In simple -- but selected -- quantum systems, the probability distribution determined by the ground state wave function is infinitely divisible. Like all simple quantum systems, the Euclidean temporal extension leads to a system that involves a stochastic variable and which can be characterized by a probability distribution on continuous paths. The restriction of the latter distribution to sharp time expectations recovers the infinitely divisible behavior of the ground state probability distribution, and the question is raised whether or not the temporally extended probability distribution retains the property of being infinitely divisible. A similar question extended to a quantum field theory relates to whether or not such systems would have nontrivial scattering behavior.
A Euclidean formulation of relativistic quantum mechanics for systems of a finite number of degrees of freedom is discussed. Relativistic treatments of quantum theory are needed to study hadronic systems at sub-hadronic distance scales. While direct interaction approaches to relativistic quantum mechanics have proved to be useful, they have two disadvantages. One is that cluster properties are difficult to realize for systems of more than two particles. The second is that the relation to quantum field theories is indirect. Euclidean formulations of relativistic quantum mechanics provide an alt…
Complex techniques of general relativity are used to determine \emph{all} the states in the two and three dimensional momentum spaces in which the equality holds in the uncertainty relations for the non-commuting basic observables of Euclidean invariant elementary quantum mechanical systems, even with non-zero intrinsic spin. It is shown that while there is a 1-parameter family of such states for any two components of the angular momentum vector operator with any angle between them, such states exist for a component of the linear and angular momenta \emph{only if} these components are orthogon…
Examination of the Einstein energy-momentum relationship suggests that simple unbound forms of matter exist in a four-dimensional Euclidean space. Position, momentum, velocity, and other vector quantities can be expressed as Euclidean four-vectors, with the magnitude of the velocity vector having a constant value, the speed of light. We see that charge may be simply a manifestation of momentum in the new fourth direction, which implies that charge conservation is a form of momentum conservation. The constancy of speed implies that all elementary free particles can be described in the same mann…
The generalized Fenyes--Nelson model of quantum mechanics is applied to the free scalar field. The resulting Markov field is equivalent to the Euclidean Markov field with the times scaled by a common factor which depends on the diffusion parameter. This result is consistent between Guerra's earlier work on stochastic quantization of scalar fields. It suggests a deep connection between Euclidean field theory and the stochastic interpretation of quantum mechanics. The question of Lorentz covariance is also discussed.
Quantum particles confined to surfaces in higher dimensional spaces are acted upon by forces that exist only as a result of the surface geometry and the quantum mechanical nature of the system. The dynamics are particularly rich when confinement is implemented by forces that act normal to the surface. We review this confining potential formalism applied to the confinement of a particle to an arbitrary manifold embedded in a higher dimensional Euclidean space. We devote special attention to the geometrically induced gauge potential that appears in the effective Hamiltonian for motion on the sur…
In classical case there is simplest method of error correction with using three equal bits instead of one. In the paper is shown, how the scheme fails for quantum error correction with complex vector spaces of usual quantum mechanics, but works in real and quaternionic cases. It is discussed also, how to implement the three qubits scheme with using encoding of quaternionic qubit by Majorana spinor. Necessary concepts and formulae from area of quantum error corrections are closely introduced and proved.
This paper defines, on the Galilean space-time, the group of asymptotically Euclidean transformations (AET), which are equivalent to Euclidean transformations at space-time infinity, and proposes a formulation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics which is invariant under such transformations. This formulation is based on the asymptotic quantum measure, which is shown to be invariant under AET's. This invariance exposes an important connection between AET's and Feynman path integrals, and reveals the nonmetric character of the asymptotic quantum measure. The latter feature becomes even clearer …
We consider in detail the quantum-mechanical problem associated with the motion of a one-dimensional particle under the action of the double-well potential. Our main tool will be the euclidean (imaginary time) version of the path-integral method. Once we perform the Wick rotation, the euclidean equation of motion is the same as the usual one for the point particle in real time, except that the potential at issue is turned upside down. In doing so, our double-well potential becomes a two-humped potential. As required by the semiclassical approximation we may study the quadratic fluctuations ove…
The spin geometry theorem of Penrose is extended from $SU(2)$ to $E(3)$ (Euclidean) invariant elementary quantum mechanical systems. Using the natural decomposition of the total angular momentum into its spin and orbital parts, the \emph{distance} between the centre-of-mass lines of the elementary subsystems of a classical composite system can be recovered from their \emph{relative orbital angular momenta} by $E(3)$-invariant classical observables. Motivated by this observation, an expression for the `empirical distance' between the elementary subsystems of a \emph{composite quantum mechanical…
This paper presents a simple model that mimics quantum mechanics (QM) results in terms of probability fields of free particles subject to self-interference, without using Schroedinger equation or complex wavefunctions. Unlike the standard QM picture, the proposed model only uses integer-valued quantities and arithmetic operations. In particular, it assumes a discrete spacetime under the form of an euclidean lattice. The proposed approach describes individual particle trajectories as random walks. Transition probabilities are simple functions of a few quantities that are either randomly associa…
After a review of the existing theory of non-inertial frames and mathematical observers in Minkowski space-time we give the explicit expression of a family of such frames obtained from the inertial ones by means of point-dependent Lorentz transformations as suggested by the locality principle. These non-inertial frames have non-Euclidean 3-spaces and contain the differentially rotating ones in Euclidean 3-spaces as a subcase. Then we discuss how to replace mathematical accelerated observers with dynamical ones (their world-lines belong to interacting particles in an isolated system) and of how…
I propose that physical theories defined over finite places (including $p$-adic fields) can be used to construct conventional theories over the reals, or conversely, that certain theories over the reals "decompose" over the finite places, and that this decomposition applies to quantum mechanics, field theory, gravity, and string theory, in both Euclidean and Lorentzian signatures. I present two examples of the decomposition: quantum mechanics of a free particle, and Euclidean two-dimensional Einstein gravity. For the free particle, the finite place theory is the usual free particle $p$-adic qu…
We give an explicit characterization of the most general quasi-Hermitian operator H, the associated metric operators η_+, and η_+-pseudo-Hermitian operators acting in two-dimensional complex Euclidean space C^2. These operators represent the physical observables of a model whose Hamiltonian and Hilbert space are respectively H and C^2 endowed with the inner product defined by η_+. Our calculations allows for a direct demonstration of the fact that the choice of an irreducible family of observables fixes the metric operator up to a multiplicative factor.
This paper addresses the question why quantum mechanics is formulated in a unitary Hilbert space, i.e. in a manifestly complex setting. Investigating the linear dynamics of real quantum theory in a finite-dimensional Euclidean Hilbert space hints at the emergence of a complex structure. A widespread misconception concerning the measurement process in quantum mechanics and the hermiticity of observables is briefly discussed.
This paper presents a simple model that mimics quantum mechanics (QM) results in terms of probability fields of free particles subject to self-interference, without using Schrödinger equation or wavefunctions. Unlike the standard QM picture, the proposed model only uses integer-valued quantities and arithmetic operations. In particular, it assumes a discrete spacetime under the form of an euclidean lattice. The proposed approach describes individual particle trajectories as random walks. Transition probabilities are simple functions of a few quantities that are either randomly associated to th…
This paper presents a realistic, stochastic, and local model that reproduces nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (QM) results without using its mathematical formulation. The proposed model only uses integer-valued quantities and operations on probabilities, in particular assuming a discrete spacetime under the form of a Euclidean lattice. Individual (spinless) particle trajectories are described as random walks. Transition probabilities are simple functions of a few quantities that are either randomly associated to the particles during their preparation, or stored in the lattice nodes they visit…
University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research（理化学研究所先驱研究集群）；RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing（理化学研究所量子计算中心）；The University of Michigan（密歇根大学）
Feynman path integrals provide an elegant, classically inspired representation for the quantum propagator and the quantum dynamics, through summing over a huge manifold of all possible paths. From computational and simulational perspectives, the ergodic tracking of the whole path manifold is a hard problem. Machine learning can help, in an efficient manner, to identify the relevant subspace and the intrinsic structure residing at a small fraction of the vast path manifold. In this work, we propose the Feynman path generator for quantum mechanical systems, which efficiently generates Feynman pa…
The recent debate on hyper-computation has raised new questions both on the computational abilities of quantum systems and the Church-Turing Thesis role in Physics. We propose here the idea of geometry of effective physical process as the essentially physical notion of computation. In Quantum mechanics we cannot use the traditional Euclidean geometry but we introduce more sophisticate non Euclidean geometry which include a new kind of information diffuse in the entire universe and that we can represent as Fisher information or active information. We remark that from the Fisher information we c…
In this article we investigate the distribution of eigenvalues of the Dirichlet pseudo-differential operator $\sum_{i=1}^{d}(-\partial_i^2)^{s}, \, s\in (1/2,1]$ on an open and bounded subdomain $Ω\subset \mathbb{R}^d$ and predict bounds on the sum of the first $N$ eigenvalues, the counting function, the Riesz means and the trace of the heat kernel. Moreover, utilizing the connection of coherent states to the semi-classical approach of Quantum Mechanics we determine the sum for moments of eigenvalues of the associated Schrödinger operator.
The planar Landau system which describes the quantum mechanical motion of a charged particle in a plane with a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the plane, is explored within pedagogical settings aimed at the beginning graduate level. The system is known to possess the Euclidean symmetry in two dimensions with central extension $\bar{E}(2)$. In this paper, we revisit the well-known energy eigenvalues of the system, known as the Landau levels, by exploiting the related $\bar{e}(2)$ symmetry algebra. Specifically, we utilize the Casimir operator and the commutation relations of the generat…
We show that Quantum Mechanics can be interpreted as a modification of the Euclidean nature of 3-d space into a particular Weyl affine space which we call Q-wis. This is proved using the Bohm-de Broglie causal formulation of Quantum Mechanics. In the Q-wis geometry, the length of extended objects changes from point to point. In our proposed geometrical formulation, deformation of the standard rulers used to measure physical distances are in the core of quantum effects.
The equivalence postulate approach to quantum mechanics aims to formulate quantum mechanics from a fundamental geometrical principle. Underlying the formulation there exists a basic cocycle condition which is invariant under $D$--dimensional Möbius transformations with respect to the Euclidean or Minkowski metrics. The invariance under global Möbius transformations implies that spatial space is compact. Furthermore, it implies energy quantisation and undefinability of quantum trajectories without assuming any prior interpretation of the wave function. The approach may be viewed as conventional…
Application of quantum principles to living cells requires a new approximation of the full quantum mechanical description of intracellular dynamics. We discuss what principal elements any such good approximation should contain. As one such element, the notion of "Catalytic force" Cf is introduced. Cf is the effect of the molecular target of catalysis on the catalytic microenvironment that adjusts the microenvironment towards a state that facilitates the catalytic act. This phenomenon is experimentally testable and has an intriguing implication for biological organization and evolution, as it a…
Feynman's path integrals provide a hidden variable description of quantum mechanics (and quantum field theories). The time evolution kernel is unitary in Minkowski time, but generically it becomes real and non-negative in Euclidean time. It follows that the entangled state correlations, that violate Bell's inequalities in Minkowski time, obey the inequalities in Euclidean time. This observation emphasises the link between violation of Bell's inequalities in quantum mechanics and unitarity of the theory. Search for an evolution kernel that cannot be conveniently made non-negative leads to effec…
Quantum-mechanical wave equation for a particle with spin 1 is investigated in presence of external magnetic field in spaces with non-Euclidean geometry with constant positive curvature. Separation of the variable is performed; differential equations in the variable r are solved in hypergeometric functions. T he study o f z-dependence of the wave function has been reduced to a system of three linked ordinary differential 2-nd order equations; till now the system in z variable is not solved.
We consider the two main theorems in the derivation of the Quantum Hamilton--Jacobi Equation from the Equivalence Postulate (EP) of quantum mechanics. The first one concerns a basic cocycle condition, which holds in any dimension with Euclidean or Minkowski metrics and implies a global conformal symmetry underlying the Quantum Hamilton--Jacobi Equation. In one dimension such a condition fixes the Schwarzian equation. The second theorem concerns energy quantization which follows rigorously from consistency of the equivalence postulate.
The necessary appearance of Clifford algebras in the quantum description of fermions has prompted us to re-examine the fundamental role played by the quaternion Clifford algebra, C(0,2). This algebra is essentially the geometric algebra describing the rotational properties of space. Hidden within this algebra are symplectic structures with Heisenberg algebras at their core. This algebra also enables us to define a Poisson algebra of all homogeneous quadratic polynomials on a two-dimensional sub-space, Fa of the Euclidean three-space. This enables us to construct a Poisson Clifford algebra, H(F…
The quantum-mechanical problems of a nonrelativistic free particle, a harmonic oscillator and a Coulomb particle on Minkowski plane are discussed. The Schrödinger equations for eigenvalues are obtained using the Beltrami-Laplas operator of the pseudo-Euclidean plane and the corresponding potentials. It is shown that, in contrast to the standard problem on Euclidean plane, in addition to the continuous spectrum, a free particle has a discrete energy levels and a Coulomb particle, in addition to the discrete spectrum, has unstable states that describe the incidence of a particle on isotropic lin…
We present a formalism of Galilean quantum mechanics in non-inertial reference frames and discuss its implications for the equivalence principle. This extension of quantum mechanics rests on the Galilean line group, the semidirect product of the real line and the group of analytic functions from the real line to the Euclidean group in three dimensions. This group provides transformations between all inertial and non-inertial reference frames and contains the Galilei group as a subgroup. We construct a certain class of unitary representations of the Galilean line group and show that these repre…
