In some experiments and applications there is need for large-area photosensitive detectors to operate at cryogenic temperatures. Nowadays, vacuum PMs are usually used for this purpose. We have developed special designs of planar photosensitive gaseous detectors able to operate at cryogenic temperatures. Such detectors are much cheaper PMs and are almost insensitive to magnetic fields. Results of systematic measurements of their quantum efficiencies, the maximum achievable gains and long-term stabilities will be presented. The successful operation of these detectors open realistic possibilities in replacing PMs by photosensitive gaseous detectors in some applications dealing with cryogenic liquids; for example in experiments using noble liquid TPCs or noble liquid scintillating calorimeters.
本文介绍了一种新颖的光敏气体探测器，它由双层电极（而不是通常使用的金属电极）涂有CsI反射光电阴极的GEM放大结构组成。在我们的最新设计中，内部电极由金属网格组成，外部电极由电阻条组成;后者通过丝网印刷技术在金属条网格顶部制造。内部金属网格用于2D位置测量，而电阻层在高增益下提供有效的火花保护操作-接近击穿极限。探测器的有效面积为10 cm × 10 cm和10 cm × 20 cm，在各种条件下进行了测试，包括在含有乙基二茂铁或TMAE蒸汽的光敏气体混合物中的操作。新技术可以有许多应用需要强大和可靠的大面积紫外可视化检测器，例如，在切伦科夫成像设备。
We report on the realization of a novel SiPM-based, cryogenic photosensor with an active area of 24 cm$^2$ that operates as a single-channel analog detector. The device is capable of single photon counting with a signal to noise ratio better than 13, a dark rate lower than $10^{-2}$ cps/mm$^2$ and an overall photon detection efficiency significantly larger than traditional photomultiplier tubes. This development makes SiPM-based photosensors strong candidates for the next generation of dark matter and neutrino detectors, which will require multiple square meters of photosensitive area, low lev…
Experimental values for the viscosity of the radioactive hydrogen isotopologue tritium are still unknown in literature. Existing values from ab initio calculations disregard quantum mechanic effects and are therefore only good approximations for room temperature and above. To fill in these missing experimental values, a measurement setup has been designed, to measure the viscosity of gaseous hydrogen and its isotopologues (H$_2$, HD, HT, D$_2$, DT, T$_2$) at cryogenic temperatures. In this paper, the first results with this Cryogenic Viscosity Measurement Apparatus (Cryo-ViMA) of the viscosity…
Characterization of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings at cryogenic temperatures (down to 77 K) is presented, covering the electrical resistivity range of practical interest to gaseous and liquid particle instrumentation: 10^-1-10^5 Mohm/sq. The good behaviour observed in terms of linearity, surface uniformity and stability with time and transported charge add to other well-known characteristics like low chemical reactivity and tolerance to radiation. The observed temperature dependence and stability of electrical properties with transported charge is consistent with a conductivity mechanism b…
The Argonne MCP-based photo detector is an offshoot of the Large Area Pico-second Photo Detector (LAPPD) project, wherein 6 cm x 6 cm sized detectors are made at Argonne National Laboratory. We have successfully built and tested our first detectors for pico-second timing and few mm spatial resolution. We discuss our efforts to customize these detectors to operate in a cryogenic environment. Initial plans aim to operate in liquid argon. We are also exploring ways to mitigate wave length shifting requirements and also developing bare-MCP photodetectors to operate in a gaseous cryogenic environme…
The evolution and the present status of the gaseous photon detectors technologies are reviewed. The most recent developments in several branches of the field are described, in particular the installation and commissioning of the first large area MPGD-based detectors of single photons on COMPASS RICH-1. Investigation of novel detector architectures, different materials and various applications are reported, and the quest for visible light gaseous photon detectors is discussed. The progress on the use of gaseous photon detector related techniques in the field of cryogenic applications and gaseou…
Gamma-ray and fast-neutron imaging was performed with a novel liquid xenon (LXe) scintillation detector read out by a Gaseous Photomultiplier (GPM). The 100 mm diameter detector prototype comprised a capillary-filled LXe converter/scintillator, coupled to a triple-THGEM imaging-GPM, with its first electrode coated by a CsI UV-photocathode, operated in Ne/5%CH4 cryogenic temperatures. Radiation localization in 2D was derived from scintillation-induced photoelectron avalanches, measured on the GPM's segmented anode. The localization properties of Co-60 gamma-rays and a mixed fast-neutron/gamma-r…
Discharge quenching mechanism and performance of RPWELL with tunable 3D printed resistive plates, charge evacuation in semiconductive glass RPWELL and discharge quenching for Cryogenic-RWELL over a wide range of resistivity
We present for the first time, discharge-free operation at cryogenic conditions of a Resistive-Plate WELL (RPWELL) detector. It is a single-sided Thick Gaseous Electron Multiplier (THGEM) coupled to a readout anode via a plate of high bulk resistivity. The results of single- and double-stage RPWELL detectors operated in stable conditions in Ne/5$\%$CH$_{4}$ at 163 K are summarized. The RPWELL comprised a ferric-based (Fe$^{3+}$) ceramic composite ("Fe-ceramic") as the resistive plate, of volume resistivity $\sim$$10^{11}$ $Ω$$\cdot$cm at this temperature. Gains of $\sim$$10^{4}$ and $\sim$$10^…
The throttling refrigeration system for high cooling power recovery of the PandaX-xT cryogenic distillation system for radon removal
SJTU Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学巴黎卓越工程师学院）；New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（新Cornerstone科学实验室，汤川秀树研究所，上海交通大学）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学物理与天文学院）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute（上海交通大学四川研究院）；Jinping Deep Underground Frontier Science and Dark Matter Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province（四川省锦屏深地下前沿科学与暗物质重点实验室）；Vacree Technologies Co., Ltd.（沃瑞科技有限公司）；School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University（郑州大学化学工程与应用学院）；School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University（中山大学物理学院）；Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校物理系）；Yalong River Hydropower Development Company, Ltd.（雅砻江流域水电开发有限公司）
