We give a concrete example of an infinite sequence of $(p_n, q_n)$-lens spaces $L(p_n, q_n)$ with natural triangulations $T(p_n, q_n)$ with $p_n$ taterahedra such that $L(p_n, q_n)$ contains a certain non-orientable closed surface which is fundamental with respect to $T(p_n, q_n)$ and of minimal crosscap number among all closed non-orientable surfaces in $L(p_n, q_n)$ and has $n-2$ parallel sheets of normal disks of a quadrilateral type disjoint from the pair of core circles of $L(p_n, q_n)$. Actually, we can set $p_0=0, q_0=1, p_{k+1}=3p_k+2q_k$ and $q_{k+1}=p_k+q_k$.
We consider non-orientable closed surfaces of minimum crosscap number in the $(p,q)$-lens space $L(p,q) \cong V_1 \cup_{\partial} V_2$, where $V_1$ and $V_2$ are solid tori. Bredon and Wood gave a formula for calculating the minimum crosscap number. Rubinstein showed that $L(p,q)$ with $p$ even has only one isotopy class of such surfaces, and it is represented by a surface in a standard form, which is constructed from a meridian disk in $V_1$ by performing a finite number of band sum operations in $V_1$ and capping off the resulting boundary circle by a meridian disk of $V_2$. We show that the…
It is well-known that any pair of closed orientable 3-manifolds are related by a finite sequence of Dehn surgeries on knots. Furthermore Kawauchi showed that such knots can be taken to be hyperbolic. In this article, we consider the minimal length of such sequences connecting a pair of 3-manifolds, in particular, a pair of lens spaces.
Small covers arising from 3-dimensional simple polytopes are an interesting class of 3-manifolds. The fundamental group is a rigid invariant for wide classes of 3-manifolds, particularly for orientable Haken manifolds, which include orientable small covers. By using Morse-theoretic approach we give a procedure to get an explicit, balanced presentation of the fundamental group of a closed, orientable 3-dimensional simple cover with minimal number of generators. Beside that the minimal Heegaard splitting is determined by this presentation.
We determine all the Q-fundamental surfaces in $(p,1)$-lens spaces and $(p,2)$-lens spaces with respect to natural triangulations with $p$ tetrahedra. For general $(p,q)$-lens spaces, we give an upper bound for elements of vectors which represent Q-fundamental surfaces with no quadrilateral normal disks disjoint from the core circles of lens spaces. We also give some examples of non-orientable closed surfaces which are Q-fundamental surfaces with such quadrilateral normal disks.
Motivated by M. Scharlemann and A. Thompson's definition of thin position of 3-manifolds, we define the width of a handle decomposition a 4-manifold and introduce the notion of thin position of a compact smooth 4-manifold. We determine all manifolds having width equal to $\{1,\dots, 1\}$, and give a relation between the width of $M$ and its double $M\cup_{id_\partial} \overline M$. In particular, we describe how to obtain genus $2g+2$ and $g+2$ trisection diagrams for sphere bundles over orientable and non-orientable surfaces of genus $g$, respectively. By last, we study the problem of describ…
A family of one-vertex triangulations of 3-manifolds, layered-triangulations, is defined. Layered-triangulations are first described for handlebodies and then extended to all 3-manifolds via Heegaard splittings. A complete and detailed analysis of layered-triangulations is given in the cases of the solid torus and lens spaces, including the classification of all normal and almost normal surfaces in these triangulations. Minimal layered-triangulations of lens spaces provide a common setting for new proofs of the classification of lens spaces admitting an embedded non orientable surface and the …
Let M be a compact closed non-orientable surface. We show that the space of representations of the fundamental group of M into PSL(2,R) has exactly two connected components. These two components are the preimages of a certain Stiefel-Whitney characteristic class, computed in a similar way as the Euler class in the orientable case.
We construct a simple topological invariant of certain 3-manifolds, including quotients of the 3-sphere by finite groups, based on the fact that the tangent bundle of an orientable 3-manifold is trivialisable. This invariant is strong enough to yield the classification of lens spaces of odd, prime order. We also use properties of this invariant to show that there is an oriented 3-manifold with no universally tight contact structure. We generalise and sharpen this invariant to an invariant of a finite covering of a 3-manifold.
A knot k in a closed orientable 3-manifold is called nonsimple if the exterior of k possesses a properly embedded essential surface of nonnegative Euler characteristic. We show that if k is a nonsimple prime tunnel number one knot in a lens space M (where M does not contain any embedded Klein bottles), then k is a (1,1) knot. Elements of the proof include handle addition and Dehn filling results/techniques of Jaco, Eudave-Munoz and Gordon as well as structure results of Schultens on the Heegaard splittings of graph manifolds.
The purpose of this paper is to study the action of the mapping class group on the moduli space of representations of the fundamental group of a non-orientable surface into SU(2). The action is shown to be ergodic with respect to a natural measure. This measure is defined using the push-forward measure associated to a map defined by the presentation of the surface group. given by the pushforward of Haar measure. This result is an extension of earlier results of Goldman for orientable surfaces.
In a lens space X of order r a knot K representing an element of the fundamental group pi_1 X = Z/rZ of order s <= r contains a connected orientable surface S properly embedded in its exterior X-N(K) such that the boundary of S intersects the meridian of K minimally s times. Assume S has just one boundary component. Let g be the minimal genus of such surfaces for K, and assume s >= 4g-1. Then with respect to the genus one Heegaard splitting of X, K has bridge number at most 1.
The graph complexity of a compact 3-manifold is defined as the minimum order among all 4-colored graphs representing it. Exact calculations of graph complexity have been already performed, through tabulations, for closed orientable manifolds (up to graph complexity 32) and for compact orientable 3-manifolds with toric boundary (up to graph complexity 12) and for infinite families of lens spaces. In this paper we extend to graph complexity 14 the computations for orientable manifolds with toric boundary and we give two-sided bounds for the graph complexity of tetrahedral manifolds. As a consequ…
In this paper, we prove a geometrization conjecture, every orientable smooth closed 3-manifold with finite fundamental group is homeomorphic to $S^3/G$ for some finite cyclic subgroup $G\subset {Isom}^+(S^3)$.
This paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions on a compact, connected, orientable 3-manifold M for it to contain a knot K such that M-K is irreducible and pi_1(M) embeds in pi_1(M-K). This result provides counterexamples to a conjecture of Lopes and Morales and characterizes those orientable 3-manifolds for which it is true.
We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a closed connected co-orientable contact $3$-manifold $(M,ξ)$ to be a standard lens space based on assumptions on the Reeb flow associated to a defining contact form. Our methods also provide rational global surfaces of section for nondegenerate Reeb flows on $(L(p,q),ξ_{\rm std})$ with prescribed binding orbits.
Let $Y$ be a closed, connected, orientable three-manifold admitting a genus one open book decomposition with one boundary component. We prove that if $Y$ is an L-space, then the fundamental group of $Y$ is not left-orderable. This answers a question posed by John Baldwin.
Let K be a non-trivial knot in the 3-sphere with a lens space surgery and L(p,q) a lens space obtained by a Dehn surgery on K. We study a relationship between the order of the fundamental group of L(p,q) and the Seifert genus of K.
The Reeb graph of a function on a smooth manifold is the graph obtained as the space of all connected components of level sets such that the set of all vertices coincides with the set of all connected components of level sets including singular points. Reeb graphs are fundamental and important in the algebraic and differential topological theory of Morse functions and their generalizations. In this paper, as a related fundamental and important study, for given graphs, we construct certain smooth functions inducing the graphs as the Reeb graphs. Such works have been demonstrated by Masumoto, Mi…
We prove that every finitely presentable group G arises as the fundamental group of an orientable 3-complex obtained from a hyperbolic link complement, by coning each boundary torus of the link exterior to a distinct point. We define the closed-link-genus, clg(G), of any finitely presentable group G, which completely characterizes fundamental groups of closed orientable 3-manifolds: clg(G)=0 if and only if G is the fundamental group of a closed orientable 3-manifold. Moreover clg(G) gives an upper bound for the concept `genus(G)' of genus defined earlier by Aitchison and Reeves, and in turn is…
We prove that fundamental groups of non-orientable 3-manifolds have a solvable conjugacy problem, and construct an algorithm. Together with our earlier work on the conjugacy problem in groups on orientable geometrizable 3-manifolds, all $π_1$ of (geometrizable) 3-manifolds have a solvable conjugacy problem. In corollaries, both the twisted conjugacy problem in closed surface groups and the conjugacy problem in closed surface-by-cyclic groups, are solvable.
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a transversely orientable codimension one minimal foliation without vanishing cycles of a manifold $M$. We show that if the fundamental group of each leaf of $\mathcal{F}$ has polynomial growth of degree $k$ for some non-negative integer $k$, then the foliation $\mathcal{F}$ is without holonomy.
For any finite type connected surface $S$, we give an infinite presentation of the fundamental group $π_1(S,\ast)$ of $S$ based at an interior point $\ast\in{S}$ whose generators are represented by simple loops. When $S$ is non-orientable, we also give an infinite presentation of the subgroup of $π_1(S,\ast)$ generated by elements which are represented by simple loops whose regular neighborhoods are annuli.
In this paper we present an explicit construction for the fundamental solution to the Dirac and Laplace operator on some non-orientable conformally flat manifolds. We first treat a class of projective cylinders and tori where we can study monogenic sections with values in different pin bundles. Then we discuss the Möbius strip, the Klein bottle and higher dimensional generalizations of them. We present integral representation formulas together with some elementary tools of harmonic analysis on these manifolds.
We prove that if the fundamental group of an arbitrary three-manifold -- not necessarily closed, nor orientable -- is a Kaehler group, then it is either finite or the fundamental group of a closed orientable surface.
The Brieskorn manifolds $B(p,q,r)$ are the $r$-fold cyclic coverings of the 3-sphere $S^{3}$ branched over the torus knot $T(p,q)$. The generalised Sieradski groups $S(m,p,q)$ are groups with $m$-cyclic pre\-sen\-tation $G_{m}(w)$, where defining word $w$ has a special form, depending of $p$ and $q$. In particular, $S(m,3,2) = G_{m}(w)$ is the group with $m$ generators $x_{1}, \ldots, x_{m}$ and $m$ defining relations $w(x_{i}, x_{i+1}, x_{i+2})=1$, where $w(x_{i}, x_{i+1}, x_{i+2}) = x_{i} x_{i+2} x_{i+1}^{-1}$. Presentations of $S(2n,3,2)$ in a certain form $G_{n}(w)$ were investigated by Ho…
We give new information about the geometry of closed, orientable hyperbolic 3-manifolds with 4-free fundamental group. As an application we show that such a manifold has volume greater than 3.44. This is in turn used to show that if M is a closed orientable hyperbolic 3-manifold such that vol M < 3.44, then H_1(M;Z/2Z) has dimension at most 7.
Let O be a compact orientable 3-orbifold with non-empty singular locus and a finite volume hyperbolic structure. (Equivalently, O is the quotient of hyperbolic 3-space by a lattice in PSL(2,C) with torsion.) Then we prove that O has a tower of finite-sheeted covers {O_i} with linear growth of p-homology, for some prime p. This means that the dimension of the first homology, with mod p coefficients, of the fundamental group of O_i grows linearly in the covering degree. The proof combines techniques from 3-manifold theory with group-theoretic methods, including the Golod-Shafarevich inequality a…
We show that if an orientable Seifert fibered space $M$ with an orientable genus $g$ base space admits a strongly irreducible horizontal Heegaard splitting then there is a one-to-one correspondence between isotopy classes of strongly irreducible horizontal Heegaard splittings and elements of $\mathbf{Z}^{2g}$. The correspondence is determined by the slopes of intersection of each Heegaard splitting with a collection of $2g$ incompressible tori in $M$. We also show that there are Seifert fibered spaces with infinitely many non-isotopic Heegaard splittings that determine Nielsen equivalent gener…
In this paper, it is shown that for any closed orientable $3$-manifold with positive simplicial volume, the growth of the Seifert volume of its finite covers is faster than the linear rate. In particular, each closed orientable $3$-manifold with positive simplicial volume has virtually positive Seifert volume. The result reveals certain fundamental difference between the representation volume of the hyperbolic type and the Seifert type. The proof is based on developments and reactions of recent results on virtual domination and on virtual representation volumes of $3$-manifolds.
There are only 10 Euclidean forms, that is flat closed three dimensional manifolds: six are orientable $\mathcal{G}_1,\dots,\mathcal{G}_6$ and four are non-orientable $\mathcal{B}_1,\dots,\mathcal{B}_4$. The aim of this paper is to describe all types of $n$-fold coverings over the non-orientable Euclidean manifolds $\mathcal{B}_{3}$ and $\mathcal{B}_{4}$, and calculate the numbers of non-equivalent coverings of each type. The manifolds $\mathcal{B}_{3}$ and $\mathcal{B}_{4}$ are uniquely determined among non-orientable forms by their homology groups $H_1(\mathcal{B}_{3})=\ZZ_2\times \ZZ_2 \tim…
Examples suggest that there is a correspondence between L-spaces and 3-manifolds whose fundamental groups cannot be left-ordered. In this paper we establish the equivalence of these conditions for several large classes of such manifolds. In particular, we prove that they are equivalent for any closed, connected, orientable, geometric 3-manifold that is non-hyperbolic, a family which includes all closed, connected, orientable Seifert fibred spaces. We also show that they are equivalent for the 2-fold branched covers of non-split alternating links. To do this we prove that the fundamental group …
We derive two types of linearity conditions for mapping class groups of orientable surfaces: one for once-punctured surface, and the other for closed surface, respectively. For the once-punctured case, the condition is described in terms of the action of the mapping class group on the deformation space of linear representations of the fundamental group of the corresponding closed surface. For the closed case, the condition is described in terms of the vector space generated by the isotopy classes of essential simple closed curves on the corresponding surface. The latter condition also describe…
Let M and N be n-dimensional connected orientable finite-volume hyperbolic manifolds with geodesic boundary, and let f be a given isomorphism between the fundamental groups of M and N. We study the problem whether there exists an isometry between M and N which induces f. We show that this is always the case if the dimension of M and N is at least four, while in the three-dimensional case the existence of an isometry inducing f is proved under some (necessary) additional conditions on f. Such conditions are trivially satisfied if the boundaries of M and N are both compact.
This paper determines which orientable hyperbolic 3-manifolds contain simple closed geodesics. The Fuchsian group corresponding to the thrice-punctured sphere generates the only example of a complete non-elementary orientable hyperbolic 3-manifold that does not contain a simple closed geodesic. We do not assume that the manifold is geometrically finite or that it has finitely generated fundamental group.
Under mild topological restrictions, we obtain new linear upper bounds for the dimension of the mod $p$ homology (for any prime $p$) of a finite-volume orientable hyperbolic $3$ manifold $M$ in terms of its volume. A surprising feature of the arguments in the paper is that they require an application of the Four Color Theorem. If $M$ is closed, and either (a) $π_1(M)$ has no subgroup isomorphic to the fundamental group of a closed, orientable surface of genus $2, 3$ or $4$, or (b) $p = 2$, and $M$ contains no (embedded, two-sided) incompressible surface of genus $2, 3$ or $4$, then $\text{dim}…
In this article, we prove that the commensurability class of a closed, orientable, hyperbolic 3-manifold is determined by the surface subgroups of its fundamental group. Moreover, we prove that there can be only finitely many closed, orientable, hyperbolic 3-manifolds that have the same set of surfaces.
We present a classification of fake lens spaces of dimension greater or equal to 5 which have as fundamental group the cyclic group of order N = 2^K, in that we extend the results of Wall and others in the case N=2.
For $d\geq 2$, the regular genus of a closed connected PL $d$-manifold $M$ is the least genus (resp., half of the genus) of an orientable (resp., a non-orientable) surface into which a crystallization of $M$ imbeds regularly. The regular genus of every orientable surface equals its genus, and the regular genus of every 3-manifold equals its Heegaard genus. For every closed connected PL $4$-manifold $M$, it is known that its regular genus $\mathcal G(M)$ is at least $2 χ(M) + 5m -4$, where $m$ is the rank of the fundamental group of $M$. In this article, we introduce the concept of "weak semi-s…
Let M be a closed orientable Seifert fibered 3-manifold with a hyperbolic base 2-orbifold, or equivalently, admitting a geometry modeled on H^2 \times R or the universal cover of SL(2,R). Our main result is that the connected component of the identity map in the diffeomorphism group Diff(M) is either contractible or homotopy equivalent to the circle, according as the center of the fundamental group of M is trivial or infinite cyclic. Apart from the remaining case of non-Haken infranilmanifolds, this completes the homeomorphism classifications of Diff(M) and of the space of Seifert fiberings of…
Let M = H^3 / Γbe a hyperbolic 3-manifold of finite volume. We show that if H and K are abelian subgroups of Γand g is in Γ, then the double coset HgK is separable in Γ. As a consequence we prove that if M is a closed, orientable, Haken 3-manifold and the fundamental group of every hyperbolic piece of the torus decomposition of M is conjugacy separable then so is the fundamental group of M. Invoking recent work of Agol and Wise, it follows that if M is a compact, orientable 3-manifold then π_1(M) is conjugacy separable.
In this survey paper we present results about link diagrams in Seifert manifolds using arrow diagrams, starting with link diagrams in $F\times S^1$ and $N\hat{\times}S^1$, where $F$ is an orientable and $N$ an unorientable surface. Reidemeister moves for such arrow diagrams make the study of link invariants possible. Transitions between arrow diagrams and alternative diagrams are presented. We recall results about %the knot group presentation for lens spaces and the Kauffman bracket and HOMFLYPT skein modules of some Seifert manifolds using arrow diagrams, namely lens spaces, a product of a di…
This paper gives a proof that the fundamental group of a class of closed orientable 3-manifolds constructed from three injective handlebodies has a solvable word problem. This is done by giving an algorithm to decide if a closed curve in the manifold is null-homotopic. Non-Haken and non-Seifert fibered examples are constructed by performing Dehn surgery on a class of two-bridge knots.
