compatible with the transverse measure…
For a meromorphic function $f$ in the unit disk $U=\{z:\;|z|<1\}$ and arbitrary points $z_1,z_2$ in $U$ distinct from the poles of $f$, a sharp upper bound on the product $|f'(z_1)f'(z_2)|$ is established. Further, we prove a sharp distortion theorem involving the derivatives $f'(z_1)$, $f'(z_2)$ and the Schwarzian derivatives $S_f(z_1)$, $S_f(z_2)$ for $z_1,z_2\in U$. Both estimates hold true under some geometric restrictions on the image $f(U)$.
This paper studies the singularities of Cullen-regular functions of one quaternionic variable. The quaternionic Laurent series prove to be Cullen-regular. The singularities of Cullen-regular functions are thus classified as removable, essential or poles. The quaternionic analogues of meromorphic complex functions, called semiregular functions, turn out to be quotients of Cullen-regular functions with respect to an appropriate division operation. This allows a detailed study of the poles and their distribution.
We describe the space of measured foliations induced on a compact Riemann surface by meromorphic quadratic differentials. We prove that any such foliation is realized by a unique such differential $q$ if we prescribe, in addition, the principal parts of $\sqrt q$ at the poles. This generalizes a theorem of Hubbard and Masur for holomorphic quadratic differentials. The proof analyzes infinite-energy harmonic maps from the Riemann surface to $\mathbb{R}$-trees of infinite co-diameter, with prescribed behavior at the poles.
The escaping set I(f) of a transcendental meromorphic function f consists of all points which tend to infinity under iteration. The Eremenko-Lyubich class B consists of all transcendental meromorphic functions for which the set of finite critical and asymptotic values of f is bounded. It is shown that if f is in B and of finite order of growth, if infinity is not an asymptotic value of f and if the multiplicities of the poles of f are uniformly bounded, then the Hausdorff dimension of I(f) is strictly smaller than 2. In fact, we give a sharp bound for the Hausdorff dimension of I(f) in terms o…
Let $\ID$ denote the open unit disk and $f:\,\ID\TO\BAR\IC$ be meromorphic and univalent in $\ID$ with the simple pole at $p\in (0,1)$ and satisfying the standard normalization $f(0)=f'(0)-1=0$. Also, let $f$ have the expansion $$f(z)=\sum_{n=-1}^{\infty}a_n(z-p)^n,\quad |z-p|<1-p, $$ such that $f$ maps $\ID$ onto a domain whose complement with respect to $\BAR{\IC}$ is a convex set (starlike set with respect to a point $w_0\in \IC, w_0\neq 0$ resp.). We call these functions as concave (meromorphically starlike resp.) univalent functions and denote this class by $Co(p)$ $(Σ^s(p, w_0)$ resp.). …
In this article we consider the class $\mathcal{A}(p)$ which consists of functions that are meromorphic in the unit disc $\ID$ having a simple pole at $z=p\in (0,1)$ with the normalization $f(0)=0=f'(0)-1 $. First we prove some sufficient conditions for univalence of such functions in $\ID$. One of these conditions enable us to consider the class $\mathcal{V}_{p}(λ)$ that consists of functions satisfying certain differential inequality which forces univalence of such functions. Next we establish that $\mathcal{U}_{p}(λ)\subsetneq \mathcal{V}_{p}(λ)$, where $\mathcal{U}_{p}(λ)$ was introduced a…
We use convex polyhedral cones to study a large class of multivariate meromorphic germs, namely those with linear poles, which naturally arise in various contexts in mathematics and physics. We express such a germ as a sum of a holomorphic germ and a linear combination of special non-holomorphic germs called polar germs. In analyzing the supporting cones -- cones that reflect the pole structure of the polar germs -- we obtain a geometric criterion for the non-holomorphicity of linear combinations of polar germs. This yields the uniqueness of the above sum when required to be supported on a sui…
We study meromorphic functions in a strip almost periodic with respect to the spherical metric. Then we get a complete description of zeros and poles for this class of functions, find a condition for a meromorphic almost periodic function to be a quotient of two holomorphic almost periodic function, find a necessary and suficient condition for sum and product of almost periodic meromorphic functions to be almost periodic.
We study necessary and sufficient conditions for a meromorphic quadratic differential with prescribed poles to be the Schwarzian derivative of a rational map. We give geometric interpretations of these conditions. We also study the pole-dependency of these Schwarzian derivatives. We show that, in the cubic case, the analytic dependency fails precisely when the poles are displaced at the vertices of a regular ideal tetrahedron of the hyperbolic 3-ball.
One-parameter smooth families of circles in the complex plane with the following property are described: a function is polyanalytic if and only if it has meromorphic extension inside any circle from the family, with the only singularity-a pole at the center.
We consider the class $Σ(p)$ of univalent meromorphic functions $f$ on $\ID$ having simple pole at $z=p\in[0,1)$ with residue 1. Let $Σ_k(p)$ be the class of functions in $Σ(p)$ which have $k$-quasiconformal extension to the extended complex plane $\sphere$ %with $q=\frac{1+k}{1-k}$ where $0\leq k < 1$. We first give a representation formula for functions in this class and using this formula we derive an asymptotic estimate of the Laurent coefficients for the functions in the class $Σ_k(p)$. Thereafter we give a sufficient condition for functions in $Σ(p)$ to belong in the class $Σ_k(p).$ Fina…
Meromorphic germs in several variables with linear poles naturally arise in mathematics in various disguises. We investigate their rich structures under the prism of locality, including locality subalgebras, locality transformation groups and locality characters. The key technical tool is the dependence subspace for a meromorphic germ with which we define a locality orthogonal relation between two meromorphic germs. We describe the structure of locality subalgebras generated by classes of meromorphic germs with certain types of poles. We also define and determine their group of locality transf…
For a Riemann surface of genus $g\ge 2$ there exists a unique Green's function $G_{N}(x,y)$ which transforms as a weight $N\ge 2$ form in $x$ and a weight $1-N$ form in $y$ and is meromorphic in $x$, with a unique simple pole at $x=y$, but is not meromorphic in $y$. For a Schottky uniformized Riemann surface we consider meromorphic extensions of $G_{N}(x,y)$ called Green's Functions with Extended Meromorphicity or GEM forms. GEM forms are meromorphic in both $x$ and $y$ with a unique simple pole at $x=y$, transform as weight $N\ge 2$ forms in $x$ but as weight $1-N$ quasiperiodic forms in $y$.…
It is known that local zeta functions associated with real analytic functions can be analytically continued as meromorphic functions to the whole complex plane. But, in the case of general ($C^{\infty}$) smooth functions, the meromorphic extension problem is not obvious. Indeed, it has been recently shown that there exist specific smooth functions whose local zeta functions have singularities different from poles. In order to understand the situation of the meromorphic extension in the smooth case, we investigate a simple but essentially important case, in which the respective function is expr…
We describe conditions under which a multiply connected wandering domain of a transcendental meromorphic function with a finite number of poles must be a Baker wandering domain, and we discuss the possible eventual connectivity of Fatou components of transcendental meromorphic functions. We also show that if $f$ is meromorphic, $U$ is a bounded component of $F(f)$ and $V$ is the component of $F(f)$ such that $f(U)\subset V$, then $f$ maps each component of $\partial U$ onto a component of the boundary of $V$ in $\hat{\C}$. We give examples which show that our results are sharp; for example, we…
In this paper, we prove that the ratio of the modulus of the iterates of two points in an escaping Fatou component may be bounded even if the orbit of the component contains an infinite modulus annulus sequence and this case cannot happen when the maximal modulus of the meromorphic function is large enough. Therefore, we extend the related results for entire functions to ones for meromorphic functions with infinitely many poles. And we investigate the fast escaping Fatou components of meromorphic functions defined in [44] in terms of the Nevanlinna characteristic instead of the maximal modulus…
In this paper we investigate possible extensions of the idea of geodesic completeness in complex manifolds, following two directions: metrics are somewhere allowed not to be of maximum rank, or to have 'poles' somewhere else. Geodesics are eventually defined on Riemann surfaces over regions in the Riemann sphere. Completeness theorems are given in the framework of warped products of Riemann surfaces.
We study the properties of two classes of meromorphic functions in the complex plane. The first one is the class of almost elliptic functions in the sense of Sunyer-i-Balaguer. This is the class of meromorphic functions f such that the family of shifts f(z+h) (h are complex numbers) is normal with respect to the uniform convergence in the whole complex plane. Given two sequences of complex numbers, we provide sufficient conditions for them to be zeros and poles of some almost elliptic function. These conditions enable one to give (for the first time) explicit non-trivial examples of almost ell…
We consider the subclass of class ${\mathcal B} $ consisting of meromorphic functions $f:{\mathbb C}\to\hat{\mathbb C}$ for which infinity is not an asymptotic value and whose all poles have orders uniformly bounded from above. This class was introduced in \cite{BwKo2012} and the Hausdorff dimension ${\rm HD}({{\mathcal I} (f)})$ of the set ${{\mathcal I} (f)}$ of all points escaping to infinity under forward iteration of $f$ was estimated therein. In this paper we provide a closed formula for the exact value of ${\rm HD}({{\mathcal I} (f)})$ identifying it with the critical exponent of the na…
The purpose of the paper is to study the uniqueness problem of a $L$ function in the Selberg class sharing one or two sets with an arbitrary meromorphic function having finite poles. We manipulate the notion of weighted sharing of sets to improve one result of Yuan-Li-Yi [Value distribution of $L$-functions and uniqueness questions of F. Gross, Lithuanian Math. J., $\mathbf{58(2)}$(2018), 249-262]. More importantly, we have pointed out a number of gaps in all the results of Sahoo-Halder [Results on $L$ functions and certain uniqueness question of Gross, Lithuanian Math. J., $\mathbf{60(1)}$(20…
The Fatou-Julia theory for rational functions has been extended both to transcendental meromorphic functions and more recently to several different types of quasiregular mappings in higher dimensions. We extend the iterative theory to quasimeromorphic mappings with an essential singularity at infinity and at least one pole, constructing the Julia set for these maps. We show that this Julia set shares many properties with those for transcendental meromorphic functions and for quasiregular mappings of punctured space.
It is known that Shintani zeta functions, which generalise multiple zeta functions, extend to meromorphic functions with poles on affine hyperplanes. We refine this result in showing that the poles lie on hyperplanes parallel to the facets of certain convex polyhedra associated to the defining matrix for the Shintani zeta function. Explicitly, the latter are the Newton polytopes of the polynomials induced by the columns of the underlying matrix. We then prove that the coefficients of the equation which describes the hyperplanes in the canonical basis are either zero or one, similar to the pole…
In this paper we continue the study, began in \cite{CJK2}, of the bifurcation locus of a family of meromorphic functions with two asymptotic values, no critical values and an attracting fixed point. If we fix the multiplier of the fixed point, either of the two asymptotic values determines a one-dimensional parameter slice for this family. We proved that the bifurcation locus divides this parameter slice into three regions, two of them analogous to the Mandelbrot set and one, the shift locus, analogous to the complement of the Mandelbrot set. In \cite{FK, CK} it was proved that the points in t…
This paper studies zeta functions of the form $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} χ(n) n^{-s}$, with $χ$ a completely multiplicative function taking only unimodular values. We denote by $σ(χ)$ the infimum of those $α$ such that the Dirichlet series $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} χ(n) n^{-s}$ can be continued meromorphically to the half-plane $\operatorname{Re} s>α$, and denote by $ζ_χ(s)$ the corresponding meromorphic function in $\operatorname{Re} s>σ(χ)$. We construct $ζ_χ(s)$ that have $σ(χ)\le 1/2$ and are universal for zero-free analytic functions on the half-critical strip $1/2<\operatorname{Re} s <1$, with zero…
