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纽结曲线曲面的Quandle上同调与状态和不变量

Quandle Cohomology and State-sum Invariants of Knotted Curves and Surfaces

J. Scott Carter, Daniel Jelsovsky, Seiichi Kamada, Laurel Langford, Masahico Saito

摘要:

2捻纺三叶是一个例子,一个球,是在四维空间打结。在这里,该示例被示出为不同于具有相反取向的相同球体。为了证明这一事实,一个状态和不变的经典纽结和纽结表面开发通过上同调理论的机架和quandles(也称为分配群胚)。Quandle是一个具有二元运算的集合--其公理模型是Reidemeister在3-空间中的打结和链接曲线的经典理论中的运动。利用quandle元对纽结曲线曲面图的着色以及quandle的上圈,定义了3-空间中纽结圆和4-空间中纽结曲面的状态和不变量.本文计算了各种量子点的上同调群,并将其应用于研究经典纽结、链环及其它链环曲面的状态和不变量。对于各种纽结和链环,包括三叶结和8字形纽结,证明了不变量的非平凡性,反之,纽结不变量用于证明各种quandle的上同调的非平凡性。

英文摘要:

The 2-twist spun trefoil is an example of a sphere that is knotted in 4-dimensional space. Here this example is shown to be distinct from the same sphere with the reversed orientation. To demonstrate this fact a state-sum invariant for classical knots and knotted surfaces is developed via a cohomology theory of racks and quandles (also known as distributive groupoids). A quandle is a set with a binary operation --- the axioms of which model the Reidemeister moves in the classical theory of knotted and linked curves in 3-space. Colorings of diagrams of knotted curves and surfaces by quandle elements, together with cocycles of quandles, are used to define state-sum invariants for knotted circles in 3-space and knotted surfaces in 4-space. Cohomology groups of various quandles are computed herein and applied to the study of the state-sum invariants of classical knots and links and other linked surfaces. Non-triviality of the invariants are proved for variety of knots and links, including the trefoil and figure-eight knots, and conversely, knot invariants are used to prove non-triviality of cohomology for a variety of quandles.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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