A logical interpretation of a delayed-choice, quantum eraser experiment

Stage analysis of delayed-choice and quantum eraser experiments

Delayed choice and quantum eraser experiments have attracted much interest recently, both theoretically and experimentally. In particular, they have prompted suggestions that quantum mechanics involves acausal effects. Using a recently developed approach which takes apparatus into account, we present a detailed analysis of various double-slit experiments to show that this is never the case. Instead, quantum experiments can be described in terms of a novel concept of time called stages. These can cut across the conventional linear time parameter as experienced in the laboratory and appear to vi…

延迟选择量子擦除方案中用于量子关联的相位控制相干光子

Phase-controlled coherent photons for the quantum correlations in a delayed-choice quantum eraser scheme

本文提出利用四分之一波片诱导相移实现相干控制量子擦除间高阶强度乘积的相位量子化，给出了类德布罗意波量子特性和非局域量子关联的理论解，以进一步讨论量子力学。

Random Delayed-Choice Quantum Eraser via Two-Photon Imaging

We report on a delayed-choice quantum eraser experiment based on a two-photon imaging scheme using entangled photon pairs. After the detection of a photon which passed through a double-slit, a random delayed choice is made to erase or not erase the which-path information by the measurement of its distant entangled twin; the particle-like and wave-like behavior of the photon are then recorded simultaneously and respectively by only one set of joint detection devices. The present eraser takes advantage of two-photon imaging. The complete which-path information of a photon is transferred to its d…

The 'Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser' Neither Erases Nor Delays

It is demonstrated that 'quantum eraser' (QE) experiments do not erase any information. Nor do they demonstrate retrocausation or 'temporal nonlocality' in their 'delayed choice' form, beyond standard EPR correlations. It is shown that the erroneous erasure claims arise from assuming that the improper mixed state of the signal photon physically prefers either the 'which way' or 'both ways' basis, when no such preference is warranted. The latter point is illustrated through comparison of the QE spatial state space with the spin-1/2 space of particles in the EPR-spin experiment.

Macroscopic quantum correlation in a delayed-choice quantum eraser scheme

Quantum entanglement is known as a unique feature of quantum mechanics, which cannot be obtained from classical physics. Recently, a coherence interpretation has been conducted for the delayed-choice quantum eraser using coherent photon pairs, where phase-locked symmetric frequency detuning between paired photons plays an essential role for selective measurement-caused nonlocal correlation. Here, a macroscopic version of the nonlocal correlation is presented using orthogonally polarized optical fields in a continuous wave quantum eraser scheme in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The result…

Classical model of delayed-choice quantum eraser

Wheeler's delayed-choice experiment was conceived to illustrate the paradoxical nature of wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics. In the experiment, quantum light can exhibit either wave-like interference patterns or particle-like anti-correlations, depending upon the (possibly delayed) choice of the experimenter. A variant known as the quantum eraser uses entangled light to recover the lost interference in a seemingly nonlocal and retrocausal manner. Although it is believed that this behavior is incompatible with classical physics, here we show that the observed quantum phenomena can be r…

Demystifying the Delayed-Choice Quantum Eraser

The delayed-choice quantum eraser has long been a subject of controversy, and has been looked at as being incomprehensible to having retro-causal effect in time. Here the delayed-choice quantum eraser is theoretically analyzed using standard quantum mechanics. Employing Mach-Zehnder interferometer, instead of a conventional two-slit interference, brings in surprising clarity. Some common mistakes in interpreting the experiment are pointed out. It is demonstrated that in the delayed mode there is no which-way information present after the particle is registered on the screen or the final detect…

延迟选择量子擦除器与 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen 佯谬

Delayed-choice quantum erasers and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox

本文证明非对称 Mach–Zehnder 延迟选择量子擦除器与 EPR-Bohm 实验形式等价，并区分两类量子擦除器，进而澄清反事实推理、路径信息擦除及 MWI 的概念意义。

Delayed-choice quantum eraser for the undergraduate laboratory

In a delayed-choice quantum eraser, interference fringes are obtained by erasing which-way information after the interfering particle has already been irreversibly detected. Following an introductory review of delayed-choice experiments and quantum erasure, we describe the experimental realization of an optical delayed-choice quantum eraser, suitable for advanced undergraduates, based on polarization-entangled pairs of single photons. In our experiment, the delay of the erasure is implemented using two different setups. The first setup employs an arrangement of mirrors to increase the optical …

Alternative analysis of the delayed-choice quantum eraser with two entangled particles

According to Quantum Mechanics, the particles can exhibit either particle properties or wave properties depending on the experimental set up (wave-particle dualism). A special behavior occurs for a system of two entangled particles 1 and 2 that propagate along two different directions in the space. In such a case, the entangled particle 2 should exhibit either the particle behavior or the wave behavior depending on the kind of measurement that is performed on particle 1 whatever is the actual distance between the two particles. The apparently surprising fact is that the "choice" of what kind o…

在延迟选择量子擦除方案中利用相位控制相干光子观测超分辨

Observations of super-resolution using phase-controlled coherent photons in a delayed-choice quantum eraser scheme

该研究在延迟选择量子擦除方案中利用相位控制相干光子实现高阶强度关联超分辨，相位分辨率达到海森堡极限，为兼容相干光学技术的实用量子传感提供新途径。

延迟选择量子擦除之谜

The Enigma of Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser

该研究探讨了延迟选择量子擦除实验，揭示了路径信息擦除后干涉再现的现象，并讨论了其对量子力学中互补性原理和逆行因果关系的影响。

延迟选择量子擦除器架构的结构约束

Structural constraint on delayed-choice quantum eraser architectures

通过引入概率约束，证明延迟选择量子擦除器架构中四个直观属性不能同时满足，从而对方案进行分类并阐明条件干涉图样的产生机制。

A delayed choice quantum eraser explained by the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics

This paper explains the delayed choice quantum eraser of Kim et al. in terms of the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics by John Cramer. It is kept deliberately mathematically simple to help explain the transactional technique. The emphasis is on a clear understanding of how the instantaneous "collapse" of the wave function due to a measurement at a specific time and place may be reinterpreted as a gradual collapse over the entire path of the photon and over the entire transit time from slit to detector. This is made possible by the use of a retarded offer wave, which is thought t…

延迟选择量子擦除器中非局域实在性的相干性解释

A coherence interpretation of nonlocal realism in the delayed-choice quantum eraser

本文用相干性解释延迟选择量子擦除器中类空间分离光子的非局域条纹，指出其源于符合探测引起的选择性测量和积基叠加，并强调固定和相位关系是传统粒子性量子力学无法解释的先决条件。

量子电路中延迟选择量子擦除器的互补关系

Complementarity relations of a delayed-choice quantum eraser in a quantum circuit

提出一种通过可调两体纠缠模拟延迟选择量子擦除器的量子电路，从三个视角研究干涉可见度与路径可区分性的互补关系，并在 IBM Quantum 平台实验验证了理论预测及延迟选择测量的有效性。

解释延迟选择量子擦除器的标准量子力学处理方法

A Standard Quantum Mechanical Treatment to Rationalize the Delayed-Choice Quantum Eraser

本文用标准量子力学解释延迟选择量子擦除实验，将其映射为双向斯特恩-盖拉赫框架，证明量子擦除是测量纠缠态的预期结果，逆因果性错觉源于不合法问题，时间正向描述即可解释该实验。

宏观延迟选择与逆因果性：利用薛定谔猫态进行量子擦除、Leggett-Garg和维度见证测试

Macroscopic delayed-choice and retrocausality: quantum eraser, Leggett-Garg and dimension witness tests with cat states

该研究提出用宏观量子比特（宏观可区分相干态叠加的猫态）开展延迟选择实验，测试量子擦除、Leggett-Garg和维度见证，探讨宏观逆因果性与弱宏观实在论的关系，揭示相关不等式违背及微观EPR悖论。

驯服延迟选择量子擦除器

Taming the Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser

探讨延迟选择量子擦除器实验，通过类比贝尔型测量在标准量子力学中解释，指出其类似贝尔型场景无神秘之处，消除所谓‘时间回溯影响’问题，在德布罗意 - 玻姆图景中粒子轨迹可明确描述。

基于量子擦除器的量子密钥分发

Quantum key distribution based on the quantum eraser

本文将量子擦除器拓展为量子密钥分发的通用平台，给出安全共享随机密钥的教学算法，并提出基于量子电路的实现方案。

通过偏振基投影测量利用相位控制量子擦除器的强度乘积实现相干激发超分辨

Coherently excited superresolution using intensity product of phase-controlled quantum erasers via polarization-basis projection measurements

本文提出一种基于相位控制量子擦除器强度乘积的通用超分辨方案，推导了任意N阶强度关联的一般解，克服经典衍射极限并兼容传统传感计量。

The Quantum Self-eraser

A scheme for an atomic beam quantum self-eraser is presented. The proposal is based on time reversal invariance on a quantum optical Ramsey fringes experiment, where a realization of complementarity for atomic coherence can be achieved. It consists of two high finesse resonators that are pumped and probed by the same atom. This property relates quantum erasing with time reversal symmetry, allowing for a full quantum erasing of the which-way information stored in the cavity fields. The outlined scheme also prepares and observes a non-local state in the fields of the resonators: a coherent super…

The Quantum Eraser from a Weak Values Perspective

The quantum eraser variant of the double-slit experiment, and its 'delayed choice' sub-variant, are considered from the perspective of weak value and weak measurement theory (which is briefly reintroduced here). The interference fringes that appear when measuring certain spin states, which can then be 'erased' when measuring other spin states, are shown to be anomalous weak values that depend on particular post-selection choices. By framing the choice of spin measurement as a weak value of a certain weak measurement, it is then made clear what physical claims can and cannot be made about what …

Coherently excited nonlocal quantum features using polarization-frequency correlation via a quantum eraser

Indistinguishability is an essential concept to understanding mysterious quantum features in the view point of the wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics. The fundamental physics of the indistinguishability lies in quantum superposition of a single photon via orthogonal bases in a Hilbert space. Here, a pure coherence approach is applied to the nonlocal correlation using coherent photons manipulated for polarization-frequency correlation. For this, both wave mixing and heterodyne detection techniques are applied for the delayed-choice experiments of a quantum eraser using coherent photons …

A double-slit quantum eraser

We report a quantum eraser experiment which actually uses a Young double-slit to create interference. The experiment can be considered an optical analogy of an experiment proposed by Scully, Englert and Walther. One photon of an entangled pair is incident on a Young double-slit of appropriate dimensions to create an interference pattern in a distant detection region. Quarter-wave plates, oriented so that their fast axes are orthogonal, are placed in front of each slit to serve as which-path markers. The quarter-wave plates mark the polarization of the interfering photon and thus destroy the in…

在量子计算机上演示Scully-Drühl型量子擦除器

Demonstration of Scully-Drühl-type quantum erasers on quantum computers

提出新型量子电路真正实现Scully-Drühl型延迟选择量子擦除器，在IBM Quantum和IonQ处理器上验证了干涉图样恢复，消除了逆因果性哲学漏洞并实现微秒级延迟擦除。

Quantum Erasure by Transverse Indistinguishability

We show that the first experiment with double-slits and twin photons detected in coincidence can be understood as a quantum eraser. The ``which path'' information is erased by transverse indistinguishability obtained by means of mode filtering in the twin conjugated beam. A delayed choice quantum eraser based on the same scheme is proposed.

纠缠于时空之中

Entangled in Spacetime

本文基于量子叠加、纠缠与非局域波函数坍缩，分析延迟选择量子擦除实验中测量对粒子行为的逆向影响，揭示量子力学如何调和延迟选择悖论。

Active and Passive Quantum Erasers for Neutral Kaons

Quantum marking and quantum erasure are discussed for the neutral kaon system. Contrary to other two-level systems, strangeness and lifetime of a neutral kaon state can be alternatively measured via an "active" or a "passive" procedure. This offers new quantum erasure possibilities. In particular, the operation of a quantum eraser in the "delayed choice" mode is clearly illustrated.

利用量子擦除器之间的偏振-频率关联相干激发非局域量子特性

Coherently excited nonlocal quantum features using polarization-frequency correlation between quantum erasers

本文基于泊松分布相干光子对的偏振-频率关联，利用门控外差探测和滤波技术实现类空间分离量子擦除器间的非局域关联，并数值验证了贝尔不等式违背。

The double-slit quantum eraser experiments and Hardy's paradox in the quantum linguistic interpretation

Recently we proposed the linguistic interpretation of quantum mechanics (called quantum and classical measurement theory), which was characterized as a kind of metaphysical and linguistic turn of the Copenhagen interpretation. This turn from physics to language does not only extend quantum theory to classical systems but also yield the quantum mechanical world view (i.e., quantum philosophy or quantum language). The purpose of this paper is to formulate the double-slit experiment, the quantum eraser experiment, Wheeler's delayed choice experiment, Hardy's paradox and the three boxes paradox (t…

延迟选择实验：前向时间分析

Delayed choice experiments: An analysis in forward time

本文基于教科书量子力学，前向时间分析了Wheeler经典思想实验和延迟量子擦除器，证明无需未来信息即可解释结果，且改变时间顺序的修改版会导致相同最终状态，说明场景在操作意义上完全等价。

A two-fold quantum delayed-choice experiment in a superconducting circuit

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a two-fold quantum delayed-choice experiment where wave or particle nature of a superconducting interfering device can be post-selected twice after the interferometer. The wave-particle complementarity is controlled by a quantum which-path detector (WPD) in a superposition of its on and off states implemented through a superconducting cavity. The WPD projected to its on state records which-path information, which manifests the particle nature and destroys the interference associated with wave nature of the system. In our experiment, we can recover the …

ERASER：面向容错量子计算的自适应泄漏抑制

ERASER: Towards Adaptive Leakage Suppression for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing

针对量子纠错中泄漏错误难以实时识别的问题，本文提出ERASER及其增强版ERASER+M，通过推测泄漏量子比特并选择性使用泄漏减少电路，显著降低逻辑错误率。

Delayed choice experiments and causality in quantum mechanics

Although it may seem The Delayed Choice experiments contradict causality and one could construct an experiment which could possibly affect the past, using Many World interpretation we prove it is not possible. We also find a mathematical background to Which-path information and show why its obtainability prevents system from interfering. We find a system which exhibit both interference and correlation and show why one-particle interference and correlations are complementary. Better visible interference pattern leads to worse correlations and vice versa. Then, using knowledge gained from Quantu…

Delayed Choice, Complementarity, Entanglement and Measurement

It is well known that Wheeler proposed several delayed choice experiments in order to show the impossibility to speak of the way a quantum system behaves before being detected. In a double-slit experiment, when do photons decide to travel by one way or by two ways? Delayed choice experiments seem to indicate that, strangely, it is possible to change the decision of the photons until the very last moment before they are detected. This led Wheeler to his famous sentence: No elementary quantum phenomenon is a phenomenon until it is a registered phenomenon, brought to a close by an irreversible ac…

量子擦除悖论

The Quantum Eraser Paradox

该研究通过扩展延迟选择量子擦除实验提出一个悖论，论证量子力学中选择不能影响过去，需违反统计独立性而非反向因果，并提出可区分隐变量理论的新实验。

Corpuscular Event-by-Event Simulation of Quantum Optics Experiments: Application to a Quantum-Controlled Delayed-Choice Experiment

A corpuscular simulation model of optical phenomena that does not require the knowledge of the solution of a wave equation of the whole system and reproduces the results of Maxwell's theory by generating detection events one-by-one is discussed. The event-based corpuscular model gives a unified description of multiple-beam fringes of a plane parallel plate and single-photon Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Wheeler's delayed choice, photon tunneling, quantum eraser, two-beam interference, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm and Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiments. The approach is illustrated by application to…

Quantum Mechanics May Need Consciousness

The assertion by Yu and Nikolic that the delayed choice quantum eraser experiment of Kim et al. empirically falsifies the consciousness-causes-collapse hypothesis of quantum mechanics is based on the unfounded and false assumption that the failure of a quantum wave function to collapse implies the appearance of a visible interference pattern.

Remote-Sensing Quantum Hyperspace by Entangled Photon Interferometry

Even though ideas of extracting future-related, or Faster-Than-Light (FTL) information from hyperspace using quantum entanglement have generally been refuted in the last ten years, in this paper we show that the original 'Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser Experiment', 1st performed by Yoon-Ho Kim, R. Yu, S.P. Kulik, Y.H. Shih, designed by Marlan O. Scully & Druhl in 1982-1999, still features hidden topological properties that may have been overlooked by previous analysis, and which prohibit, by principle, the extraction of future-related or real-time information from the detection of the signal pa…

On the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics: Wave-Particle Non-Duality and the Nature of Physical Reality

The Schrödinger's wave function can naturally be realized as an 'instantaneous resonant spatial mode' in which quantum particle moves and hence the Born's rule is derived after identifying its origin. This realization facilitates the visualization of `what's really going on?' in the Young's double-slit experiment which is known to be the central mystery of quantum mechanics. Also, an actual mechanism underlying the `spooky-action-at-a-distance', another mystery regarding the entangled quantum particles, is revealed. Wheeler's delayed choice experiments, delayed choice quantum eraser experiment…

Bell's inequalities II: logical loophole in their interpretation

Assumed data streams from a delayed choice gedanken experiment must satisfy a Bell's identity independently of locality assumptions. The violation of Bell's inequality by assumed correlations of identical form among these data streams implies that they cannot all result from statistically equivalent variables of a homogeneous process. This is consistent with both the requirements of arithmetic and distinctions between commuting and noncommuting observables in quantum mechanics. Neglect of these distinctions implies a logical loophole in the conventional interpretation of Bell's inequalities.

Event-based Corpuscular Model for Quantum Optics Experiments

A corpuscular simulation model of optical phenomena that does not require the knowledge of the solution of a wave equation of the whole system and reproduces the results of Maxwell's theory by generating detection events one-by-one is presented. The event-based corpuscular model is shown to give a unified description of multiple-beam fringes of a plane parallel plate, single-photon Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Wheeler's delayed choice, photon tunneling, quantum erasers, two-beam interference, double-slit, and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm and Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiments.

使用中性原子 qLDPC 存储器的延迟选择量子纠缠“跑腿网络”资源估算

Resource Estimation for Delayed Choice Quantum Entanglement Based Sneakernet Networks Using Neutral Atom qLDPC Memories

本文提出由中心方借助中性原子 qLDPC 量子存储器和延迟选择纠缠交换构建 sneakernet 量子网络，并证明其相较表面码具有更优资源扩展性。

Quantum erasure with causally disconnected choice

The counterintuitive features of quantum physics challenge many common-sense assumptions. In an interferometric quantum eraser experiment, one can actively choose whether or not to erase which-path information, a particle feature, of one quantum system and thus observe its wave feature via interference or not by performing a suitable measurement on a distant quantum system entangled with it. In all experiments performed to date, this choice took place either in the past or, in some delayed-choice arrangements, in the future of the interference. Thus in principle, physical communications betwee…

基于窗口相关解码的大规模量子计算可扩展常数时间逻辑门

Scalable Constant-Time Logical Gates for Large-Scale Quantum Computation Using Window-Based Correlated Decoding

本文提出一种结合延迟修复线路与窗口相关解码的架构，实现可扩展常数时间逻辑门，降低解码频率和持续时间，并支持时间最优容错量子计算，适用于离子阱等大规模量子计算系统。

Event-by-event simulation of experiments to create entanglement and violate Bell inequalities

We discuss a discrete-event, particle-based simulation approach which reproduces the statistical distributions of Maxwell's theory and quantum theory by generating detection events one-by-one. This event-based approach gives a unified cause-and-effect description of quantum optics experiments such as single-photon Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Wheeler's delayed choice, quantum eraser, double-slit, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm and Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiments, and various neutron interferometry experiments at a level of detail which is not covered by conventional quantum theoretical descripti…

The Backwards-Time Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - Revisited With Experiment

The classic paper of Clauser et al proved that Bell's Theorem experiments rule out all theories of physics which assume locality, time-forwards causality and the existence of an objective real world. The Backwards-Time Interpretation (BTI) tries to recover realism and locality by permitting backwards time causality. BTI should permit dramatic simplification of the assumptions or axioms of physics, but requires new work in fundamental mathematics, such as new tools for the "closure of turbulence," the derivation of statistics generated by ODE or PDE. Recent events like the Delayed Choice Quantu…

利用容错量子算法中的量子比特丢失检测

Leveraging Qubit Loss Detection in Fault Tolerant Quantum Algorithms

本研究提出了一种延迟擦除解码器，利用量子比特丢失检测信息来纠正丢失误差，优化了逻辑电路中的误差纠正策略，提升了容错量子计算的性能。

为什么干涉现象没有抓住量子理论的本质

Why interference phenomena do not capture the essence of quantum theory

本文提出经典离散场的统计“玩具场论”，复现量子干涉及相关实验现象，同时避免波粒二象、观察者依赖实在和逆时间因果等激进解释。

Performance analysis of quantum repeaters enabled by deterministically generated photonic graph states

By encoding logical qubits into specific types of photonic graph states, one can realize quantum repeaters that enable fast entanglement distribution rates approaching classical communication. However, the generation of these photonic graph states requires a formidable resource overhead using traditional approaches based on linear optics. Overcoming this challenge, a number of new schemes have been proposed that employ quantum emitters to deterministically generate photonic graph states. Although these schemes have the potential to significantly reduce the resource cost, a systematic compariso…

量子测量无坍缩或多重世界：分支希尔伯特子空间解释

Quantum Measurement Without Collapse or Many Worlds: The Branched Hilbert Subspace Interpretation

BHSI提出一种无需波函数坍缩或多重世界的量子测量解释，通过分支希尔伯特子空间的退相干和单位元演化，维持Born规则并解释量子现象。