Jon Eakins, George Jaroszkiewicz
We use the laws of relativistic physics to show that classically motivated counterfactual statements are inadequate when discussing the principles of quantum physics and that EPR style arguments against state reduction are incorrect.
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A Semantics for Counterfactuals in Quantum Causal Models
本文提出量子结构因果模型及溯因—行动—预测反事实语义，区分主动与被动查询，并证明量子模型兼容经典反事实且可表达无因果依赖的反事实依赖。
In order to address the measurement problem of quantum theory we make the assumption that quantum state reduction should be regarded as a genuine physical process deserving of a dynamical description. Generalizing the nonrelativistic spontaneous localization models of Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber, and Pearle, a relativistic state reduction mechanism is proposed. The mechanism involves nonlinear stochastic modifications to the standard description of unitary state evolution and the introduction of a mediating field to facilitate smearing of quantum field interactions.
In this paper we reconsider the constraints which are imposed by relativistic requirements to any model of dynamical reduction. We review the debate on the subject and we call attention on the fundamental contributions by Aharonov and Albert. Having done this we present a new formulation, which is much simpler and more apt for our analysis, of the proposal put forward by these authors to perform measurements of nonlocal observables by means of local interactions and detections. We take into account recently proposed relativistic models of dynamical reduction and we show that, in spite of some …
A model of state reduction in relativistic quantum field theory involving a nonlinear stochastic extension of Schrödinger's equation is outlined. The eigenstates of the annihilation operator are chosen as the preferred basis onto which reduction occurs. These are the coherent states which saturate the bound of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, exhibiting classical-like behavior. The quantum harmonic oscillator is studied in detail before generalizing to relativistic scalar quantum field theory. The infinite rates of increase in energy density which have plagued recent relativistic proposals…
Evolution of a physical quantum state vector is described as governed by two distinct physical laws: Continuous, unitary time evolution and a relativistically covariant reduction process. In previous literature, it was concluded that a relativistically satisfactory version of the collapse postulate is in contradiction with physical measurements of a non-local state history. Here it is shown that such measurements are excluded when reduction is formulated as a physical process and the measurement devices are included as part of the state vector.
A mechanism describing state reduction dynamics in relativistic quantum field theory is outlined. The mechanism involves nonlinear stochastic modifications to the standard description of unitary state evolution and the introduction of a relativistic field in which a quantized degree of freedom is associated to each point in spacetime. The purpose of this field is to mediate in the interaction between classical stochastic influences and conventional quantum fields. The equations of motion are Lorentz covariant, frame independent, and do not result in divergent behavior. It is shown that the mat…
A Lorentz invariant model for gravity-induced quantum state reduction is presented, which is mainly developed from Penrose's argument that the time translation operator in a superposition of macroscopic states is ill-defined. The problem to define a Lorentz invariant stochastic dynamics for the wave-function is solved by assuming that the stochastic time flow is running orthogonal to the deterministic, unitary time evolution inside the four-dimensional space-time, which makes the direction of causality independent from the chosen reference frame. This new view allows to accept Bell's position …
We review the argument that latent image formation is a measurement in which the state vector collapses, requiring an enhanced noise parameter in objective reduction models. Tentative observation of a residual noise at this level, plus several experimental bounds, imply that the noise must be colored (i.e., non-white), and hence frame dependent and non-relativistic. Thus a relativistic objective reduction model, even if achievable in principle, would be incompatible with experiment, the best one can do is the non-relativistic CSL model. This negative conclusion has a positive aspect, in that t…
Evidence for Counterfactual Violation of Local Conservation Laws in Quantum Events
该研究通过光学实验提供量子事件违反局域动量守恒的反事实证据，发现超振荡区域提取的光子平均横向动量与守恒界限不符，高动量光子速率超预测，或为不依赖纠缠的新型量子非局域性首个实例。
Inspired by possible connections between gravity and foundational question in quantum theory, we consider an approach for the adaptation of objective collapse models to a general relativistic context. We apply these ideas to a list of open problems in cosmology and quantum gravity, such as the emergence of seeds of cosmic structure, the black hole information issue, the problem of time in quantum gravity and, in a more speculative manner, to the nature of dark energy and the origin of the very special initial state of the universe. We conclude that objective collapse models offer a rather prom…
In this paper, we develop a formalism describing in a relativistic way a system which consists of a classical and a quantum part being coupled. The formalism models one particle with spin 1/2 and it is a possible relativistic extension of the Event-Enhanced Quantum Theory. We postulate a covariant algorithm which plays the role of the standard reduction postulate in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Furthermore, we present an algorithm to simulate detections of the particle.
Causality imposes strong restrictions on the type of operators that may be observables in relativistic quantum theories. In fact, causal violations arise when computing conditional probabilities for certain partial causally connected measurements using the standard non covariant procedure. Here we introduce another way of computing conditional probabilities, based on an intrinsic covariant relational order of the events, which differs from the standard one when these type of measurements are included. This alternative procedure is compatible with a wider and very natural class of operators wit…
Entanglement is perhaps the most important new feature of the quantum world. It is expressed in quantum theory by the joint measurement formula. We prove the formula for self-adjoint observables from a plausible assumption, which for spacelike separated measurements is an expression of relativistic causality. State reduction is simply a way to express the JMF after one measurement has been made, and its result known.
We review the major achievements of the dynamical reduction program, showing why and how it provides a unified, consistent description of physical phenomena, from the microscopic quantum domain to the macroscopic classical one. We discuss the difficulties in generalizing the existing models in order to comprise also relativistic quantum field theories. We point out possible future lines of research, ranging from mathematical physics to phenomenology.
We consider the model of the self-gravity driven spontaneous wavefunction reduction proposed by L. Diosi, R. Penrose et al. and based on a self-consistent system of the Schrodinger and Poisson equations. An analogous system of coupled Dirac and Maxwell-like equations is proposed as a relativization. Regular solutions to the latter form a discrete spectrum in which all the "active" gravitational masses are always positive, and approximately equal to inertial masses and to the mass $m$ of the quanta of Dirac field up to the corrections of order $α^2$. Here $α=(m/M_{pl})^2$ is the gravitational a…
Up to now it has been impossible to find a realistic interpretation for the reduction process in relativistic quantum mechanics. The basic problem is the dependence of the states on the frame within which collapse takes place. A suitable use of the causal structure of the devices involved in the measurement process allows us to introduce a covariant notion for the collapse of quantum states.
We discuss the equivalence principle in quantum mechanics in the context of Newton--Cartan geometry, and non--relativistic twistor theory.
Motivated by the observation of a recent renewal of rather strong interest in the description of bound states by (semi-) relativistic equations of motion, we revisit, for the example of the Woods-Saxon interactions, the eigenvalue problem posed by the spinless Salpeter equation and recall various elementary knowledge, considerations, and techniques that practitioners seeking solutions to this specific reduction of the Bethe-Salpeter equation may find helpful.
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