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arXiv quant-ph/9603021quant-phgr-qc
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量子力学中的到达时间

Time-of-arrival in quantum mechanics

Norbert Grot, Carlo Rovelli, Ranjeet S. Tate

摘要:

我们研究了量子粒子到达给定空间位置的概率问题。我们认为这个问题的解决方案的基础上的频谱分解的粒子的(海森堡)状态到一个合适的运营商的本征态,我们表示为“到达时间”运营商。我们讨论了该算子的一般性质。我们在一个自由的非相对论性粒子的简单情况下明确地构造了该算子,并将其产生的概率与根据薛定谔电流通量间接估计的概率进行了比较。我们推导出一个定义良好的不确定性之间的关系的到达时间和能量,这一结果表明,众所周知的参数对这种关系的存在可以规避。最后,我们定义了自由粒子的量子力学的“时间表示”,其中到达时间是对角的。我们的结果表明,与通常假设的相反,量子力学在独立(时间)变量和相关(位置)变量之间表现出隐藏的等价性,类似于经典力学中的参数化形式主义所揭示的等价性。

英文摘要:

We study the problem of computing the probability for the time-of-arrival of a quantum particle at a given spatial position. We consider a solution to this problem based on the spectral decomposition of the particle's (Heisenberg) state into the eigenstates of a suitable operator, which we denote as the ``time-of-arrival'' operator. We discuss the general properties of this operator. We construct the operator explicitly in the simple case of a free nonrelativistic particle, and compare the probabilities it yields with the ones estimated indirectly in terms of the flux of the Schrödinger current. We derive a well defined uncertainty relation between time-of-arrival and energy; this result shows that the well known arguments against the existence of such a relation can be circumvented. Finally, we define a ``time-representation'' of the quantum mechanics of a free particle, in which the time-of-arrival is diagonal. Our results suggest that, contrary to what is commonly assumed, quantum mechanics exhibits a hidden equivalence between independent (time) and dependent (position) variables, analogous to the one revealed by the parametrized formalism in classical mechanics.

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