In order to mitigate the effects of electrical breakdown (which have been found to occur in SLAC X-band traveling wave structures) standing wave structures are being considered for the NLC linac. At SLAC, structures consisting of 15 cells operating in the p accelerating mode are being tested for their electrical breakdown characteristics. In this paper the tuning requirement on the cavities is elucidated by utilizing a circuit model of the structure. The sensitivity of the field to both random and systematic errors is also discussed.
We explore the NLC linac optics compatible with a low energy scenario where initially only part of the full linac is installed. Optics modification suitable for a low energy beam running and upgrade to the nominal energy is discussed. Linac parameters and beam tolerances in the modified lattice are compared to the nominal design.
The injector linacs of the JLC/NLC project include the prelinac, the e+ drive linac, the $e- booster, and the $e+ booster. The first three will be S-band machines, the last one, an L-band machine. We have demonstrated that by using detuning alone in the accelerator structure design of these linacs we will have acceptable tolerances for emittance growth due to both injection jitter and structure misalignments, for both the nominal (2.8ns) and alternate (1.4ns) bunch spacings.
The vibration of components of the NLC linac, such as accelerating structures and girders, is being studied both experimentally and analytically. Various effects are being considered including structural resonances and vibration caused by cooling water in the accelerating structure. This paper reports the status of ongoing work.
Vertical vibration of linac components (accelerating structures, girders and quadrupoles) in the NLC has been studied experimentally and analytically. Effects such as structural resonances and vibration caused by cooling water both in accelerating structures and quadrupoles have been considered. Experimental data has been compared with analytical predictions and simulations using ANSYS. A design, incorporating the proper decoupling of structure vibrations from the linac quadrupoles, is being pursued.
Vertical vibration of linac components (accelerating structures, girders and quadrupoles) in the NLC has been studied experimentally and analytically. Effects such as structural resonances and vibration caused by cooling water both in accelerating structures and quadrupoles have been considered. Experimental data has been compared with analytical predictions and simulations using ANSYS. A design, incorporating the proper decoupling of structure vibrations from the linac quadrupoles, is being pursued.
The proposed Next Linear Collider (NLC) contains linac systems operating at L,S,C, and X band. This paper describes a wideband modular low-level RF (LLRF) system applicable for all NLC pulsed RF systems. High speed digital IF techniques are used for both arbitrary klystron drive modulation and accurate RF vector detection. Measurement of relative beam to RF phase, beam loading compensation, and structure dipole modes for automated alignment are all handled by the system. Modern signal processing techniques are also described.
An alternative being considered for the Next Linear Collider (NLC) is not to tunnel in a straight line but to bend the Main Linac into an arc so as to follow an equipotential. We begin here an examination of the effects that this would have on vertical dispersion, with its attendant consequences on synchrotron radiation and emittance growth by looking at two scenarios: a gentle continuous bending of the beam to follow an equipotential surface, and an introduction of sharp bends at a few sites in the linac so as to reduce the maximum sagitta produced.
The vibration stability requirements for the Next Linear Collider (NLC) are far more stringent than for the previous generation of Colliders. To meet these goals, it is imperative that the effects of vibration on NLC Linac components from near-field sources (e.g. compressors, high vacuum equipment, klystrons, modulators, pumps, fans, etc) be well understood. The civil construction method, whether cut-and-cover or parallel bored tunnels, can determine the proximity and possible isolation of noise sources. This paper presents a brief summary and analysis of recently completed and planned studies…
Extensive beam-based feedback systems are planned as an integral part of the Next Linear Collider (NLC) control system. Wakefield effects are a significant influence on the feedback design, imposing both architectural and algorithmic constraints. Studies are in progress to assure the optimal selection of devices and to refine and confirm the algorithms for the system design. We show the results of initial simulations, along with evaluations of system response for various conditions of ground motion and other operational disturbances.
The injector linacs of the JLC/NLC comprise the e+ booster, the e- drive linac, the e+ booster, and the two prelinacs. These four systems together transport the two types of beams from the 80 MeV point at the end of their respective bunchers up to the storage rings, and then from the storage rings to the 10 GeV point at the beginning of the bunch compressors. Nominally, the e+ booster structure will be L-band and the others S-band. In transport through these linacs it is important that the emittances and particle losses stay within specified tolerances. In particular, the effects of the dipole…
The main linacs of the Next Linear Collider (NLC) will contain several thousand X-band RDDS (Rounded Damped Detuned Structures). The transverse wakefield in the structures is reduced by detuning the modal frequencies such that they destructively interfere and by four damping manifolds per structure which provide weak damping. Errors in the fabrication of the individual cells and in the alignment of the cells will reduce the cancellation of the modes. Here, we calculate the tolerances on random errors in the synchronous frequencies of the cells and the cell-to-cell alignment.
In the NLC (Next Linear Collider) small misalignments in each of the individual accelerator structures (or the accelerator cells) will give rise to wakefields which kick the beam from its electrical axis. This wakefield can cause BBU (Beam Break Up) or at the very least it will dilute the emittance of the beam. Several Gaussian detuned structures have been designed and tested [1] at SLAC and in this paper we explore new distributions with possibly better damping properties. The progress of the beam through approximately 5,000 structures is monitored in phase space and results on this are prese…
Earlier RDDS (Rounded Damped Detuned Structures) [1,2], designed, fabricated and tested at SLAC, in collaboration with KEK, have been shown to damp wakefields successfully. However, electrical breakdown has been found to occur in these structures and this makes them inoperable at the desired gradient. Recent results [3] indicate that lowering the group velocity of the accelerating mode reduces electrical breakdown events. In order to preserve the filling time of each structure a high synchronous phase advance (150 degrees as opposed to 120 used in previous NLC designs) has been chosen. Here, d…
The shape of an RF pulse is distorted upon propagating through an X-band accelerator structure due to dispersive effects. This distortion together with beam loading introduce energy spread between 192 bunches. In order to minimize this energy spread we modify the input RF pulse shape. The pulse propagation, energy gain, and beam loading are modelled with a mode-matching computer code and a circuit model. A 2D model and a circuit model of a complete 60 cm structure, consisting of 55 cells and input and output couplers is analyzed. This structure operates with a 5pi/6 phase advance per cell. Dis…
The proposed Next Linear Collider contains a large number of linac RF systems with new requirements for wideband klystron modulation and accurate RF vector detection. The system will be capable of automatically phasing each klystron and compensating for beam loading effects. Accelerator structure alignment is determined by detection of the beam induced dipole modes with a receiver similar to that used for measuring the accelerator RF and is incorporated into the RF system topology. This paper describes the proposed system design, signal processing techniques and includes preliminary test resul…
In designing linear accelerator structures for multi-bunch applications we are often interested in estimating the effect of relatively weak multi-bunch beam break-up (BBU), due to the somewhat complicated wakefields of detuned structures. This, for example, is the case for the injector linacs of the JLC/NLC linear collider project. Deriving an analytical formula for such a problem is the subject of this report.
During the initial phase of operation, the linacs of the Next Linear Collider (NLC) will contain roughly 5000 X-Band accelerator structures that will accelerate beams of electrons and positrons to 250 GeV. These structures will nominally operate at an unloaded gradient of 72 MV/m. As part of the NLC R&D program, several prototype structures have been built and operated at the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA) at SLAC. Here, the effect of high gradient operation on the structure performance has been studied. Significant progress was made during the past year after the NLCTA power so…
Dipole wakefields in NLC (Next Linear Collider) structures have been measured with ASSET [1] and well predicted by a circuit model [2]. However, the experimental technique is both time-consuming and expensive. Here, we report on kick factor and synchronous frequency determination for 1st and higher order dipole bands for TW (Traveling Wave) accelerators via a wire measurement technique. This stand-alone technique is relatively inexpensive and may lead to an efficient determination of wakefield parameters. The perturbative effect of the wire on the dipole band is pointed out and a two-wire sche…
The coaxial wire method provides an experimental way of measuring wake fields without the need for a particle beam. A special setup has been designed and is in the process of being fabricated at SLAC to measure the loss factors and synchronous frequencies of dipole modes in both traveling and standing wave structures for the Next Linear Collider (NLC). The method is described and predictions based on electromagnetic field simulations are discussed
The complexity of the Round Damped Detuned Structue (RDDS) for the JLC/NLC main linac is driven by the considerations of rf efficiency and dipole wakefield suppression. As a time and cost saving measure for the JLC/NLC, the dimensions of the 3D RDDS cell are being determined through computer modeling to within fabrication precision so that no tuning may be needed once the structures are assembled. The tolerances on the frequency errors for the RDDS structure are about one MHz for the fundamental mode and a few MHz for the dipole modes. At the X-band frequency, these correspond to errors of a m…
In damping the wakefield generated by an electron beam traversing several thousand X-band linacs in the NLC we utilise a Gaussian frequency distribution of dipole modes to force the modes to deconstructively interfere, supplemented with moderate damping achieved by coupling these modes to four attached manifolds. Most of these modes are adequately damped by the manifolds. However, the modes towards the high frequency end of the lower dipole band are not adequately damped because the last few cells are, due to mechanical fabrication requirements, not coupled to the manifolds. To mitigate this p…
RF processing studies of 1.8-m X-band (11.4 GHz) traveling wave structures at the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA) have revealed breakdown-related damage at gradients lower than expected from earlier tests with standing wave and shorter, lower group velocity traveling wave structures. To understand this difference, a series of structures with different group velocities and lengths are being processed. In parallel, efforts are being made to improve processing procedures and to reduce structure contaminants and absorbed gases. This paper presents results from these studies.
In the NLC project multiple bunches of electrons and positrons will be accelerated initially to a centre of mass of 500 GeV and later to 1 TeV or more. In the process of accelerating 192 bunches within a pulse train, wakefields are excited which kick the trailing bunches off axis and can cause luminosity dilution and BBU (Beam Break Up). Several structures to damp the wakefield have been designed and tested at SLAC and KEK and these have been found to successfully damp the wakefield [1]. However, these 2pi/3 structures suffered from electrical breakdown and this has prompted us to explore lowe…
Use of a traveling wave (TW) accelerating structure with a small phase advance per cell instead of standing wave may provide a significant increase of accelerating gradient in a superconducting linear accelerator. The TW section achieves an accelerating gradient 1.2-1.4 larger than TESLA-shaped standing wave cavities for the same surface electric and magnetic fields. Recent tests of an L-band single-cell cavity with a waveguide feedback demonstrated an accelerating gradient comparable to the gradient in a single-cell ILC-type cavity from the same manufacturer. This article presents the next st…
The wire method is a more rapid and less costly method to measure impedances of RF components compared to methods using a beam. A setup using a single displaced wire to excite and measure transverse resonant modes in accelerating structures for the Next Linear Collider/ Japanese Linear Collider (NLC/JLC) has been built. The RF signal is coupled into and out of the structure using two matching sections with a broadband frequency from 11 to 18 GHz. Their contribution to the scattering parameter is minimized by a calibration technique. A standing wave structure has been measured. Difficulties in …
The generation of the ultra-bright beams required by modern accelerators and drivers of free-electron lasers (FELs) has generally relied on chicane-based bunch compressions that often result in the microbunching instability. Following compression, spectral enhancements extend even into the visible wavelengths through the longitudinal space charge (LSC) impedances. Optical transition radiation (OTR) screens have been extensively used for transverse electron beam size measurements for the bright beams, but the presence of such longitudinal microstructures (microbunching) in the electron beam or …
Interaction between the bunches in the NLC main linac via long range wakefields can cause a beam breakup instability. Although the magnitude of the long range wakefields for an ideal NLC structure is below the instability threshold, the wake increases when structure manufacturing errors are taken into account. In case of large errors, the developing instability can result in the projected emittance dilution of the bunch train. To suppress the instability, we propose to introduce an energy spread between the bunches, similar to the BNS energy spread for damping of the beam breakup within a sing…
A linear accelerator structure, such as will be used in the linacs of the JLC/NLC collider, is composed of on the order of 100 cells. The cells are constructed as individual cups that are brazed together to form a structure. Fabrication error will result in slight cell-to-cell misalignments along the finished structure. In this report we derive an approximation to the transverse wakefield of a structure with cell-to-cell misalignments in terms of the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the error-free structure.
Early tests of short low group velocity and standing wave structures indicated the viability of operating X-band linacs with accelerating gradients in excess of 100 MeV/m. Conventional scaling of traveling wave traveling wave linacs with frequency scales the cell dimensions with l. Because Q scales as l1/2, the length of the structures scale not linearly but as l3/2 in order to preserve the attenuation through each structure. For NLC we chose not to follow this scaling from the SLAC S-band linac to its fourth harmonic at X-band. We wanted to increase the length of the structures to reduce the …
The number of cells in a $π$-mode standing wave (SW) accelerating structure for the Compact linear Collider (CLIC) project is limited by mode overlap with nearby modes. The distributed coupling scheme avoids mode overlap by treating each cell as independent. Designs of cells suitable for distributed coupling with strong wakefield damping have not previously been studied. In this paper we develop a SW cell to be used in a distributed coupling structure that can satisfy the CLIC transverse wakepotential limit. From the middle cell of the CLIC-G* travelling wave (TW) structure, a SW cell is desig…
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is collaborating with Arizona State University to design a LLRF system towards the advancement of the ASU Compact X-ray Light Source (CXLS). The CXLS is a phased project to develop small brilliant x-ray sources that may produce coherent x-rays appropriate as a seed source for LCLS and LCLS II. The CXLS electron beam is produced by an x-band photoinjector and linac operating at 9.3 GHz RF frequency and 1 kHz repetition rate with up to 300 pC per bunch. The linac consists of 3 short 20-cell sections of standing wave linac. The RF gun and linac sections are po…
Operating the SLAC/KEK DDS (Damped Detuned Structure) X-band linacs at high gradients (in excess of 70MV/m) has recently been found to be limited by the accelerator structures breaking down and as a consequence severe damage occurs to the cells which makes the structures inoperable. A series of recent experiments at SLAC indicates that arcing in the structures is significantly reduced if the group velocity of the accelerating mode is reduced and additionally it has been discovered that reducing the length of the accelerating structure also limits the number and intensity of breakdown events [1…
Use of a superconducting traveling wave accelerating (STWA) structure with a small phase advance per cell rather than a standing wave structure may provide a significant increase of the accelerating gradient in the ILC linac. For the same surface electric and magnetic fields the STWA achieves an accelerating gradient 1.2 larger than TESLA-like standing wave cavities. The STWA allows also longer acceleration cavities, reducing the number of gaps between them. However, the STWA structure requires a SC feedback waveguide to return the few hundreds of MW of circulating RF power from the structure …
There is a strong demand for accelerating structures able to achieve higher gradients and more compact dimensions for the next generation of linear accelerators for research, industrial and medical applications. In the framework of the Compact Light XLS project, an ultra high gradient higher harmonic RF accelerating structure is needed for the linearization of the longitudinal space phase. In order to determine the maximum sustainable gradients in normal conducting RF powered particle beam accelerators with extremely low probability of RF breakdown, investigations are in progress for using sho…
