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建立无标架和规范的量子力学公式

Building a frame and gauge free formulation of quantum mechanics

T. Fulop, S. D. Katz

摘要:

量子力学的波函数不是一个boost不变量和规范不变量。相应地,量子力学通常表述的大多数元素(包括算符、态和事件)都继承了参考系依赖性和规范依赖性。简而言之,如果把依赖于标架和规范的形式主义称为相对形式主义,那么本文的目的是建立一个绝对的,即,无标架和规范,重新表述了量子力学。为了实现这一目标,我们开发的绝对量和相应的方程,而不是波函数和薛定谔方程。绝对量比波函数有更直接的物理解释,相应的方程明确地表达了包含在薛定谔方程中的系统的独立物理方面,以混合和更隐藏的形式。在绝对量和绝对方程的基础上,事件、状态和物理量也被绝对化。这种形式使得我们有可能得到一些更精确的测不准关系,并推广了Escherfest定理的有效性。绝对公式允许量子力学的广泛扩展。为了给出例子,我们讨论了两个已知的非线性扩展,并在密切的细节,耗散系统。一个参数提供的绝对形式主义可能导致的Aharonov-Bohm效应纯粹的电磁场强度张量的解释。最后,在相对论弯曲时空中,给出了绝对量和绝对方程来代替Klein-Gordon波函数和方程,并导出了它们的非相对论极限。

英文摘要:

The wave function of quantum mechanics is not a boost invariant and gauge invariant quantity. Correspondingly, reference frame dependence and gauge dependence are inherited to most of the elements of the usual formulation of quantum mechanics (including operators, states and events). If a frame dependent and gauge dependent formalism is called, in short, a relative formalism, then the aim of the paper is to establish an absolute, i.e., frame and gauge free, reformulation of quantum mechanics. To fulfil this aim, we develop absolute quantities and the corresponding equations instead of the wave function and the Schrödinger equation. The absolute quantities have a more direct physical interpretation than the wave function has, and the corresponding equations express explicitly the independent physical aspects of the system which are contained in the Schrödinger equation in a mixed and more hidden form. Based on the absolute quantities and equations, events, states and physical quantities are introduced also in an absolute way. The formalism makes it possible to obtain some sharper versions of the uncertainty relation and to extend the validity of Ehrenfest's theorem. The absolute formulation allows wide extensions of quantum mechanics. To give examples, we discuss two known nonlinear extensions and, in close detail, a dissipative system. An argument is provided that the absolute formalism may lead to an explanation of the Aharonov-Bohm effect purely in terms of the electromagnetic field strength tensor. At last, on special relativistic and curved spacetimes, absolute quantities and equations instead of the Klein-Gordon wave function and equation are given, and their nonrelativistic limit is derived.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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