This work explores Lyapunov characterizations of the input-output-to-state stability (IOSS) property for nonlinear systems. The notion of IOSS is a natural generalization of the standard zero-detectability property used in the linear case. The main contribution of this work is to establish a complete equivalence between the input-output-to-state stability property and the existence of a certain type of smooth Lyapunov function. As corollaries, one shows the existence of ``norm-estimators'', and obtains characterizations of nonlinear detectability in terms of relative stability and of finite-energy estimates.
We study the recently introduced notion of output-input stability, which is a robust variant of the minimum-phase property for general smooth nonlinear control systems. The subject of this paper is developing the theory of output-input stability in the multi-input, multi-output setting. We show that output-input stability can be viewed as a combination of two system properties, one related to detectability and the other to left-invertibility. For systems affine in controls, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for output-input stability, which relies on Hirschorn's nonlinear structu…
Motivated by the regulator theory and adaptive controls, several notions on output stability in the framework of input-to-state stability (iss) were introduced for finite-dimensional systems. It turned out that these output stability notions are intrinsically different, reflecting different manners of how state variables may affect the transient behavior of output variables. In this work, we consider these output stability properties for delay systems. Our main objective is to illustrate how the various notions are related for delay systems and to provide the Razumikhin criteria for the output…
A notion of detectability for nonlinear systems is discussed. Within the framework of ``input to state stability'' (ISS), a dual notion of ``output to state stability'' (OSS), and a more complete detectability notion, ``input-output to state stability'' (IOSS) have appeared in the literature. This note addresses a variant of the IOSS property, using an integral norm to measure signals, as opposed to the standard supremum norm that appears in ISS theory.
The input/output stability of an interconnected system composed of an ordinary differential equation and a damped string equation is studied. Issued from the literature on time-delay systems, an exact stability result is firstly derived using pole locations. Then, based on the Small-Gain theorem and on the Quadratic Separation framework, some robust stability criteria are provided. The latter follows from a projection of the infinite dimensional state on an orthogonal basis of Legendre polynomials. Numerical examples comparing these results with the ones in the literature are proposed and a co…
Input-to-state stability (ISS) and $\mathcal{L}_2$-gain are well-known robust stability properties that continue to find wide application in the analysis and control of nonlinear dynamical systems and their interconnections. We investigate the relationship between ISS-type and $\mathcal{L}_2$-gain properties, demonstrating several qualitative equivalences between these two approaches. We subsequently present several new sufficient conditions for the stability of interconnected systems derived by exploiting these qualitative equivalences.
A general ISS-type small-gain result is presented. It specializes to a small-gain theorem for ISS operators, and it also recovers the classical statement for ISS systems in state-space form. In addition, we highlight applications to incrementally stable systems, detectable systems, and to interconnections of stable systems.
We establish characterizations of weak input-to-state stability for abstract dynamical systems with inputs, which are similar to characterizations of uniform and of strong input-to-state stability established in a recent paper by A. Mironchenko and F. Wirth. We also answer, by means of suitable counterexamples, two open questions concerning weak input-to-state stability (and its relation to other common stability concepts) raised in the aforementioned paper.
In previous work the notion of input to state stability (ISS) has been generalized to systems with outputs, yielding a number of useful concepts. When considering a system whose output is to be kept small (i.e. an error output), the notion of input to output stability (IOS) arises. Alternatively, when considering a system whose output is meant to provide information about the state (i.e. a measurement output), one arrives at the detectability notion of output to state stability (OSS). Combining these concepts, one may consider a system with two outputs, an error and a measurement. This leads n…
Recently, negative imaginary and counter-clockwise systems have attracted attention as an interesting class of systems, which is well-motivated by applications. In this paper first the formulation and extension of negative imaginary and counter-clockwise systems as (nonlinear) input-output Hamiltonian systems with dissipation is summarized. Next it is shown how by considering the time-derivative of the outputs a port-Hamiltonian system is obtained, and how this leads to the consideration of alternate passive outputs for port-Hamiltonian systems. Furthermore, a converse result to positive feedb…
This paper deals with several related notions of output stability with respect to inputs. The inputs may be thought of as disturbances; when there are no inputs, one obtains generalizations of the classical concepts of partial stability. The main notion studied is called input to output stability (IOS), and it reduces to input to state stability (ISS) when the output equals the complete state. Several variants, which formalize in different manners the transient behavior, are introduced. The main results provide a comparison among these notions. A companion paper establishes necessary and suffi…
A convex parameterization of internally stabilizing controllers is fundamental for many controller synthesis procedures. The celebrated Youla parameterization relies on a doubly-coprime factorization of the system, while the recent system-level and input-output characterizations require no doubly-coprime factorization but a set of equality constraints for achievable closed-loop responses. In this paper, we present explicit affine mappings among Youla, system-level and input-output parameterizations. Two direct implications of the affine mappings are 1) any convex problem in Youla, system level…
In this paper, we provide optimal solutions to two different (but related) input/output design problems involving large-scale linear dynamical systems, where the cost associated to each directly actuated/measured state variable can take different values, but is independent of the labeled input/output variable. Under these conditions, we first aim to determine and characterize the input/output placement that incurs in the minimum cost while ensuring that the resulting placement achieves structural controllability/observability. Further, we address a constrained variant of the above problem, in …
In this paper we examine the model matching problem that concerns nonlinear input - output discrete systems, containing products among delays of input and output signals, through a special factorization. The algebraic framework of $\de \e$-operators and the star-product that we adopt describe these systems. Moreover, a certain procedure that resembles the Euclidean division, allows us to discover the linear factors of those systems, with respect to the above mentioned operations. The entire approach is symbolically algorithmic and involves the use of suitable software.
This paper presents necessary and sufficient characterizations of several notions of input to output stability. Similar Lyapunov characterizations have been found to play a key role in the analysis of the input to state stability property, and the results given here extend their validity to the case when the output, but not necessarily the entire internal state, is being regulated. The work is related to partial stability of differential equations (the particular case which arises when there are no external inputs).
Motivated by a need to characterize transient behaviors in large network systems in terms of relevant signal norms and worst-case input scenarios, we propose a novel approach based on existing theory for matrix pseudospectra. We extend pseudospectral theorems, pertaining to matrix exponentials, to an input-output setting, where matrix exponentials are pre- and post-multiplied by input and output matrices. Analyzing the resulting transfer functions in the complex plane allows us to state new upper and lower bounds on system transients. These are useful for higher-order matrix differential equat…
In this work characterizations of notions of output stability for uncertain time-varying systems described by retarded functional differential equations are provided. Particularly, characterizations by means of Lyapunov and Razumikhin functions of uniform and non-uniform in time Robust Global Asymptotic Output Stability and Input-to-Output Stability are given. The results of this work have been developed for systems with outputs in abstract normed linear spaces in order to allow outputs with no delay, with discrete or distributed delay or functional outputs with memory.
In this paper the notions of non-uniform in time Robust Blobal Asymptotic Output Stability (RGAOS) and Input-to-Output Stability (IOS) for discrete-time systems are studied. Characterizations as well as links between these notions are provided. Particularly, it is shown that a discrete-time system with continuous dynamics satisfies the non-uniform in time IOS property if and only if the corresponding unforced system is non-uniformly in time RGAOS. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the Robust Output Feedback Stabilization (ROFS) problem are also given.
This note deals with Bounded-Input-Bounded-Output (BIBO) stability for semilinear infinite-dimensional dynamical systems allowing for boundary control and boundary observation. We give sufficient conditions that guarantee BIBO stability based on Lipschitz conditions with respect to interpolation spaces. Our results can be applied to guarantee feasibility of funnel control for coupled ODE-PDE systems, as shown by means of an example from chemical engineering.
The present paper provides a sufficient condition to ensure output finite-time and fixed-time stability. Comparing with analogous researches the proposed result is less restrictive and obtained for a wider class of systems. The presented output stability condition is used for adaptive control design, where the state vector of a plant is extended by adjustable control parameters.
This paper introduces and studies the notion of output-input stability, which represents a variant of the minimum-phase property for general smooth nonlinear control systems. The definition of output-input stability does not rely on a particular choice of coordinates in which the system takes a normal form or on the computation of zero dynamics. In the spirit of the ``input-to-state stability'' philosophy, it requires the state and the input of the system to be bounded by a suitable function of the output and derivatives of the output, modulo a decaying term depending on initial conditions. Th…
We give sufficient conditions for Input-to-State Stability in $C^{1}$ norm of general quasilinear hyperbolic systems with boundary input disturbances. In particular the derivation of explicit Input-to-State Stability conditions is discussed for the special case of $2\times 2$ systems.
For a broad class of infinite-dimensional systems, we characterize input-to-state practical stability (ISpS) using the uniform limit property and in terms of input-to-state stability. We specialize our results to the systems with Lipschitz continuous flows and evolution equations in Banach spaces. Even for the special case of ordinary differential equations our results are novel and improve existing criteria for ISpS.
We study input-to-state stability of bilinear control systems with possibly unbounded control operators. Natural sufficient conditions for integral input-to-state stability are given. The obtained results are applied to a bilinearly controlled Fokker-Planck equation.
We establish the local input-to-state stability of a large class of disturbed nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations w.r.t. the global attractor of the respective undisturbed system.
In this paper we study the global exponential stability in the $L^{2}$ norm of semilinear $1$-$d$ hyperbolic systems on a bounded domain, when the source term and the nonlinear boundary conditions are Lipschitz. We exhibit two sufficient stability conditions: an internal condition and a boundary condition. This result holds also when the source term is nonlocal. Finally, we show its robustness by extending it to global Input-to State Stability in the $L^{2}$ norm with respect to both interior and boundary disturbances.
Input-to-state stability (ISS) allows estimating the impact of inputs and initial conditions on both the intermediate values and the asymptotic bound on the solutions. ISS has unified the input-output and Lyapunov stability theories and is a crucial property in the stability theory of control systems as well as for many applications whose dynamics depend on parameters, unknown perturbations, or other inputs. In this habilitation thesis, we provide a broad picture of infinite-dimensional input-to-state stability theory.
In general, flat outputs of a nonlinear system may depend on the system's state and input as well as on an arbitrary number of time derivatives of the latter. If a flat output which also depends on time derivatives of the input is known, one may pose the question whether there also exists a flat output which is independent of these time derivatives, i.e., an (x,u)-flat output. Until now, the question whether every flat system also possesses an (x,u)-flat output has been open. In this contribution, this conjecture is disproved by means of a counterexample. We present a two-input system which is…
Politecnico di Milano（米兰理工大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）；University of Groningen（格罗宁根大学）
We study minimal conditions under which mild solutions of linear evolutionary control systems are continuous for arbitrary bounded input functions. This question naturally appears when working with boundary controlled, linear partial differential equations. Here, we focus on parabolic equations which allow for operator-theoretic methods such as the holomorphic functional calculus. Moreover, we investigate stronger conditions than continuity leading to input-to-state stability with respect to Orlicz spaces. This also implies that the notions of input-to-state stability and integral-input-to-sta…
This paper continues the study of the integral input-to-state stability (IISS) property. It is shown that the IISS property is equivalent to one which arises from the consideration of mixed norms on states and inputs, as well as to the superposition of a ``bounded energy bounded state'' requirement and the global asymptotic stability of the unforced system. A semiglobal version of IISS is shown to imply the global version, though a counterexample shows that the analogous fact fails for input to state stability (ISS). The results in this note complete the basic theoretical picture regarding IIS…
We establish well-posedness results for non-autonomous semilinear input-output systems, the central assumption being the scattering-passivity of the considered semilinear system. We consider both systems with distributed control and observation and systems with boundary control and observation. Applications are given to nonlinearly controlled collocated systems and to nonlinearly controlled port-Hamiltonian systems.
We introduce the notions of semi-uniform input-to-state stability and its subclass, polynomial input-to-state stability, for infinite-dimensional systems. We establish a characterization of semi-uniform input-to-state stability based on attractivity properties as in the uniform case. Sufficient conditions for linear systems to be polynomially input-to-state stable are provided, which restrict the range of the input operator depending on the rate of polynomial decay of the product of the semigroup and the resolvent of its generator. We also show that a class of bilinear systems are polynomially…
In this paper we show that uniformly global asymptotic stability for a family of ordinary differential equations is equivalent to uniformly global exponential stability under a suitable nonlinear change of variables. The same is shown for input-to-state stability and input-to-state exponential stability, and for input-to-state exponential stability and a nonlinear $H_\infty$ estimate.
This paper deals with strong versions of input-to-state stability and integral input-to-state stability of infinite-dimensional linear systems with an unbounded input operator. We show that infinite-time admissibility with respect to inputs in an Orlicz space is a sufficient condition for a system to be strongly integral input-to-state stable but, unlike in the case of exponentially stable systems, not a necessary one.
In this work, the relation between input-to-state stability and integral input-to-state stability is studied for linear infinite-dimensional systems with an unbounded control operator. Although a special focus is laid on the case $L^{\infty}$, general function spaces are considered for the inputs. We show that integral input-to-state stability can be characterized in terms of input-to-state stability with respect to Orlicz spaces. Since we consider linear systems, the results can also be formulated in terms of admissibility. For parabolic diagonal systems with scalar inputs, both stability not…
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学）；Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope（那不勒斯帕提诺佩大学）；Università degli Studi Magna Græcia di Catanzaro（卡坦扎罗大希腊研究大学）
Neural networks can be used as approximations of several complex control schemes such as model predictive control. We show in this paper which properties deep neural networks with rectifier linear units as activation functions need to satisfy to guarantee constraint satisfaction and asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. To do so, we introduce a parametric description of the neural network controller and use a mixed-integer linear programming formulation to perform output range analysis of neural networks. We also propose a novel method to modify a neural network controller such that …
We consider an abstract class of infinite-dimensional dynamical systems with inputs. For this class, the significance of noncoercive Lyapunov functions is analyzed. It is shown that the existence of such Lyapunov functions implies norm-to-integral input-to-state stability. This property in turn is equivalent to input-to-state stability, if the system satisfies certain mild regularity assumptions. For a particular class of linear systems with unbounded admissible input operators, explicit constructions of noncoercive Lyapunov functions are provided. The theory is applied to a heat equation with…
Stability of input-output maps and their minimal realizations in state-linear, state-affine, LPV, and linear switched systems
Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille（里尔大学、法国国家科学研究中心、中央理工学院里尔）；SPMS, NTU, Singapore（新加坡南洋理工大学精算与数学科学学院）；HUN-REN SZTAKI, Budapest, Hungary（匈牙利研究与创新网络萨塔基研究所）
Input-to-state stability (ISS) for systems described by partial differential equations has seen intensified research activity recently, and in particular the class of boundary control systems, for which truly infinite-dimensional effects enter the situation. This note reviews input-to-state stability for parabolic equations with respect to general $L^{p}$-input-norms in the linear case and includes extensions of recent results on semilinear equations.
For bilinear infinite-dimensional dynamical systems, we show the equivalence between uniform global asymptotic stability and integral input-to-state stability. We provide two proofs of this fact. One applies to general systems over Banach spaces. The other is restricted to Hilbert spaces, but is more constructive and results in an explicit form of iISS Lyapunov functions.
Asymptotic output stability (AOS) is an interesting property when addressing control applications in which not all state variables are requested to converge to the origin. AOS is often established by invoking classical tools such as Barbashin-Krasovskii-LaSalle's invariance principle or Barbalat's lemma. Nevertheless, none of these tools allow to predict whether the output convergence is uniform on bounded sets of initial conditions, which may lead to practical issues related to convergence speed and robustness. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we provide a testable sufficient…
We prove that input-to-state stability (ISS) of nonlinear systems over Banach spaces is equivalent to existence of a coercive Lipschitz continuous ISS Lyapunov function for this system. For linear infinite-dimensional systems, we show that ISS is equivalent to existence of a non-coercive ISS Lyapunov function and provide two simpler constructions of coercive and non-coercive ISS Lyapunov functions for input-to-state stable linear systems.
In this paper, we address an extension of the Loewner framework for learning quadratic control systems from input-output data. The proposed method first constructs a reduced-order linear model from measurements of the classical transfer function. Then, this surrogate model is enhanced by incorporating a term that depends quadratically on the state. More precisely, we employ an iterative procedure based on least squares fitting that takes into account measured or computed data. Here, data represent transfer function values inferred from higher harmonics of the observed output, when the control …
