M. Mori, M. Kando, I. Daito, H. Kotaki, Y. Hayashi, A. Yamazaki, K. Ogura, A. Sagisaka, J. Koga, K. Nakajima, H. Daido, S. V. Bulanov, T. Kimura
The regimes of quasi-mono-energetic electron beam generation were experimentally studied in the sub-relativistic intensity laser plasma interaction. The observed electron acceleration regime is unfolded with two-dimensional-particle-in-cell simulations of laser-wakefield generation in the self-modulation regime.
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A laser-boosted relativistic solid-density paraboloidal foil is known to efficiently reflect and focus a counterpropagating laser pulse. Here we show that in the case of an ultrarelativistic counterpropagating pulse, a high-energy and ultrahigh intensity reflected pulse can be more effectively generated by a relatively slow and heavy foil than by a fast and light one. This counterintuitive result is explained with the larger reflectivity of a heavy foil, which compensates for its lower relativistic Doppler factor. Moreover, since the counterpropagating pulse is ultrarelativistic, the foil is a…
The electron dynamics in the ultra-high intensity laser pulse with radiation friction force in theLandau-Lifshitz form are studied. It is demonstrated that widely used approximation, where onlythe term dominating the dissipation of electron kinetic energy is retained in the expression for theradiation friction, is incorrect for the case of diverging electron trajectories. As a matter of fact, forlarge friction force effects, all components of the radiation friction force in the Landau-Lifshitz formhave the same order in the equation of electron motion, being equally important for both electron…
We investigate the generation of twin $γ$ ray beams in collision of an ultrahigh intensity laser pulse with a laser wakefield accelerated electron beam by using particle-in-cell simulation. We consider the composed target of a homogeneous underdense preplasma in front of an ultrathin solid foil. The electrons in the preplasma are trapped and accelerated by the wakefield. When the laser pulse is reflected by the thin solid foil, the wakefield accelerated electrons continue to move forward and passing through the foil almost without the influence of the reflected laser pulse and the foil. Conseq…
In the ion acceleration by radiation pressure a transverse inhomogeneity of the electromagnetic pulse results in the displacement of the irradiated target in the off-axis direction limiting achievable ion energy. This effect is described analytically within the framework of the thin foil target model and with the particle-in-cell simulations showing that the maximum energy of accelerated ions decreases while the displacement from the axis of the target initial position increases. The results obtained can be applied for optimization of the ion acceleration by the laser radiation pressure with t…
We propose new nanotargets as nano-layered flat-top cone targets to be used for future laser-ion acceleration experiments at ELI-NP. We study their behaviour at the interaction with an ultra-high intensity laser pulse by performing Particle-In-Cell simulations. We analyze spatio-temporal the electromagnetic field based on the finite-difference time-domain method for a complementary description. We find the optimum diameter of the nanospheres and the proper nano-flat-top foil thickness for which one can obtain monoenergetic beams of very energetic ions with low angular divergence.
The efficient generation of intense X-rays and $γ$-radiation is studied. The scheme is based on the relativistic mirror concept, {\it i.e.}, a flying thin plasma slab interacts with a counterpropagating laser pulse, reflecting part of it in the form of an intense ultra-short electromagnetic pulse having an up-shifted frequency. In the proposed scheme a series of relativistic mirrors is generated in the interaction of the intense laser with a thin foil target as the pulse tears off and accelerates thin electron layers. A counterpropagating pulse is reflected by these flying layers in the form o…
The generation of ultra-strong attosecond pulses through laser-plasma interactions offers the opportunity to surpass the intensity of any known laboratory radiation source, giving rise to new experimental possibilities, such as quantum electrodynamical tests and matter probing at extremely short scales. Here we demonstrate that a laser irradiated plasma surface can act as an efficient converter from the femto- to the attosecond range, giving a dramatic rise in pulse intensity. Although seemingly similar schemes have been presented in the literature, the present setup deviates significantly fro…
It is shown that when relativistically intense ultrashort laser pulses are reflected from the boundary of a plasma with a near-critical density, Doppler frequency shift leads to generation of intense radiation both in the high-frequency, up to the X-ray, range, and in the low-frequency, mid-infrared, range. The efficiency of energy conversion into the wavelength range of greater than 3 $μ$m can reach several percent, which makes it possible to obtain relativistically intense pulses in the mid-infrared range. These pulses are synchronized with high harmonics in the ultraviolet and X-ray ranges,…
A scheme to generate magnetized relativistic plasmas in laboratory is proposed. It is based on interaction of ultra-high-intensity sub-picosecond laser pulses with few-micron thick foils or films. By means of Particle-In-Cell simulations it is shown that energetic electrons produced by the laser and evacuated at the rear of the target trigger an expansion of the target and builds up a strong azimuthal magnetic field. It is shown that in the expanding plasma sheath a ratio of the magnetic pressure and the electron rest-mass energy density exceeds unity whereas a the plasma pressure is lower tha…
Impulsive excitation of a solid by extreme contrast, high intensity femtosecond laser pulses
本文通过泵浦-探测实验与流体动力学模拟，研究了极端对比度高强度飞秒激光与固体相互作用中由极端压力驱动的约15皮秒强向内冲击波，并揭示了其超快动力学机制。
We have investigated proton acceleration in the forward direction from a near-critical density hydrogen gas jet target irradiated by a high intensity (10^18 W/cm^2), short-pulse (5 ps) laser with wavelength of 1.054 micron. We observe the signature of shock acceleration driven by the laser pulse, leading to monoenergetic proton beams with small divergence in addition to the commonly used electron-sheath driven proton acceleration. The proton energies we obtained are modest (~MeV), but prospects for improvement are offered through tailoring the gas jet density profile. Also, we observe that thi…
It is shown that the transverse Rayleigh-Taylor-like (RT) instability in the hole boring radiation pressure acceleration can be suppressed by using elliptically polarized (EP) laser. A moderate ${J}\times{B}$ heating of the EP laser will thermalize the local electrons, which leads to the transverse diffusion of ions, suppressing the short wavelength perturbations of RT instability. A proper condition of polarization ratio is obtained analytically for the given laser intensity and plasma density. The idea is confirmed by two dimensional Particle-in-Cell simulations, showing that the ion beam dr…
The magnetic quadrupole structure formation during the interaction of two ultra-short high power laser pulses with a collisionless plasma is demonstrated with 2.5-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The subsequent expansion of the quadrupole is accompanied by magnetic field annihilation in the ultrarelativistic regime, when the magnetic field can not be sustained by the plasma current. This results in a dominant contribution of the displacement current exciting a strong large scale electric field. This field leads to the conversion of magnetic energy into kinetic energy of accelerated el…
Isolated Attosecond $γ$-Ray Pulse Generation with Transverse Orbital Angular Momentum Using Intense Spatiotemporal Optical Vortex Lasers
本研究提出利用强时空光学涡旋激光产生具有横向轨道角动量的孤立阿秒γ射线脉冲，克服了传统方法的束流发散和双激光需求，为超快成像与核激发应用开辟新途径。
Super-ponderomotive electron acceleration in blowout plasma heated by multi-picosecond relativistic intensity laser pulse
本研究利用无预脉冲LFEX激光开展多皮秒激光—等离子体实验，揭示自生准静态电磁场辅助的超有质动力相对论电子加速机制，并推导增强加速的阈值脉冲宽度。
It is shown that the transverse Rayleigh Taylor like instability can be well stabilized by using elliptically polarized laser in the hole boring radiation pressure acceleration regime. The $\bm{J}\times\bm{B}$ effect of the laser will thermalize the local electrons and support a transverse diffusion mechanism of the ions, resulting in the stabilization of the short wavelength perturbations, which is quite similar to the ablative Rayleigh Taylor instability in the initial confinement fusion research. The proper range of polarization ratio is obtained from a theoretical model for the given laser…
We describe how active feedback routines can be applied at limited repetition rate (5 Hz) to optimize high-power $>10$ TW) laser interactions with clustered gases. Optimization of x-ray production from an argon cluster jet, using a genetic algorithm, approximately doubled the measured energy through temporal modification of the 150 mJ driving laser pulse. This approach achieved an increased radiation yield through exploration of a multi-dimensional parameter space, without requiring detailed a priori knowledge of the complex cluster dynamics. The optimized laser pulses exhibited a slow rising …
Analytical Description of Backward Stimulated Raman Scattering Short Pulse Gain factor for Gaussian and Square Pulses
本文解析比较了能量等效的高斯脉冲与方形脉冲对后向受激拉曼散射增长的影响，证明脉冲时间结构显著影响增长率，并发现能量等效方形脉冲与高斯脉冲产生相同的总B-SRS增长。
We consider the Thomson scattering of an electron in an ultra-intense chirped laser pulse. It is found that the introduction of a negative chirp means the electron enters a high frequency region of the field while it still has a large proportion of its original energy. This results in a significant enhancement of the energy and intensity of the emitted radiation as compared to the case without chirping.
In plasma-based backward Raman amplifiers, the output pulse intensity increases with the input pump pulse intensity, as long as the Langmuir wave mediating energy transfer from the pump to the seed pulse remains intact. However, at high pump intensity, the Langmuir wave breaks, at which point the amplification efficiency may no longer increase with the pump intensity. Numerical simulations presented here, employing a 1D Vlasov-Maxwell code, show that, although the amplification efficiency remains high when the pump only mildly exceeds the wavebreaking threshold, the efficiency drops precipitou…
Generation of mega-gauss axial and azimuthal magnetic fields in a solid plasma by ultrahigh intensity, circularly polarised femtosecond laser pulses
实验和模拟表明，圆偏振飞秒激光在固体等离子体中同时产生量级相当的轴向和方位角磁场，且圆偏振增强轴向约束，并捕捉到磁场的湍流演化。
Asymmetry in laser wakefields driven by intense pulses
本文提出了一种方法，推导出强激光脉冲中电子非零横向动量的精确解析公式，解释了观测到的wakefield不对称效应。
A method is proposed to generate low emittance electron bunches from two color laser pulses in a laser-plasma accelerator. A two-region gas structure is used, containing a short region of a high-Z gas (e.g., krypton) for ionization injection, followed by a longer region of a low-Z gas for post-acceleration. A long-laser-wavelength (e.g., 5 micron) pump pulse excites plasma wake without triggering the inner-shell electron ionization of the high-Z gas due to low electric fields. A short-laser-wavelength (e.g., 0.4 micron) injection pulse, located at a trapping phase of the wake, ionizes the inne…
The basic understanding of high-intensity femtosecond laser absorption in a solid is crucial for high-energy-density science. This multidimensional problem has many variables like laser parameters, solid target material, and geometry of the excitation. This is important for a basic understanding of intense laser-matter interaction as well for applications such as `plasma mirror'. Here, we have experimentally observed high-intensity, high-contrast femtosecond laser absorption by an optically polished fused silica target at near-relativistic laser intensities ($\sim$10$^{18}$ W/cm$^2$). The lase…
The creation of attosecond pulses via laser-plasma interaction has been a subject of great scientific interest for more than three decades. This process is investigated by using particle-in-cell simulation with varying the plasma and laser parameters. The steepness of the density gradient at the plasma-vacuum interface is examined to see how this parameter affects the high-order harmonic generations and isolated-attosecond pulse creation. The optimal density gradient lengths $L$ are explored within the relativistic oscillating mirror mechanism. Although the ideal gradient lengths for the full …
Today's high-power laser systems are capable of reaching photon intensities up to $10^{22}$ W/cm^2, generating plasmas when interacting with material. The high intensity and ultrashort laser pulse duration (fs) make direct observation of plasma dynamics a challenging task. In the field of laser-plasma physics and especially for the acceleration of ions, the spatio-temporal intensity distribution is one of the most critical aspects. We describe a novel method based on a single-shot (i.e. single laser pulse) chirped probing scheme, taking nine sequential frames at framerates up to THz. This tech…
Measurements are reported of the target neutralization current, the target charge, and the tangential component of the magnetic field generated as a result of laser-target interaction by pulses with the energy in the range of 45 mJ to 92 mJ on target and the pulse duration from 39 fs to 1000 fs. The experiment was performed at the Eclipse facility in CELIA, Bordeaux. The aim of the experiment was to extend investigations performed for the thick (mm scale) targets to the case of thin (micrometer thickness) targets in a way that would allow for a straightforward comparison of the results. We fou…
Effects of colliding laser pulses polarization on $ e^{-}e^{+} $ cascade development in extreme focusing
本研究针对极端聚焦下激光脉冲偏振影响电子-正电子级联启动的问题，发现径向偏振脉冲能让种子电子在峰值振幅时留存于焦平面，相比同参数圆/线偏振脉冲，可将级联启动所需激光功率降低100/80倍。
In the laser --- electron beam head-on interaction electron energy can decrease due to radiation reaction, i.e. emission of photons. For 10--100~fs laser pulses and for the laser field strength up to the pair photoproduction threshold, it is shown that one can calculate the resulting electron and photon spectra as if the electron beam travels through a constant magnetic field. The strength of this constant field and the interaction time are found as functions of the laser field amplitude and duration. Using of constant field approximation can make a theoretical analysis of stochasticity of the…
We perform a theoretical investigation of the clamped laser intensity inside the filament plasma as a function of gas pressure with external focusing. Unlike the clamped intensity under the selffocusing condition, which is independent on the gas pressure, the clamped intensity with external focusing decreases with the gas pressure. Our findings can explain the changes of the signals of femtosecond-laser-induced 391-nm forward emission and fluorescence with the nitrogen gas pressure.
Plasma waveguides for high-intensity laser pulses
本文介绍了等离子体波导用于增强高强度激光脉冲与物质的相互作用，以产生高能电子束。
Spatiotemporal control of high-intensity laser pulses with a plasma lens
本研究利用等离子体透镜实现高强度激光脉冲的时空控制，使啁啾脉冲产生可任意预设速度的飞行焦点，该器件可近距放置且能在近相对论强度下工作，为激光应用优化提供新途径。
The radiation pressure acceleration regime of laser ion acceleration requires high intensity laser pulses to function efficiently. Moreover the foil should be opaque for incident radiation during the interaction to ensure maximum momentum transfer from the pulse to the foil, which requires proper matching of the target to the laser pulse. However, in the ultrarelativistic regime, this leads to large acceleration distances, over which the high laser intensity for a Gaussian laser pulse must be maintained. It is shown that proper tailoring of the laser pulse profile can significantly reduce the …
Ultra intense lasers are a promising source of energetic ions for various applications. An interesting approach described in Ferri et al. 2019 argues from Particle-in-Cell simulations that using two laser pulses of half energy (half intensity) arriving with close to 45 degrees angle of incidence is significantly more effective at accelerating ions than one pulse at full energy (full intensity). For a variety of reasons, at the time of this writing there has not yet been a true experimental confirmation of this enhancement. In this paper we perform 2D Particle-in-Cell simulations to examine if …
Spatiotemporal pulse shaping provides control over the trajectory and range of an intensity peak. While this control can enhance laser-based applications, the optical configurations required for shaping the pulse can constrain the transverse or temporal profile, duration, or orbital angular momentum (OAM). Here we present a novel technique for spatiotemporal control that mitigates these constraints by using a "stencil" pulse to spatiotemporally structure a second, primary pulse through cross-phase modulation (XPM) in a Kerr lens. The temporally shaped stencil pulse induces a time-dependent foc…
Using spectral interferometry technique, we measured subpicosecond time-resolved pre-plasma scale lengths and early expansion ($<$ 12 ps) of the plasma produced by a high intensity (2$\times$10$^{18}$ W/cm$^{2}$) pulse with ultra-high contrast (10$^{-9}$). We measured pre-plasma scale lengths in the range of 3-15 nm. This measurement plays a crucial role in understanding the mechanism of laser coupling its energy to hot electrons and hence important for laser-driven ion acceleration and fast ignition approach to fusion.
We show that for collisions of electrons with a high-intensity laser, discrete photon emissions introduce a transverse beam spread which is distinct from that due to classical (or beam shape) effects. Via numerical simulations, we show that this quantum induced transverse momentum gain of the electron is manifest in collisions with a realistic laser pulse of intensity within reach of current technology, and we propose it as a measurable signature of strong-field quantum electrodynamics.
We report the first experimental observation of a long-wavelength hosing modulation of a high-intensity laser pulse. Side-view images of the scattered optical radiation at the fundamental wave-length of the laser reveal a transverse oscillation of the laser pulse during its propagation through underdense plasma. The wavelength of the oscillation λ_hosing depends on the background plasma density n_e and scales as λ_hosing~n_e^-3/2. Comparisons with an analytical model and 2-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations reveal that this laser hosing can be induced by a spatio-temporal asymmetry of th…
At the laser acceleration of self-injected electron bunch by plasma wakefield it is important to form bunch with small energy spread and small size. It has been shown that laser-pulse shaping on radius, intensity and shape controls characteristics of the self-injected electron bunch and provides at certain shaping small energy spread and small size of self-injected and accelerated electron bunch.
The resonant generation of relativistic plasma waves and plasma wave guiding by two co-propagating laser pulses has been studied. By proper timing between guiding and driver pulses, a resonant interaction occurs, which generates a high-amplitude plasma wave over a longer length than is possible with either of the laser pulses individually. The growth of the plasma wave is inferred by the measurement of monoenergetic electron beams with low divergence that are not measured by using either of the pulses individually. This scheme can be easily implemented, and allows more control of the interacti…
With the emergence in the next few years of a new breed of high power laser facilities, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how interacting with intense laser pulses affects the bulk properties of a relativistic electron beam. A detailed analysis of the radiative cooling of electrons indicates that, classically, equal contributions to the phase space contraction occur in the transverse and longitudinal directions. In the weakly quantum regime, in addition to an overall reduction in beam cooling, this symmetry is broken, leading to significantly less cooling in the longitudinal …
The collision of ultra-relativistic electron beams with intense short laser pulses makes possible to study QED in the high-intensity regime. Present day high-intensity lasers mostly operate with short pulse durations of several tens of femtoseconds, i.e. only a few optical cycles. A profound theoretical understanding of short pulse effects is important not only for studying fundamental aspects of high-intensity laser matter interaction, but also for applications as novel X- and gamma-ray radiation sources. In this article we give a brief overview of the theory of high-intensity QED with focus …
Propagation of high-intensity, high-contrast ($<10^{-8}$), 50\,fs laser pulses through triangilar copper capillaries is experimentally studied. The relative transmission through 20-mm-long, about 50\,$μ$m wide capillaries is directly measured to be 70\% for input intensities up to $10^{17}\,\text{W/cm}^2$. The copper reflectivity in vacuum, helium, and air is measured in the intensity range of $10^{10}$--$10^{17}\,\text{W/cm}^2$. No reflectivity decrease in vacuum and helium is observed, which leads to the conclusion that copper capillary waveguides can efficiently guide laser pulses of intens…
Programmable Focal Elongation and Shaping of High-Intensity Laser Pulses using Adaptive Optics
本文提出利用自适应光学编程调控高强度激光脉冲的焦点区域，实现对等离子体加速技术的优化与提升。
Ionization is a fundamental process in intense laser-matter interactions, and is known to cause plasma defocusing and intensity clamping. Here, we investigate theoretically the propagation dynamics of an intense laser pulse in a helium gas jet in the ionization saturation regime, and we find that the pulse undergoes self-focusing and self-compression through ionization-induced reshaping, resulting in a manyfold increase in the laser intensity. This unconventional behavior is associated with the spatiotemporal frequency variation mediated by ionization and spatiotempral coupling. Our results il…
The interaction of coherent nonlinear structures (such as sub-cycle solitons, electron vortices and wake Langmuir waves) with a strong wake wave in a collisionless plasma can be exploited in order to produce ultra-short electromagnetic pulses. The electromagnetic field of a coherent nonlinear structure is partially reflected by the electron density modulations of the incident wake wave and a single-cycle high-intensity electromagnetic pulse is formed. Due to the Doppler effect the length of this pulse is much shorter than that of the coherent nonlinear structure. This process is illustrated wi…
A planar laser pulse propagating in vacuum can exhibit an extremely large ponderomotive force. This force, however, cannot impart net energy to an electron: As the pulse overtakes the electron, the initial impulse from its rising edge is completely undone by an equal and opposite impulse from its trailing edge. Here we show that planar-like "flying focus" pulses can break this symmetry, imparting relativistic energies to electrons. The intensity peak of a flying focus-a moving focal point resulting from a chirped laser pulse focused by a chromatic lens-can travel at any subluminal velocity, fo…
Topologically constrained high intensity light propagation in air
本研究通过时空光学涡旋控制高强度激光脉冲在大气中的长距离纤维化，揭示了拓扑约束缺陷动态在非线性波传播中的作用。
Photon acceleration of high-intensity vector vortex beams into the extreme ultraviolet
本文通过电子束驱动等离子体波中的光子加速，将光学矢量涡旋脉冲转换为高强度、波长可调的极紫外矢量涡旋脉冲，模拟显示强度提升至10^20 W/cm^2以上，具有亚飞秒持续时间和平坦波前，扩展了XUV光源的应用。
Ionization rate vs. laser intensity determined from ion count vs. peak intensity due to neutral gas exposure to an 800 nm ultrashort pulsed laser
该研究通过数值反演飞行时间离子光谱仪数据，确定Ar、O₂和N₂的光学周期平均电离率与激光强度关系，重新校准相关参数，得出O₂结果与已发表数据重新评估一致的结论。
Hydrodynamic optically-field-ionized (HOFI) plasma channels up to 100mm long are investigated. Optical guiding is demonstrated of laser pulses with a peak input intensity of $6\times10^{17}$ W cm$^{-2}$ through 100mm long plasma channels with on-axis densities measured interferometrically to be as low as $n_{e0} = (1.0\pm0.3)\times10^{17}$cm$^{-3}$. Guiding is also observed at lower axial densities, which are inferred from magneto-hydrodynamic simulations to be approximately $7\times10^{16}$cm$^{-3}$. Measurements of the power attenuation lengths of the channels are shown to be in good agreeme…
The acceleration of super-heavy ions (SHIs) from plasmas driven by ultrashort (tens of femtoseconds) laser pulses is a challenging topic waiting for breakthrough. The detecting and controlling of the ionization process, and the adoption of the optimal acceleration scheme are crucial for the generation of highly energetic SHIs. Here, we report the experimental results on the generation of deeply ionized super-heavy ions (Au) with unprecedented energy of 1.2 GeV utilizing ultrashort laser pulses (22 fs) at the intensity of 10^22 W/cm2. A novel self-calibrated diagnostic method was developed to a…
Powerful incoherent laser pulses can propagate in focusing Kerr media much longer distances than can coherent pulses, due to the fast phase mixing that prevents transverse filamentation. This distance is limited by 4-wave scattering, which accumulates waves at small transverse wavenumbers, where phase mixing is too slow to retain the incoherence and thus prevent the filamentation. However, we identify how this theoretical limit can be overcome by countering this accumulation through transverse heating of the pulse by random fluctuations of the refractive index. In these new regimes, the laser …
Scattering of ultraintense short laser pulses off relativistic electrons allows one to generate a large number of X- or $γ$-ray photons with the expense of the spectral width---temporal pulsing of the laser inevitable leads to considerable spectral broadening. In this Letter, we describe a simple method to generate optimized laser pulses that compensate the nonlinear spectrum broadening, and can be thought of as a superposition of two oppositely linearly chirped pulses delayed with respect to each other. We develop a simple analytical model that allow us to predict the optimal parameters of su…
We propose a laser-controlled plasma shutter technique to generate sharp laser pulses using a process analogous to electromagnetically-induced transparency in atoms. The shutter is controlled by a laser with moderately strong intensity, which induces a transparency window below the cutoff frequency, and hence enables propagation of a low frequency laser pulse. Numerical simulations demonstrate it is possible to generate a sharp pulse wavefront (sub-ps) using two broad pulses in high density plasma. The technique can work in a regime that is not accessible by plasma mirrors when the pulse pedes…
Towards direct spatial and intensity characterization of ultra-high intensity laser pulses using ponderomotive scattering of free electrons
提出利用超低气压气体中自由电子的有质动力散射分布直接测量超高强度激光强度与空间结构，并经两套激光系统实验验证。
Spatiotemporal control over the intensity of a laser pulse has the potential to enable or revolutionize a wide range of laser-based applications that currently suffer from the poor flexibility offered by conventional optics. Specifically, these optics limit the region of high intensity to the Rayleigh range and provide little to no control over the trajectory of the peak intensity. Here, we introduce a nonlinear technique for spatiotemporal control, the "self-flying focus," that produces an arbitrary trajectory intensity peak that can be sustained for distances comparable to the focal length. …
Arbitrary-velocity laser pulses in plasma waveguides
本研究展示了任意速度时空结构化激光脉冲在等离子体波导中的形成与传播，其强度可比固态波导高数个数量级，为等离子体辐射与高能粒子源提供新配置。
Temperature and mean axial momentum vs. laser intensity of electrons released from O$_2$ by an 800 nm ultrashort pulsed laser
研究800nm超短脉冲激光作用下O₂释放电子的温度和平均轴向动量与激光强度关系，提出半经验模型，通过修改理论动能谱及结合经典运动学与光谱拟合来估计平均动量，为电动流体模拟提供初始条件。
Laser-intensity-spike-dominated hot electron generation from two-plasmon decay instability driven by moderate-bandwidth pulses
实验和模拟表明，宽带激光脉冲通过其固有的随机强度尖峰增强双等离子体衰变，从而增加热电子产生，抑制这些尖峰是减少热电子的关键。
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