This paper can be considered as the sequel of [6], where the authors have proposed an abstract construction of Hardy spaces H^1. They shew an interpolation result for these Hardy spaces with the Lebesgue spaces. Here we describe a more precise result using the real interpolation theory and we clarify the use of Hardy spaces. Then with the help of the bilinear interpolation theory, we then give applications to study bilinear operators on Lebesgue spaces. These ideas permit us to study singular operators with singularities similar to those of bilinear Calderon-Zygmund operators in a far more abstract framework as in the euclidean case.
The aim of this article is to give a complete solution to the problem of the bilinear decompositions of the products of some Hardy spaces $H^p(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and their duals in the case when $p<1$ and near to $1$, via wavelets, paraproducts and the theory of bilinear Calderón-Zygmund operators. Precisely, the authors establish the bilinear decompositions of the product spaces $H^p(\mathbb{R}^n)\times\dotΛ_α (\mathbb{R}^n)$ and $H^p(\mathbb{R}^n)\timesΛ_α(\mathbb{R}^n)$, where, for all $p\in(\frac{n}{n+1},\,1)$ and $α:=n(\frac{1}{p}-1)$, $H^p(\mathbb{R}^n)$ denotes the classical real Hardy spac…
The main aim of this paper to provide several scales of equivalent conditions for the bilinear Hardy inequalities in the case $1< q, p_1, p_2<\infty$ with $q \geq \max(p_1,p_2)$.
The purpose of this work is to describe an abstract theory of Hardy-Sobolev spaces on doubling Riemannian manifolds via an atomic decomposition. We study the real interpolation of these spaces with Sobolev spaces and finally give applications to Riesz inequalities.
Recently, both the bilinear decompositions $h^1(\mathbb{R}^n)\times \mathrm{\,bmo}(\mathbb{R}^n) \subset L^1 (\mathbb{R}^n)+h_\ast^Φ(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and $h^1(\mathbb{R}^n) \times \mathrm{bmo}(\mathbb{R}^n) \subset L^1 (\mathbb{R}^n) + h^{\log}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ were established. In this article, the authors prove in some sense that the former is sharp, while the latter is not. To this end, the authors first introduce the local Orlicz-slice Hardy space which contains the variant $h_\ast^Φ(\mathbb{R}^n)$ of the local Orlicz Hardy space introduced by A. Bonami and J. Feuto as a special case, and obta…
More work needs to be done to move from the tail to the averages themselves. So at this time we prefer to withdraw the paper about the averages. However a previous version of the paper which deals with the tail has been checked and we believe it to be complete and correct.
Let $p\in(0,1)$, $α:=1/p-1$ and, for any $τ\in [0,\infty)$, $Φ_{p}(τ):=τ/(1+τ^{1-p})$. Let $H^p(\mathbb R^n)$, $h^p(\mathbb R^n)$ and $Λ_{nα}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ be, respectively, the Hardy space, the local Hardy space and the inhomogeneous Lipschitz space on $\mathbb{R}^n$. In this article, applying the inhomogeneous renormalization of wavelets, the authors establish a bilinear decomposition for multiplications of elements in $h^p(\mathbb R^n)$ [or $H^p(\mathbb R^n)$] and $Λ_{nα}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, and prove that these bilinear decompositions are sharp in some sense. As applications, the authors also…
It is shown how any contractive multiplier from the Hardy space to a weighted Hardy space $H^{2}_{\bbeta}$ can be factored as a fixed factor composed with the classical Schur multiplier (contractive multiplier between Hardy spaces). The result is applied to get results on interpolation for a Hardy-to-weighted-Hardy contractive multiplier class.
Let $(X,\mathcal{B}, μ, T)$ be an ergodic dynamical system on a non-atomic finite measure space. Consider the maximal function $\dis R^*:(f, g) \in L^1\times L^1 \to R^*(f, g)(x) = \sup_{n} \frac{f(T^nx)g(T^{2n}x)}{n}.$ We show that there exist $f$ and $g$ such that $R^*(f, g)(x)$ is not finite almost everywhere. Two consequences are derived. The bilinear Hardy--Littlewood maximal function fails to be a.e. finite for all functions $(f, g)\in L^1\times L^1.$ The Furstenberg averages do not converge for all pairs of $(L^{1},L^{1})$ functions, while by a result of J. Bourgain these averages conve…
Let $p(\cdot):\ \mathbb R^n\to(0,\infty)$ be a variable exponent function satisfying the globally log-Hölder continuous condition. In this article, the authors first obtain a decomposition for any distribution of the variable weak Hardy space into "good" and "bad" parts and then prove the following real interpolation theorem between the variable Hardy space $H^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb R^n)$ and the space $L^{\infty}(\mathbb R^n)$: \begin{equation*} (H^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb R^n),L^{\infty}(\mathbb R^n))_{θ,\infty} =W\!H^{p(\cdot)/(1-θ)}(\mathbb R^n),\quad θ\in(0,1), \end{equation*} where $W\!H^{p(\cdot)…
This article is devoted to a study of the Hardy space $H^{\log} (\mathbb{R}^d)$ introduced by Bonami, Grellier, and Ky. We present an alternative approach to their result relating the product of a function in the real Hardy space $H^1$ and a function in $BMO$ to distributions that belong to $H^{\log}$ based on dyadic paraproducts. We also point out analogues of classical results of Hardy-Littlewood, Zygmund, and Stein for $H^{\log}$ and related Musielak-Orlicz spaces.
Let $p(\cdot):\ \mathbb R^n\to(0,\infty)$ be a variable exponent function satisfying the globally log-Hölder continuous condition, $q\in(0,\infty]$ and $A$ be a general expansive matrix on $\mathbb{R}^n$. In this article, the authors first introduce the anisotropic variable Hardy-Lorentz space $H_A^{p(\cdot),q}(\mathbb R^n)$ associated with $A$, via the radial grand maximal function, and then establish its radial or non-tangential maximal function characterizations. Moreover, the authors also obtain characterizations of $H_A^{p(\cdot),q}(\mathbb R^n)$, respectively, in terms of the atom and th…
In this paper we consider the Hardy-Lorentz spaces $H^{p,q}(R^n)$, with $0<p\le 1$, $0<q\le \infty$. We discuss the atomic decomposition of the elements in these spaces, their interpolation properties, and the behavior of singular integrals and other operators acting on them.
We develop a special multilinear complex interpolation theorem that allows us to prove an optimal version of the bilinear Hörmander multiplier theorem concerning symbols that lie in the Sobolev space $L^r_s(\mathbb R^{2n})$, $2\le r<\infty$, $rs>2n$, uniformly over all annuli. More precisely, given a smoothness index $s$, we find the largest open set of indices $(1/p_1,1/p_2 )$ for which we have boundedness for the associated bilinear multiplier operator from $L^{p_1}(\mathbb R^{ n})\times L^{p_2} (\mathbb R^{ n})$ to $ L^p(\mathbb R^{ n})$ when $1/p=1/p_1+1/p_2$, $1<p_1,p_2<\infty$.
Let $X$ be a ball quasi-Banach function space on ${\mathbb R}^n$. In this article, assuming that the powered Hardy--Littlewood maximal operator satisfies some Fefferman--Stein vector-valued maximal inequality on $X$ as well as it is bounded on both the weak ball quasi-Banach function space $WX$ and the associated space, the authors establish various Littlewood--Paley function characterizations of $WH_X({\mathbb R}^n)$ under some weak assumptions on the Littlewood--Paley functions. The authors also prove that the real interpolation intermediate space $(H_{X}({\mathbb R}^n),L^\infty({\mathbb R}^…
In this paper, we establish continuous bilinear decompositions that arise in the study of products between elements in martingale Hardy spaces $ H^p\ (0<p\leqslant 1) $ and functions in their dual spaces. Our decompositions are based on martingale paraproducts. As a consequence of our work, we also obtain analogous results for dyadic martingales on spaces of homogeneous type equipped with a doubling measure.
In this article, the authors introduce a class of mixed-norm Herz spaces, $\dot{E}^{\vecα,\vec{p}}_{\vec{q}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$, which is a natural generalization of mixed Lebesgue spaces and some special cases of which naturally appear in the study of the summability of Fourier transforms on mixed-norm Lebesgue spaces. The authors also give their dual spaces and obtain the Riesz-Thorin interpolation theorem on $\dot{E}^{\vecα,\vec{p}}_{\vec{q}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$. Applying these Riesz-Thorin interpolation theorem and using some ideas from the extrapolation theorem, the authors establish both the …
The aim of this article is to develop the theory of product Hardy spaces associated with operators which possess the weak assumption of Davies--Gaffney heat kernel estimates, in the setting of spaces of homogeneous type. We also establish a Calderón--Zygmund decomposition on product spaces, which is of independent interest, and use it to study the interpolation of these product Hardy spaces. We then show that under the assumption of generalized Gaussian estimates, the product Hardy spaces coincide with the Lebesgue spaces, for an appropriate range of~$p$.
We firstly describe a maximal inequality for dual Sobolev spaces W^{-1,p}. This one corresponds to a "Sobolev version" of usual properties of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator in Lebesgue spaces. Even in the euclidean space, this one seems to be new and we develop arguments in the general framework of Riemannian manifold. Then we present an application to obtain interpolation results for Sobolev spaces.
We introduce $B_w^u$-function spaces which unify Lebesgue, Morrey-Campanato, Lipschitz, $B^p$, CMO, local Morrey-type spaces, etc., and investigate the interpolation property of $B_w^u$-function spaces. We also apply it to the boundedness of linear and sublinear operators, for example, the Hardy-Littlewood maximal and fractional maximal operators, singular and fractional integral operators with rough kernel, the Littlewood-Paley operator, Marcinkiewicz operator, and so on.
We prove a logarithmic estimate in the Hardy-Sobolev space $H^{k, 2}$, $k$ a positive integer, of the unit disk ${\mathbb D}$. This estimate extends those previously established by L. Baratchart and M. Zerner in $H^{1,2}$ and by S. Chaabane and I. Feki in $H^{k,\infty}$. We use it to derive logarithmic stability results for the inverse problem of identifying Robin's coefficients in corrosion detection by electrostatic boundary measurements and for a recovery interpolation scheme in the Hardy-Sobolev space $H^{k, 2}$ with interpolation points located on the boundary ${\mathbb T}$ of the unit di…
In this survey article some classical results concerning real interpolation between Hardy spaces are briefly presented and then it is explained how those results can be used to establish Yano-type extrapolation theorems for Hardy spaces. Some new extensions and variants of certain classical endpoint theorems in harmonic analysis are obtained as applications of the extrapolation results presented here.
Let $(\mathbb{X},d,μ)$ be a space of homogeneous type in the sense of R. R. Coifman and G. Weiss, and $X(\mathbb{X})$ a ball quasi-Banach function space on $\mathbb{X}$. In this article, the authors introduce the weak Hardy space $WH_X(\mathbb{X})$ associated with $X(\mathbb{X})$ via the grand maximal function, and characterize $WH_X(\mathbb{X})$ by other maximal functions and atoms. The authors then apply these characterizations to obtain the real interpolation and the boundedness of Calderón--Zygmund operators in the critical case. The main novelties of this article exist in that the authors…
We extend to multilinear Hankel operators the fact that truncation of bounded Hankel operators is bounded. We prove and use a continuity property of a kind of bilinear Hilbert transforms on product of Lipschitz spaces and Hardy spaces.
Motivated by the study of kernels of bilinear pseudodifferential operators with symbols in a Hörmander class of critical order, we investigate boundedness properties of strongly singular Calderón--Zygmund operators in the bilinear setting. For such operators, whose kernels satisfy integral-type conditions, we establish boundedness properties in the setting of Lebesgue spaces as well as endpoint mappings involving the space of functions of bounded mean oscillations and the Hardy space. Assuming pointwise-type conditions on the kernels, we show that strongly singular bilinear Calderón--Zygmund o…
Given a metric measure space $X$, we consider a scale of function spaces $T^{p,q}_s(X)$, called the weighted tent space scale. This is an extension of the tent space scale of Coifman, Meyer, and Stein. Under various geometric assumptions on $X$ we identify some associated interpolation spaces, in particular certain real interpolation spaces. These are identified with a new scale of function spaces, which we call $Z$-spaces, that have recently appeared in the work of Barton and Mayboroda on elliptic boundary value problems with boundary data in Besov spaces. We also prove Hardy--Littlewood--Sob…
We obtain a new square function characterization of the weak Hardy space $H^{p,\infty}$ for all $p\in(0,\iy)$. This space consists of all tempered distributions whose smooth maximal function lies in weak $L^p$. Our proof is based on interpolation between $H^p$ spaces. The main difficulty we overcome is the lack of a good dense subspace of $H^{p,\infty}$ which forces us to work with general $H^{p,\infty}$ distributions.
The boundedness from $H^p \times L^2$ to $L^r$, $1/p+1/2=1/r$, and from $H^p \times L^{\infty}$ to $L^p$ of bilinear pseudo-differential operators is proved under the assumption that their symbols are in the bilinear Hörmander class $BS^m_{ρ,ρ}$, $0 \le ρ<1$, of critical order $m$, where $H^p$ is the Hardy space. This combined with the previous results of the same authors establishes the sharp boundedness from $H^p \times H^q$ to $L^r$, $1/p+1/q=1/r$, of those operators in the full range $0< p, q \le \infty$, where $L^r$ is replaced by $BMO$ if $r=\infty$.
In this paper, we first introduce $L^{σ_1}$-$(\log L)^{σ_2}$ conditions satisfied by the variable kernels $Ω(x,z)$ for $0\leqσ_1\leq1$ and $σ_2\geq0$. Under these new smoothness conditions, we will prove the boundedness properties of singular integral operators $T_Ω$, fractional integrals $T_{Ω,α}$ and parametric Marcinkiewicz integrals $μ^ρ_Ω$ with variable kernels on the Hardy spaces $H^p(\mathbb R^n)$ and weak Hardy spaces $WH^p(\mathbb R^n)$. Moreover, by using the interpolation arguments, we can get some corresponding results for the above integral operators with variable kernels on Hardy…
Fix $λ>0$. Consider the Hardy space $H^1(\mathbb{R}_+,dm_λ)$ in the sense of Coifman and Weiss, where $\mathbb{R_+}:=(0,\infty)$ and $dm_λ:=x^{2λ}dx$ with $dx$ the Lebesgue measure. Also consider the Bessel operators $Δ_λ:=-\frac{d^2}{dx^2}-\frac{2λ}{x} \frac d{dx}$, and $S_λ:=-\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+\frac{λ^2-λ}{x^2}$ on $\mathbb{R_+}$. The Hardy spaces $H^1_{Δ_λ}$ and $H^1_{S_λ}$ associated with $Δ_λ$ and $S_λ$ are defined via the Riesz transforms $R_{Δ_λ}:=\partial_x (Δ_λ)^{-1/2}$ and $R_{S_λ}:= x^λ\partial_x x^{-λ} (S_λ)^{-1/2}$, respectively. It is known that $H^1_{Δ_λ}$ and $H^1(\mathbb{R}_+,d…
Let $(\mathcal{X},d,μ)$ be a metric measure space satisfying the so-called upper doubling condition and the geometrically doubling condition. Let $T$ be a Calderón-Zygmund operator with kernel satisfying only the size condition and some Hörmander-type condition, and $b\in\rm{\widetilde{RBMO}(μ)}$ (the regularized BMO space with the discrete coefficient). In this paper, the authors establish the boundedness of the commutator $T_b:=bT-Tb$ generated by $T$ and $b$ from the atomic Hardy space $\widetilde{H}^1(μ)$ with the discrete coefficient into the weak Lebesgue space $L^{1,\,\infty}(μ)$. The b…
The Hardy averaging operator between Orlicz spaces and a new gauge functional characterizing a given Orlicz space
Institute of Mathematics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic（捷克科学院数学研究所）；Department of Mathematics, Brock University（布鲁克大学数学系）；Quantitative Science Department, Canisius University（卡尼西厄斯大学定量科学系）
Boundedness properties for pseudodifferential operators with symbols in the bilinear Hörmander classes of sufficiently negative order are proved. The results are obtained in the scale of Lebesgue spaces and, in some cases, end-point estimates involving weak-type spaces and BMO are provided as well. From the Lebesgue space estimates, Sobolev ones are then easily obtained using functional calculus and interpolation. In addition, it is shown that, in contrast with the linear case, operators associated with symbols of order zero may fail to be bounded on products of Lebesgue spaces.
We extend to multilinear Hankel operators the fact that some truncations of bounded Hankel operators are bounded. We prove and use a continuity property of bilinear Hilbert transforms on products of Lipschitz spaces and Hardy spaces.
For any $p\in(0,\,1]$, let $H^{Φ_p}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ be the Musielak-Orlicz Hardy space associated with the Musielak-Orlicz growth function $Φ_p$, defined by setting, for any $x\in\mathbb{R}^n$ and $t\in[0,\,\infty)$, $$ Φ_{p}(x,\,t):= \begin{cases} \frac{t}{\log(e+t)+[t(1+|x|)^n]^{1-p}} & \qquad \text{when } n(1/p-1)\notin \mathbb{N} \cup \{0\}; \\ \frac{t}{\log(e+t)+[t(1+|x|)^n]^{1-p}[\log(e+|x|)]^p} & \qquad \text{when } n(1/p-1)\in \mathbb{N}\cup\{0\},\\ \end{cases} $$ which is the sharp target space of the bilinear decomposition of the product of the Hardy space $H^p(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and its …
We introduce the Hardy spaces $\mathcal{H}^{p}_{FIO}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ for Fourier integral operators for $0<p<1$, thereby extending earlier constructions for $1\leq p\leq \infty$. We then establish various properties of these spaces, including their behavior under complex interpolation and duality, and their invariance under Fourier integral operators. We also obtain Sobolev embeddings, equivalent characterizations, and a molecular decomposition. These spaces are used in the companion article arXiv:2502.02511 to determine the sharp $\mathcal{H}^{1}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ and $\mathrm{bmo}(\mathbb{R}…
The main purpose of this paper is to develop a unified approach of multi-parameter Hardy space theory using the discrete Littlewood-Paley-Stein analysis in the setting of implicit multi-parameter structure. It is motivated by the goal to establish and develop the Hardy space theory for the flag singular integral operators studied by Muller-Ricci-Stein and Nagel-Ricci-Stein. This approach enables us to avoid the use of transference method of Coifman-Weiss as often used in the $L^p$ theory for $p>1$ and establish the Hardy spaces $H^p_F$ and its dual spaces associated with the flag singular inte…
Marcinkiewicz multipliers are L^{p} bounded for 1<p<\infty on the Heisenberg group H^{n}\simeqC^{n}\timesR (D. Muller, F. Ricci and E. M. Stein) despite the lack of a two parameter group of automorphic dilations on H^{n}. This lack of dilations underlies the inability of classical one or two parameter Hardy space theory to handle Marcinkiewicz multipliers on H^{n} when 0<p\leq1. We address this deficiency by developing a theory of flag Hardy spaces H_{flag}^{p} on the Heisenberg group, 0<p\leq1, that is in a sense `intermediate' between the classical Hardy spaces H^{p} and the product Hardy sp…
