19 pages, LaTeX; A new gauge theoretical description of Quantum Mechanics, based on the presentation in conference on Quantum Theory at York University, Toronto, August 1995
An extension of the classical action principle obtained in the framework of the gauge transformations, is used to describe the motion of a particle. This extension assigns many, but not all, paths to a particle. Properties of the particle paths are shown to impart wave like behaviour to a particle in motion and to imply various other assumptions and conjectures attributed to the formalism of Quantum Mechanics. The Klein-Gordon and other similar equations are derived by incorporating these properties in the path-integral formalism.
Deutsch and Hayden have proposed an alternative formulation of quantum mechanics which is completely local. We argue that their proposal must be understood as having a form of `gauge freedom' according to which mathematically distinct states are physically equivalent. Once this gauge freedom is taken into account, their formulation is no longer local.
By making use of the Weyl-Wigner-Groenewold-Moyal association rules, a commutative product and a new quantum bracket are constructed in the ring of operators \cal{F}(H). In this way, an isomorphism between Lie algebra of classical observables (with Poisson bracket) and the Lie algebra of quantum observables with this new bracket is established. By these observations, a formulation of the classical mechanics in \cal{F}(H} is obtained and is shown to be \hbar\to 0 limit of the Heisenberg picture formulation of the quantum mechanics.
A phase space mathematical formulation of quantum mechanical processes accompanied by and ontological interpretation is presented in an axiomatic form. The problem of quantum measurement, including that of quantum state filtering, is treated in detail. Unlike standard quantum theory both quantum and classical measuring device can be accommodated by the present approach to solve the quantum measurement problem
The basics of the Wigner formulation of Quantum-Mechanics and few related interpretational issues are presented in a simple language. This formulation has extensive applications in Quantum Optics and in Mixed Quantum-Classical formulations.
The Schrodinger equation can be derived using the minimum Fisher information principle. I discuss why such an approach should work, and also show that the Kahler and Hilbert space structures of quantum mechanics result from combining the symplectic structure of the hydrodynamical model with the Fisher information metric.
The generalized h-dependent operator algebra is defined ($0\leq h \leq h_o$). For h= h_o it becomes equivalent to the quantum mechanical algebra of observables and for h=0 it is equivalent to the classical one. We show this by proposing how the main features of both mechanics can be defined in operator form.
For the symmetric harmonic oscillator and the symmetric bouncer defined in 2-D, two different Hamiltonian are given describing the same classical dynamics; however, their quantum dynamics behavior are different.
The five laws of relativistic quantum mechanics, according to Feynman's path integral formulation, are concisely stated and applied to experiments. Reflection diffraction grating experiments for both photons and electrons are analysed, in particular the Davisson-Germer experiment in which the wave-like property of electrons was first established. It is shown how classical, purely spatial, effective wave theories for both photons and electrons are predicted by the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics. The standard Copenhagen interpretation of wave mechanics is critically discussed in …
In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in Bohmian mechanics as a numerical tool because of its local dynamics, which suggest the possibility of significant computational advantages for the simulation of large quantum systems. However, closer inspection of the Bohmian formulation reveals that the nonlocality of quantum mechanics has not disappeared -- it has simply been swept under the rug into the quantum force. In this paper we present a new formulation of Bohmian mechanics in which the quantum action, S, is taken to be complex. This leads to a single equation for complex S, …
Quantum mechanics in the Rigged Hilbert Space formulation describes quasistationary phenomena mathematically rigorously in terms of Gamow vectors. We show that these vectors exhibit microphysical irreversibility, related to an intrinsic quantum mechanical arrow of time, which states that preparation of a state has to precede the registration of an observable in this state. Moreover, the Rigged Hilbert Space formalism allows the derivation of an exact golden rule describing the transition of a pure Gamow state into a mixture of interaction-free decay products.
A C*-algebra formulation of Quantum Mechanics is derived from purely operational axioms in which the primary role is played by the "transformations" that the system undergoes in the course of an "experiment". The notion of the {\em adjoint} of a transformation is based on the postulated existence of "faithful states" that allows one to calibrate the experimental apparatus.
The foundations of quantum mechanics have been plagued by controversy throughout the 85 year history of the field. It is argued that lack of clarity in the formulation of basic philosophical questions leads to unnecessary obscurity and controversy and an attempt is made to identify the main forks in the road that separate the most important interpretations of quantum theory. The consistent histories formulation, also known as "consistent quantum theory", is described as one particular way (favored by the author) to answer the essential questions of interpretation. The theory is shown to be a r…
The physical condition that the expectation values of physical observables are real quantities is used to give a precise formulation of PT-symmetric quantum mechanics. A mathematically rigorous proof is given to establish the physical equivalence of PT-symmetric and conventional quantum mechanics. The results reported in this paper apply to arbitrary PT-symmetric Hamiltonians with a real and discrete spectrum. They hold regardless of whether the boundary conditions defining the spectrum of the Hamiltonian are given on the real line or a complex contour.
The basic concepts of classical mechanics are given in the operator form. The dynamical equation for a hybrid system, consisting of quantum and classical subsystems, is introduced and analyzed in the case of an ideal nonselective measurement. The nondeterministic evolution is found to be the consequence of the superposition of two different deterministic evolutions.
The tomographic picture of quantum mechanics has brought the description of quantum states closer to that of classical probability and statistics. On the other hand, the geometrical formulation of quantum mechanics introduces a metric tensor and a symplectic tensor (Hermitian tensor) on the space of pure states. By putting these two aspects together, we show that the Fisher information metric, both classical and quantum, can be described by means of the Hermitian tensor on the manifold of pure states.
The quadrature distribution for the quantum damped oscillator is introduced in the framework of the formulation of quantum mechanics based on the tomography scheme. The probability distribution for the coherent and Fock states of the damped oscillator is expressed explicitly in terms of Gaussian and Hermite polynomials, correspondingly.
The algebra of polynomials in operators that represent generalized coordinate and momentum and depend on the Planck constant is defined. The Planck constant is treated as the parameter taking values between zero and some nonvanishing $h_0$. For the second of these two extreme values, introduced operatorial algebra becomes equivalent to the algebra of observables of quantum mechanical system defined in the standard manner by operators in the Hilbert space. For the vanishing Planck constant, the generalized algebra gives the operator formulation of classical mechanics since it is equivalent to t…
An hidden variable (hv) theory is a theory that allows globally dispersion free ensembles. We demonstrate that the Phase Space formulation of Quantum Mechanics (QM) is an hv theory with the position q, and momentum p as the hv. Comparing the Phase space and Hilbert space formulations of QM we identify the assumption that led von Neumann to the Hilbert space formulation of QM which, in turn, precludes global dispersion free ensembles within the theory. The assumption, dubbed I, is: "If a physical quantity $\mathbf{A}$ has an operator $\hat{A}$ then $f(\mathbf{A})$ has the operator $f(\hat{A})$"…
The phase-space formulation of quantum mechanics has recently seen increased use in testing quantum technologies, including metho ds of tomography for state verification and device validation. Here, an overview of quantum mechanics in phase space is presented. The formulation to generate a generalized phase-space function for any arbitrary quantum system is shown, such as the Wigner and Weyl functions along with the asso ciated Q and P functions. Examples of how these different formulations have b een used in quantum technologies are provided, with a focus on discrete quantum systems, qubits i…
A general formlulation for discrete-time quantum mechanics, based on Feynman's method in ordinary quantum mechanics, is presented. It is shown that the ambiguities present in ordinary quantum mechanics (due to noncommutativity of the operators), are no longer present here. Then the criteria for the unitarity of the evolution operator is examined. It is shown that the unitarity of the evolution operator puts restrictions on the form of the action, and also implies the existence of a solution for the classical initial-value problem.
This article develops a variational formulation for the relativistic Klein-Gordon equation. The main results are obtained through an extension of the classical mechanics approach to a more general context, which in some sense, includes the quantum mechanics one. For the second part of the text, the definition of normal field and its relation with the wave function concept play a fundamental role in the main results establishment. Among the applications, we include a model with the presence of electromagnetic fields and also the modeling of a chemical reaction. Finally, in the last section, we …
Mechanics can be founded on a principle relating the uncertainty delta-q in the trajectory of an observable particle to its motion relative to the observer. From this principle, p.delta-q=const., p being the q-conjugated momentum, mechanical laws are derived and the meaning of the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian functions are discussed. The connection between the presented principle and Hamilton's Least Action Principle is examined. Wave mechanics and Schrodinger equation appear without additional assumptions by choosing the representation for delta-q in the case the motion is not trajectory descri…
We show that conservation laws in quantum mechanics naturally lead to metric spaces for the set of related physical quantities. All such metric spaces have an "onion-shell" geometry. We demonstrate the power of this approach by considering many-body systems immersed in a magnetic field, with a finite ground state current. In the associated metric spaces we find regions of allowed and forbidden distances, a "band structure" in metric space directly arising from the conservation of the $z$ component of the angular momentum.
The star product formalism has proved to be an alternative formulation for nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. We want introduce here a covariant star product in order to extend the star product formalism to relativistic quantum mechanics in the proper time formulation.
A Lagrangian description is presented which can be used in conjunction with particle interpretations of quantum mechanics. A special example of such an interpretation is the well-known Bohm model. The Lagrangian density introduced here also contains a potential for guiding the particle. The advantages of this description are that the field equations and the particle equations of motion can both be deduced from a single Lagrangian density expression and that conservation of energy and momentum are assured. After being developed in a general form, this Lagrangian formulation is then applied to t…
The standard formulation of Quantum Mechanics violates locality of interactions and the action reaction principle. An alternative formulation in an extended phase space could preserve both principles, but Bell's theorems show that a distribution of probability in a space of local variables can not reproduce the quantum correlations. An extended phase space is defined in an alternative formulation of Quantum Mechanics. Quantum states are represented by a complex va\-lued distribution of amplitude, so that Bell's theorems do not apply.
The origin of the algebra of the non-commuting operators of quantum mechanics is explained in the general Fenyes-Nelson stochastic models in which the diffusion constant is a free parameter. This is achieved by continuing the diffusion constant to imaginary values, a continuation which destroys the physical interpretation, but does not affect experimental predictions. This continuation leads to great mathematical simplification in the stochastic theory, and to an understanding of the entire mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics. It is more than a formal construction because the diffusion…
Bohmian mechanics represents the universe as a set of paths with a probability measure defined on it. The way in which a mathematical model of this kind can explain the observed phenomena of the universe is examined in general. It is shown that the explanation does not make use of the full probability measure, but rather of a suitable set function deriving from it, which defines relative typicality between single-time cylinder sets. Such a set function can also be derived directly from the standard quantum formalism, without the need of an underlying probability measure. The key concept for th…
All the geometric phases, adiabatic and non-adiabatic, are formulated in a unified manner in the second quantized path integral formulation. The exact hidden local symmetry inherent in the Schrödinger equation defines the holonomy. All the geometric phases are shown to be topologically trivial. The geometric phases are briefly compared to the chiral anomaly which is naturally formulated in the path integral.
Recently a new formulation of quantum mechanics has been introduced, based on signed classical field-less particles interacting with an external field by means of only creation and annihilation events. In this paper, we extend this novel theory to the case of many-body problems. We show that, when restricted to spatial finite domains and discrete momentum space, the proposed extended theory is equivalent to the time-dependent many-body Wigner Monte Carlo method. In this new picture, the treatment of entangled systems comes naturally and, therefore, we apply it to the study of quantum entangled…
The measure of distinguishability between two neighboring preparations of a physical system by a measurement apparatus naturally defines the line element of the preparation space of the system. We point out that quantum mechanics can be derived from the invariance of this line element in the canonical formulation. The canonical formulation of quantum statistical mechanics is also discussed.
Proposals for nonlinear extenstions of quantum mechanics are discussed. Two different concepts of "mixed state" for any nonlinear version of quantum theory are introduced: (i) >genuine mixture< corresponds to operational "mixing" of different ensembles, and (ii) a mixture described by single density matrix without having a canonical operational possibility to pick out its specific convex decomposition is called here an >elementary mixture<. Time evolution of a class of nonlinear extensions of quantum mechanics is introduced. Evolution of an elementary mixture cannot be generally given by evolu…
An efficient multigrid Monte-Carlo algorithm for calculating the ground state of the hydrogen atom using path integral is presented. The algorithm uses a unigrid approach. The action integral near r=0 is modified so that the correct values of observables are obtained. It is demonstrated that the critical slow down (CSD) is eliminated. Finally, the algorithm is compared to the staging algorithm.
Amplitudes are the major logical object in Quantum Theory. Despite this fact they presents no physical reality and in consequence only observables can be experimetally checked. We discuss the possibility of a theory of Quantum Probabilities capable of give full account to quantum phenomena. Advanteges of this formulation are the evidence of physical processes not described by the orotodox formulation using amplitudes and the possibility of a full algoritimization of Quantum Mechanics.
Using the tools of nonstandard analysis, we develop and present an alternative formulation of Bohmian mechanics. This approach allows one to describe a broader assortment of physical systems than the standard formulation of the theory. It also allows one to make predictions in more situations. We motivate the nonstandard formulation with a Bohmian example system that exhibits behavior akin to Earman's (1986) classical space invaders and reverse space invaders. We then use the example to illustrate how the alternative formulation of Bohmian mechanics works.
W consider the problem of testing if a given matrix in the Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics or a function in the phase space formulation of quantum theory represent a quantum state. We propose several practical criteria to recognise states in these both versions of quantum physics. After minor modifications they can be applied to check positivity of any operators acting in a Hilbert space or positivity of any functions from an algebra with a Weyl type * -- product.
This is a transcription of a conference proceedings from 1985. It reviews the Jordan algebra formulation of quantum mechanics. A possible novelty is the discussion of time evolution; the associator takes over the role of $i$ times the commutator in the standard density matrix formulation, and for the Jordan algebra of complex Hermitian matrices this implies a Hamiltonian of the form $H= i[x,y] + λ\mathbb{I}$ for traceless Hermitian $x,y$ and real number $λ$. Other possibilities for time evolution in the Jordan formulation are briefly considered.
We formulate statistical mechanics based on a pure quantum state, which we call a ``thermal pure quantum (TPQ) state''. A single TPQ state gives not only equilibrium values of mechanical variables, such as magnetization and correlation functions, but also those of genuine thermodynamic variables and thermodynamic functions, such as entropy and free energy. Among many possible TPQ states, we discuss the canonical TPQ state, the TPQ state whose temperature is specified. % We also propose there are other TPQ states. In the TPQ formulation of statistical mechanics, thermal fluctuations are complet…
A quaternionic version of Quantum Mechanics is constructed using the Schwinger's formulation based on measurements and a Variational Principle. Commutation relations and evolution equations are provided, and the results are compared with other formulations.
The notion of state vector is, in quantum mechanics, as central as it is problematic, as illustrates the wealth of publications about the sub- jects, including in particular the many attempts to obtain an acceptable interpretation of quantum mechanics. In this article, we propose a different approach, and initiate the study of a formulation of quantum mechanics, where the notion of state is entirely replaced by assertions about measurement outcomes. We define a notion of "verification" which represents the knowledge that one may have about the possible outcomes of the measurements performed on…
Within the recent reformulation of quantum mechanics where a potential function is not required, we show how to reconstruct the potential so that a correspondence with the standard formulation could be established. However, severe restriction is placed by the correspondence on the kinematics of such problems.
For higher derivative theories, using the approach of Caratheodory's equivalent Lagrangian, we show that there exist novel formulations of Hamilton-Jacobi equations, which are different from the formulations derived from Hamilton's canonical approach. The quantum mechanical correspondences of these novel Hamilton-Jacobi equations lead to nonlinear quantum mechanics, which seem being able to avoid the unbounded negative energy problem in the quantum mechanics of higher derivative theories.
Based on a gambling formulation of quantum mechanics, we derive a Gleason-type theorem that holds for any dimension n of a quantum system, and in particular for n = 2. The theorem states that the only logically consistent probability assignments are exactly the ones that are definable as the trace of the product of a projector and a density matrix operator. In addition, we detail the reason why dispersion-free probabilities are actually not valid, or rational, probabilities for quantum mechanics, and hence should be excluded from consideration.
We provide a careful analysis of the generating functional in the path integral formulation of pseudo-Hermitian and in particular PT-symmetric quantum mechanics and show how the metric operator enters the expression for the generating functional.
Similarities between the non-deterministic nature of quantum theory and the unpredictable patterns of human cognition and decision making have been observed and commented on many times since the invention of Quantum Mechanics in the first part of the 20th century. Niels Bohr himself took note of the parallels.[3] In fact, an entire field of study, Quantum Cognition, has been borne from the study of this analogy. [3] However, many of the attempts to model human behavior with quantum mechanics conflate the identity of a particle with its own wavefunction, which is incorrect and invalidates the a…
Quantum mechanics is among the most important and successful mathematical model for describing our physical reality. The traditional formulation of quantum mechanics is linear and algebraic. In contrast classical mechanics is a geometrical and non-linear theory that is defined on a symplectic manifold. However, after invention of general relativity, we are convinced that geometry is physical and effect us in all scale. Hence the geometric formulation of quantum mechanics sought to give a unified picture of physical systems based on its underling geometrical structures, e.g., now, the states ar…
The dynamics of any classical-mechanics system can be formulated in the reparametrization-invariant (RI) form (that is we use the parametric representation for trajectories, ${\bf x}={\bf x}(τ)$, $t=t(τ)$ instead of ${\bf x}={\bf x}(t)$). In this pedagogical note we discuss what the quantization rules look like for the RI formulation of mechanics. We point out that in this case some of the rules acquire an intuitively clearer form. Hence the formulation could be an alternative starting point for teaching the basic principles of quantum mechanics. The advantages can be resumed as follows. a) In…
In this short letter we review Schwinger's formulation of Quantum Mechanics and we argue that the mathematical structure behind Schwinger's "Symbolism of Atomic Measurements" is that of a groupoid. In this framework, both the Hilbert space (Schrödinger picture) and the $C^{*}$-algebra (Heisenberg picture) of the system turn out to be derived concepts, that is, they arise from the underlying groupoid structure.
This paper presents a minimal formulation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, by which is meant a formulation which describes the theory in a succinct, self-contained, clear, unambiguous and of course correct manner. The bulk of the presentation is the so-called \lq microscopic theory' (MIQM), applicable to any closed system $S$ of arbitrary size $N$, using concepts referring to $S$ alone, without resort to external apparatus or external agents. An example of a similar minimal microscopic theory is the standard formulation of classical mechanics, which serves as the template for a minimal qu…
Einstein's field equations of gravitation are known to admit closed timelike curve (CTC) solutions. Deutsch approached the problem from the quantum information point of view and proposed a self-consistency condition. In this work, the Deutsch equation is formulated as an eigenvalue problem. The disappearance of entanglement between two qubits in an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) state near a CTC is demonstrated. The method is utilized to analyze the discontinuous evolution of two chronology respecting (CR) qubits near a CTC.
States of a quantum mechanical system are represented by rays in a complex Hilbert space. The space of rays has, naturally, the structure of a Kähler manifold. This leads to a geometrical formulation of the postulates of quantum mechanics which, although equivalent to the standard algebraic formulation, has a very different appearance. In particular, states are now represented by points of a symplectic manifold (which happens to have, in addition, a compatible Riemannian metric), observables are represented by certain real-valued functions on this space and the Schrödinger evolution is capture…
We consider the probabilistic description of nonrelativistic, spinless one-particle classical mechanics, and immerse the particle in a deformed noncommutative phase space in which position coordinates do not commute among themselves and also with canonically conjugate momenta. With a postulated normalized distribution function in the quantum domain, the square of the Dirac delta density distribution in the classical case is properly realised in noncommutative phase space and it serves as the quantum condition. With only these inputs, we pull out the entire formalisms of noncommutative quantum …
We make a first attempt to axiomatically formulate the Montevideo interpretation of quantum mechanics. In this interpretation environmental decoherence is supplemented with loss of coherence due to the use of realistic clocks to measure time to solve the measurement problem. The resulting formulation is framed entirely in terms of quantum objects without having to invoke the existence of measurable classical quantities like the time in ordinary quantum mechanics. The formulation eliminates any privileged role to the measurement process giving an objective definition of when an event occurs in …
