R. Lo Franco, G. Compagno, A. Messina, A. Napoli
A "quasi-deterministic" scheme to generate a two-photon generalized binomial state in a single-mode high-Q cavity is proposed. We also suggest a single-shot scheme to measure the generated state based on a probe two-level atom that "reads" the cavity field. The possibility of implementing the schemes is discussed.
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We study universal quantum computation in the cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) framework exploiting two orthonormal two-photon generalized binomial states as qubit and dispersive interactions of Rydberg atoms with high-$Q$ cavities. We show that an arbitrary qubit state may be generated and that controlled-NOT and 1-qubit rotation gates can be realized via standard atom-cavity interactions.
We introduce the $N$-photon quantum superposition of two orthogonal generalized binomial states of electromagnetic field. We then propose, using resonant atom-cavity interactions, non-conditional schemes to generate and reveal such a quantum superposition for the two-photon case in a single-mode high-$Q$ cavity. We finally discuss the implementation of the proposed schemes.
Cavity-QED tools for MBQC with optical binomial-codes
本文提出利用光学二项码和腔量子电动力学工具实现测量式量子计算，为光子量子计算提供新的实验方法和理论基础。
Extending a previous result on the generation of two-photon generalized binomial field states, here we propose an efficient scheme to generate with high-fidelity, in a single-mode high-Q cavity, N-photon generalized binomial states with a maximum number of photons N>2. Besides their interest for classical-quantum border investigations, we discuss the applicative usage of these states in realizing universal quantum computation, describing in particular a scheme that performs a controlled-NOT gate by dispersive interaction with a control atom. We finally analyze the feasibility of the proposed s…
We show that spin squeezing implies entanglement for quantum tripartite-state, where the subsystem of the bipartite-state is identical. We study the relation between spin squeezing parameters and entanglement through the quantum entropy of a system starts initially in a pure state when the cavity is binomial. We show that spin squeezing can be a convenient tool to give some insight into the subsystems entanglement dynamics when the bipartite subsystem interacts simultaneously with the cavity field subsystem, specially when the interaction occurs off-resonantly without and with a nonlinear medi…
We consider entangled two-photon generalized binomial states of the electromagnetic field in two separate cavities. The nonlocal properties of this entangled field state are analyzed by studying the electric field correlations between the two cavities. A Bell's inequality violation is obtained using an appropriate dichotomic cavity operator, that is in principle measurable.
We propose a conditional scheme to generate entangled two-photons generalized binomial states inside two separate single-mode high-Q cavities. This scheme requires that the two cavities are initially prepared in entangled one-photon generalized binomial states and exploits the passage of two appropriately prepared two-level atoms one in each cavity. The measurement of the ground state of both atoms is finally required when they exit the cavities. We also give a brief evaluation of the experimental feasibility of the scheme.
We propose a method to perform single-shot optical readout of a quantum bit (qubit) using cavity quantum electrodynamics. We selectively couple the optical transitions associated with different qubit basis states to the cavity, and utilize the change in cavity transmissivity to generate a qubit readout signal composed of many photons. We show that this approach enables single-shot optical readout even when the qubit does not have a good cycling transition required for standard resonance fluorescence measurements. We calculate the probability that the measurement detects the correct spin state …
Quantum networks based on optically addressable spin qubits promise to enable secure communication, distributed quantum computing, and tests of fundamental physics. Scaling up quantum networks based on solid-state luminescent centers requires coherent spin and optical transitions coupled to photonic resonators. Here we investigate single $\mathrm{{}^{171}Yb^{3+}}$ ions in yttrium orthovanadate coupled to a nanophotonic cavity. These ions possess optical and spin transitions that are first-order insensitive to magnetic field fluctuations, enabling optical linewidths less than 1 MHz and spin coh…
Cavity-assisted single-shot $\textit{T}$-center spin readout
针对光学接口固态自旋量子信息处理的高保真自旋读出需求，提出两种腔耦合单个$\textit{T}$中心电子自旋的单次读出理论方案，经实际参数计算两种方案均能在10μs内实现超99%的读出保真度。
Real-time frequency estimation of a qubit without single-shot-readout
本文首次在非单发读数传感器上应用二项分布方法的实时非自适应相位估计，并证明其精度优于多数投票法，同时提出自适应算法以进一步缩短传感时间。
We propose a single-atom, cavity quantum electrodynamics system, compatible with recently demonstrated, fiber-integrated micro- and nano-cavity setups, for the on-demand production of optical number-state, $0N$-state, and binomial-code-state pulses. The scheme makes use of Raman transitions within an entire atomic ground-state hyperfine level and operates with laser and cavity fields detuned from the atomic transition by much more than the excited-state hyperfine splitting. This enables reduction of the dynamics to that of a simple, cavity-damped Tavis-Cummings model with the collective spin d…
Many areas of physics rely upon adiabatic state transfer protocols, allowing a quantum state to be moved between different physical systems for storage and retrieval or state manipulation. However, these state-transfer protocols suffer from dephasing and dissipation. In this thesis we go beyond the standard open-systems treatment of quantum dissipation allowing us to consider non-Markovian environments. We use adiabatic perturbation theory in order to give analytic descriptions for various quantum state-transfer protocols. The leading-order corrections will give rise to additional terms adding…
We realise a feedback-controlled optical Fabry-Perot cavity in which the transmitted cavity output is used to modulate the input amplitude fluctuations. The resulting phase-dependent fluctuations of the in-loop optical field, which may be either sub-shot- or super-shot-noise, can be engineered to favorably affect the optomechanical interaction with a nanomechanical membrane placed within the cavity. Here we show that in the super-shot-noise regime ("anti-squashed light") the in-loop field has a strongly reduced effective cavity linewidth, corresponding to an increased optomechanical cooperativ…
Rydberg atoms are at the core of an increasing number of experiments, which frequently rely on destructive detection methods, such as field ionization. Here, we present an experimental realization of single-shot non-destructive detection of ensembles of helium Rydberg atoms. We use the dispersive frequency shift of a superconducting microwave cavity interacting with the ensemble. By probing the transmission of the cavity and measuring the change in its phase, we determine the number of Rydberg atoms or the populations of Rydberg quantum states when the ensemble is prepared in a superposition. …
The problem of the relationship between entanglement and two-qubit systems in which it is embedded is central to the quantum information theory. This paper suggests that the concurrence hierarchy as an entanglement measure provides an alternative view of how to think about this problem. We consider mixed states of two qubits and obtain an exact solution of the time-dependent master equation that describes the evolution of two two-level qubits (or atoms) within a perfect cavity for the case of multiphoton transition. We consider the situation for which the field may start from a binomial state.…
We propose an enhanced optical interferometer based on tailored non-classical light generated by nonlinear dynamics and projective measurements in a three-level atom cavity QED system. A coherent state in the cavity becomes dynamically entangled with two ground states of the atom and is transformed to a macroscopic superposition state via a projective measurement on the atom. We show that the resulting highly non-classical state can improve interferometric precision measurements well beyond the shot-noise limit once combined with a classical laser pulse at the input of a Mach-Zehnder interfero…
The speed of computations is investigated by means of the orthogonality speed for a charged qubit interacting with a single cavity field prepared initially in a Fock state or Binomial state. We observe that the rate of the computational speed is related to the number of photons inside the cavity. Moreover, we show that the qubit-field coupling plays an opposite role, where the speed of computations is decreased as the coupling is increased. We suggest using the number of photons in the field as a control parameter to improve the speed of computations.
We propose a scheme to perform single-shot quantum non-demolition (QND) readout of the spin of an electron trapped in a semiconductor quantum dot (QD). Our proposal relies on the interaction of the QD electron spin with optically excited, quantum well (QW) microcavity exciton-polaritons. The spin-dependent Coulomb exchange interaction between the QD electron and cavity polaritons causes the phase and intensity response of left circularly polarized light to be different to that of the right circularly polarized light, in such a way that the QD electron's spin can be inferred from the response t…
Single-shot conditional displacement gate between a trapped atom and traveling light
本文提出利用光学腔实现单次条件位移门，通过原子与光子的协同驱动实现混合系统通用控制，同时推导了包含腔体损耗和原子衰减的简洁门模型。
Using an operator scattering approach, we analyze the quantum dynamics of an ultrasensitive electrometer -- a Cooper pair transistor embedded in a quarter-wave microwave cavity (cCPT). While the cCPT is inherently a tunable, strongly nonlinear system affording a diverse range of functionalities, we restrict our present analysis to a necessary first investigation of its linear charge sensing capabilities, limiting to low pump powers corresponding to an average cavity photon number $\lesssim 1$. Assuming realizable cCPT parameters (B. L. Brock et al., Phys. Rev. Applied, 044009), and not includi…
Phase-sensitive avalanche quantum sensing of sub-shot-noise fields
本研究提出一种基于光子腔中原子云的雪崩量子传感机制，可对亚散粒噪声光场进行相位敏感的放大探测，实现两个数量级的噪声放大并保留相位信息，适用于量子态表征与弱信号检测。
We measure the fundamental noise processes associated with a continuous linear position measurement of a micromechanical membrane incorporated in a microwave cavity optomechanical circuit. We observe the trade-off between the two fundamental sources of noises that enforce the standard quantum limit: the measurement imprecision and radiation-pressure backaction from photon shot noise. We demonstrate that the quantum backaction of the measurement can overwhelm the intrinsic thermal motion by 24 dB, entering a new regime for cavity optomechanical systems.
We present a theoretical study of an experiment designed to detect radiation pressure shot noise in an optomechanical system. Our model consists of a coherently driven optical cavity mode that is coupled to a mechanical oscillator. We examine the cross-correlation between two quadratures of the output field from the cavity. We determine under which circumstances radiation pressure shot noise can be detected by a measurement of this cross-correlation. This is done in the general case of nonzero detuning between the frequency of the drive and the cavity resonance frequency. We study the qualitat…
The development of efficient network nodes is a key element for the realisation of quantum networks which promise great capabilities as distributed quantum computing or provable secure communication. We report the realisation of a quantum network node using a trapped ion inside a fiber-based Fabry-Perot cavity. We show the generation of deterministic entanglement at a high fidelity of $ 91.2(2) $\,\% between a trapped Yb--ion and a photon emitted into the resonator mode. We achieve a success probability for generation and detection of entanglement for a single shot of $ 2.5 \cdot 10^{-3}$ resu…
Deterministic light-induced spin squeezing in an atomic gas is limited by photon shot noise or, equivalently, by atomic state information escaping with the light field mediating the effective atom-atom interaction. We show theoretically that the performance of cavity spin squeezing [M.H. Schleier-Smith, I.D. Leroux, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. A 81, 021804(R) (2010)] can be substantially improved by erasing the light-atom entanglement, and propose several methods for doing so. Accounting for light scattering into free space, quantum erasure improves the scaling of cavity squeezing from S^(-1/2)…
A theory is presented for the photodetection statistics of radiation produced by current fluctuations in a phase-coherent conductor. Deviations are found from the Poisson statistics that would result from a classical current. For detection in a narrow frequency interval, the photocount distribution has the negative-binomial form of black-body radiation if this frequency interval is less than the mean current in the conductor. When electronic localization sets in, a different type of super-Poissonian photon statistics results.
We report nonclassical aspects of the collective behaviour of two atoms in a cavity by investigating the photon statistics and photon distribution in a very broad domain of parameters. Starting with the dynamics of two atoms radiating in phase into the cavity, we study the photon statistics for arbitrary interatomic phases as revealed by the second-order intensity correlation function at zero time $g^{(2)}(0)$ and the Mandel $Q$ parameter. We find that the light field can be tuned from antibunched to (super-)bunched as well as nonclassical to classical behaviour by merely modifying the atomic …
We demonstrate the suppression of photon shot noise dephasing in a superconducting qubit by eliminating its dispersive coupling to the readout cavity. This is achieved in a tunable coupling qubit, where the qubit frequency and coupling rate can be controlled independently. We observe that the coherence time approaches twice the relaxation time and becomes less sensitive to thermal photon noise when the dispersive coupling rate is tuned from several MHz to 22 kHz. This work provides a promising building block in circuit quantum electrodynamics that can hold high coherence and be integrated into…
Single-photon detectors are ubiquitous and integral components of photonic quantum cryptography, communication, and computation. Many applications, however, require not only detecting the presence of any photons, but distinguishing the number present with a single shot. Here, we implement a single-shot, high-fidelity photon number-resolving detector of up to 15 microwave photons in a cavity-qubit circuit QED platform. This detector functions by measuring a series of generalized parity operators which make up the bits in the binary decomposition of the photon number. Our protocol consists of su…
Cavity-enhanced single-shot readout of a quantum dot spin within 3 nanoseconds
研究解决了量子态单次读出速度与保真度受限的问题，通过将门控半导体量子点嵌入开放微腔利用Purcell增强，实现了3纳秒内保真度95.2%的电子自旋态单次读出，远低于自旋弛豫和退相干时间。
We study the photon shot noise dephasing of a superconducting transmon qubit in the strong-dispersive limit, due to the coupling of the qubit to its readout cavity. As each random arrival or departure of a photon is expected to completely dephase the qubit, we can control the rate at which the qubit experiences dephasing events by varying \textit{in situ} the cavity mode population and decay rate. This allows us to verify a pure dephasing mechanism that matches theoretical predictions, and in fact explains the increased dephasing seen in recent transmon experiments as a function of cryostat te…
We report high-fidelity, quantum nondemolition, single-shot readout of a superconducting transmon qubit using a DC-biased superconducting low-inductance undulatory galvanometer(SLUG) amplifier. The SLUG improves the system signal-to-noise ratio by 7 dB in a 20 MHz window compared with a bare HEMT amplifier. An optimal cavity drive pulse is chosen using a genetic search algorithm, leading to a maximum combined readout and preparation fidelity of 91.9% with a measurement time of Tmeas = 200ns. Using post-selection to remove preparation errors caused by heating, we realize a combined preparation …
Cavity-assisted homodyne detection with a single photodiode
本文提出腔辅助零差检测方法，可在适中本地振荡器功率下实现近1的信号传输效率，抑制技术本地振荡器边带，解决了高带宽下平衡零差检测的匹配难题。
A critical element towards the realization of scalable quantum processors is non-local coupling between nodes. Scaling connectivity beyond nearest-neighbor interactions requires the implementation of a mediating interaction often termed a 'quantum bus'. Cavity photons have long been used as a bus by the superconducting qubit community, but it has only recently been demonstrated that spin-based qubits in double quantum dot architectures can reach the strong coupling regime and exhibit spin-spin interactions via the exchange of real or virtual photons. Two-qubit gate operations are predicted in …
Quantum metrology enhances measurement precision by utilising the properties of quantum physics. In interferometry, this is typically achieved by evolving highly-entangled quantum states before performing single-shot measurements to reveal information about an unknown parameter. While this is often the optimum approach, implementation with all but the smallest states is still extremely challenging. An alternative approach is quantum jump metrology [L. A. Clark et al., Phys. Rev. A 99, 022102 (2019)] which deduces information by continuously monitoring an open quantum system, while inducing pha…
Quiet (or sub-Poissonian) oscillators generate a number of dissipation events whose variance is less than the mean. It was shown in 1984 by Golubev and Sokolov that lasers driven by regular pumps are quiet in that sense. The purpose of this paper is to show that, as long as the laser-detector system is strictly stationary, quantization of the optical field is not required to explain such phenomena. The theory presented here is semi-classical, yet exact. Previous theories considering excited-state atoms regularly-injected in resonators, on the other hand, do require in principle light quantizat…
With Rydberg dipole interactions, a mesoscopic atomic ensemble may behave like a two-level single atom, resulting in the so-called picture of superatom. It is in potential a strong candidate as a qubit in quantum information science, especially for efficient coupling with single photons via collective enhancement that is essential for building quantum internet to connect remote quantum computers. Previously, preliminary studies have been carried out in demonstrating basic concept of Rydberg superatom, a single-photon source, and entanglement with a single photon, etc. While a crucial element o…
We report on the cancellation of quantum back action noise in an optomechanical cavity. We perform two measurements of the displacement of the microresonator, one in reflection of the cavity, and one in transmission of the cavity. We show that measuring the amplitude quadrature of the light in transmission of the optomechanical cavity allows us to cancel the back action noise between 1 kHz and 50 kHz, and obtain a more sensitive measurement of the microresonator's position. To confirm that the back action is eliminated, we measure the noise in the transmission signal as a function of circulati…
Solid-state spin defects are a promising platform for quantum science and technology, having realized demonstrations of a variety of key components for quantum information processing, particularly in the area of quantum networks. An outstanding challenge for building larger-scale quantum systems with solid-state defects is realizing high-fidelity control over multiple defects with nanoscale separations, which is required to realize strong spin-spin interactions for multi-qubit logic and the creation of entangled states. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate an optical frequency-domain mu…
Beyond Single-Shot Fidelity: Chernoff-Based Throughput Optimization in Superconducting Qubit Readout
通过将色散测量视为随机通信信道，利用包含T1弛豫和腔记忆的轨迹模型计算Chernoff信息，发现最大化单发保真度的积分时间与最小化总认证时间的时间不一致，吞吐量最优窗口更长，可将认证时间减少约9-11%。
Monitoring the energy of a cavity by observing the emission of a repeatedly excited qubit
本研究利用色散耦合量子比特的荧光测量，实现了单次光子计数与腔内光子数跟踪，观察到光子逐一离开腔时的量子跃迁，为玻色子码量子纠错提供了新方法。
Tomography of a single-atom-resolved detector in the presence of shot-to-shot number fluctuations
本文针对单原子分辨探测器在逐次原子数涨落下的层析表征难题，提出利用子体积并行计数统计进行局部层析的方法，并用高斯量子态验证其有效性，发现Micro-Channel Plate探测器响应可用仅含探测效率参数的二项分布描述。
High fidelity single shot qubit state readout is essential for many quantum information processing protocols. In superconducting quantum circuit, the qubit state is usually determined by detecting the dispersive frequency shift of a microwave cavity from either transmission or reflection. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of constructive interference between the transmitted and reflected signal to optimize the qubit state readout, with which we find a better resolved state discrimination and an improved qubit readout fidelity. As a simple and convenient approach, our scheme can be combined…
We study non-classical and spectral properties of a strongly driven single-atom laser engineered within a photonic crystal that facilitates a frequency-dependent reservoir. In these studies, we apply a dressed atom model approach to derive the master equation of the system and study the properties of the dressed laser under the frequency dependent transition rates. By going beyond the secular approximation in the dressed-atom cavity field interaction, we find that if, in addition, the non-secular terms are included into the dynamics of the system, then non-linear processes can occur that lead …
We determine the optimal parameters for a simple and efficient scheme of dispersive readout of a qubit. Depending on the qubit state (ground or excited), the resonance of a cavity is shifted either to the red or to the blue side. Qubit state is inferred by detecting the photon number transmitted through the cavity. It turns out that this kind of detection provides better measurement fidelity than the detection of the presence or absence of photons only. We show that radiating the cavity on either of the frequencies it shifts to results in a suboptimal measurement. The optimal frequency of the …
The shot-noise limited peak sensitivity of cavity-enhanced interferometric measurement devices, such as gravitational-wave detectors, can be improved by increasing the cavity finesse, even when comparing fixed intra-cavity light powers. For a fixed light power inside the detector, this comes at the price of a proportional reduction in the detection bandwidth. High sensitivity over a large span of signal frequencies, however, is essential for astronomical observations. It is possible to overcome this standard sensitivity-bandwidth limit using non-classical correlations in the light field. Here,…
Although single and two-qubit gates are sufficient for universal quantum computation, single-shot three-qubit gates greatly simplify quantum error correction schemes and algorithms. We design fast, high-fidelity three-qubit entangling gates based on microwave pulses for transmon qubits coupled through a superconducting resonator. We show that when interqubit frequency differences are comparable to single-qubit anharmonicities, errors occur primarily through a single unwanted transition. This feature enables the design of fast three-qubit gates based on simple analytical pulse shapes that are e…
Experimental realization of deterministic and selective photon addition in a bosonic mode assisted by an ancillary qubit
本文在超导量子比特辅助下，于微波腔玻色模式中实验实现了光子数选择性的确定性光子添加操作，通过双光子跃迁实现相反光子宇称空间之间的相干单向映射，为玻色系统自主量子纠错及非幺正变换提供了新途径。
Quantum state transfer into a memory, state shuttling over long distances via a quantum bus, and high-fidelity readout are important tasks for quantum technology. Realizing these tasks is challenging in the presence of realistic couplings to an environment. Here, we introduce and assess protocols that can be used in cavity QED to perform high-fidelity quantum state transfer and fast quantum nondemolition qubit readout through Hamiltonian engineering. We show that high-fidelity state transfer between a cavity and a single qubit can be performed, even in the limit of strong dephasing due to inho…
We demonstrate a new versatile building block for optical quantum technologies, based on an intracavity Rydberg-blockaded atomic ensemble acting as a single two-level superatom. We coherently control its state and optically detect it in a single shot with a $95\%$ efficiency. Crucially, we demonstrate a superatom-state-dependent $π$ phase rotation on the light reflected from the cavity. Together with the state manipulation and detection, it is a key ingredient for implementing deterministic photonic entangling gates and for generating highly non-classical light states.
We realize mirror templates on the tips of optical fibers using a single-shot CO$_2$ laser ablation procedure. We perform a systematic study of the influence of the pulse power, pulse duration, and laser spot size on the radius of curvature, depth, and diameter of the mirror templates. We find that these geometrical characteristics can be tuned to a larger extent than has been previously reported, and notably observe that compound convex-concave shapes can be obtained. This detailed investigation should help further the understanding of the physics of CO$_2$ laser ablation processes and help i…
High-Probability Heralded Entanglement via Repeated Spin-Photon Phase Encoding with Moderate Cooperativity
通过重复自旋-光子相位编码实现高概率远距离纠缠，适用于弱耦合固态自旋平台。
Single-shot Quantum State Classification via Nonlinear Quantum Amplification
本文提出通过非线性量子放大实现单次量子态分类，优化测量链以提升分类性能，揭示非线性放大在量子态鉴别中的优势与局限。
A technique is demonstrated that allows free space atomic fountain clocks and interferometers to utilize optical cavity generated spin-squeezed states with over $390\,000$ ${}^{87}\text{Rb}$ atoms. Fluorescence imaging is used for population spectroscopy, after a free fall time of 4 milliseconds, to resolve a single-shot phase sensitivity of $814 (61)$ microradians, which is $5.8(0.6)$ decibels (dB) below the quantum projection limit. The dynamic range is observed to be 100 milliradians. When operating as a microwave atomic clock with $240\,000$ atoms at a 3.6 ms Ramsey time, a single-shot fra…
Cavity quantum electrodynamics describes the fundamental interactions between light and matter, and how they can be controlled by shaping the local environment. For example, optical microcavities allow high-efficiency detection and manipulation of single atoms. In this regime fluctuations of atom number are on the order of the mean number, which can lead to signal fluctuations in excess of the noise on the incident probe field. Conversely, we demonstrate that nonlinearities and multi-atom statistics can together serve to suppress the effects of atomic fluctuations when making local density mea…
Single-photon detection is an essential component in many experiments in quantum optics, but remains challenging in the microwave domain. We realize a quantum non-demolition detector for propagating microwave photons and characterize its performance using a single-photon source. To this aim we implement a cavity-assisted conditional phase gate between the incoming photon and a superconducting artificial atom. By reading out the state of this atom in single shot, we reach an internal photon detection fidelity of 71%, limited by the coherence properties of the qubit. By characterizing the cohere…
Operating the cavity-embedded Cooper pair transistor (cCPT) in the Kerr bistable regime, we demonstrate single-shot resolution between two charge states that are $0.09e$ apart. The measurement is performed with 94$\%$ fidelity in a duration of 3 $μ$s. The drive power at which the measurement is performed corresponds to only 20 intracavity photons on average in the high oscillation amplitude state of the cCPT, which is orders-of-magnitude smaller than that in rf-SETs. We find that the limiting factor for this mode of operation of the cCPT is the spontaneous fluctuation-induced switching between…
A key ingredient of cavity quantum-electrodynamics (QED) is the coupling between the discrete energy levels of an atom and photons in a single-mode cavity. The addition of periodic ultra-short laser pulses allows one to use such a system as a source of single photons; a vital ingredient in quantum information and optical computing schemes. Here, we analyze and ``time-adjust'' the photon-counting statistics of such a single-photon source, and show that the photon statistics can be described by a simple `transport-like' non-equilibrium model. We then show that there is a one-to-one correspondenc…
Single photon detectors are key for time-correlated photon counting applications [1] and enable a host of emerging optical quantum information technologies [2]. So far, the leading approach for continuous and efficient single-photon detection in the optical domain has been based on semiconductor photodiodes [3]. However, there is a paucity of efficient and continuous single-photon detectors in the microwave regime, because photon energies are four to five orders of magnitude lower therein and conventional photodiodes do not have that sensitivity. Here we tackle this gap and demonstrate how iti…
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