The existence of End Elementary Extensions of models M of ZFC is related to the ordinal height of M, according to classical results due to Keisler, Morley and Silver. In this paper, we further investigate the connection between the height of M and the existence of End Elementary Extensions of M. In particular, we prove that the theory `ZFC + GCH + there exist measurable cardinals + all inaccessible non weakly compact cardinals are possible heights of models with no End Elementary Extensions' is consistent relative to the theory `ZFC + GCH + there exist measurable cardinals + the weakly compact cardinals are cofinal in ON'. We also provide a simpler coding that destroys GCH but otherwise yields the same result.
We show that the theory ZFC-, consisting of the usual axioms of ZFC but with the power set axiom removed-specifically axiomatized by extensionality, foundation, pairing, union, infinity, separation, replacement and the assertion that every set can be well-ordered-is weaker than commonly supposed and is inadequate to establish several basic facts often desired in its context. For example, there are models of ZFC- in which $ω_1$ is singular, in which every set of reals is countable, yet $ω_1$ exists, in which there are sets of reals of every size $\aleph_n$, but none of size $\aleph_ω$, and ther…
We prove in ZFC the existence of a definable, countably saturated elementary extension of the reals. It seems that it has been taken for granted that there is no distinguished, definable nonstandard model of the reals. (This means a countably saturated elementary extension of the reals.) Of course if V=L then there is such an extension (just take the first one in the sense of the canonical well-ordering of L), but we mean the existence provably in ZFC. There were good reasons for this: without Choice we cannot prove the existence of any elementary extension of the reals containing an infinitel…
We show that if $M$ is a countable transitive model of ZF and if $a,b$ are reals not in $M$, then there is a $G$ generic over $M$ such that $b \in L[a,G]$. We then present several applications such as the following: if $J$ is any countable transitive model of ZFC and $M \not\subseteq J$ is another countable transitive model of ZFC of the same ordinal height $α$, then there is a forcing extension $N$ of $J$ such that $M \cup N$ is not included in any transitive model of ZFC of height $α$. Also, assuming $0^\#$ exists, letting $S$ be the set of reals generic over $L$, although $S$ is disjoint fr…
We study models of HST, a nonstandard set theory which includes, in particular, the ZFC Replacement and Separation schemata in the language containing the membership and standardness predicates, and Saturation for well-orderable families of internal sets. This theory admits an adequate formulation of the isomorphism property IP: "any two elementarily equivalent internally presented structures of a wellorderable language are isomorphic." IP implies, for instance, that all infinite internal sets are equinumerous, and there exists a unique (modulo isomorphisms) internal elementary extension of th…
We examine what happens if we replace ZFC with a localistic/relativistic system, LZFC, whose central new axiom, denoted by $Loc({\rm ZFC})$, says that every set belongs to a transitive model of ZFC. LZFC consists of $Loc({\rm ZFC})$ plus some elementary axioms forming Basic Set Theory (BST). Some theoretical reasons for this shift of view are given. All $Π_2$ consequences of ZFC are provable in ${\rm LZFC}$. LZFC strongly extends Kripke-Platek (KP) set theory minus $Δ_0$-Collection and minus $\in$-induction scheme. ZFC+``there is an inaccessible cardinal'' proves the consistency of LZFC. In LZ…
This paper is a sequel to \cite{Tz10}, where a local version of ZFC, LZFC, was introduced and examined and transitive models of ZFC with properties that resemble large cardinal properties, namely Mahlo and $Π_1^1$-indescribable models, were considered. By analogy we refer to such models as "large models", and the properties in question as "large model properties". Continuing here in the same spirit we consider further large model properties, that resemble stronger large cardinals, namely, "elementarily embeddable", "extendible" and "strongly extendible", "critical" and "strongly critical", "se…
We construct locally Lindelöf scattered P-spaces (LLSP spaces, in short) with prescribed widths and heights under different set-theoretic assumptions. We prove that there is an LLSP space of width $ω_1$ and height $ω_2$ and that it is relatively consistent with ZFC that there is an LLSP space of width $ω_1$ and height $ω_3$. Also, we prove a stepping up theorem that, for every cardinal $λ\geq ω_2$, permits us to construct from an LLSP space of width $ω_1$ and height $λ$ satisfying certain additional properties an LLSP space of width $ω_1$ and height $α$ for every ordinal $α< λ^+$. Then, we obt…
One of the numerous characterizations of a Ramsey cardinal kappa involves the existence of certain types of elementary embeddings for transitive sets of size κsatisfying a large fragment of ZFC. We introduce new large cardinal axioms generalizing the Ramsey elementary embeddings characterization and show that they form a natural hierarchy between weakly compact cardinals and measurable cardinals. These new axioms serve to further our knowledge about the elementary embedding properties of smaller large cardinals, in particular those still consistent with V=L.
Let K be an Abstract Elemenetary Class satisfying the amalgamation and the joint embedding property, let μbe the Hanf number of K. Suppose K is tame. MAIN COROLLARY: (ZFC) If K is categorical in a successor cardinal bigger than \beth_{(2^μ)^+} then K is categorical in all cardinals greater than \beth_{(2^μ)^+}. This is an improvment of a Theorem of Makkai and Shelah ([Sh285] who used a strongly compact cardinal for the same conclusion) and Shelah's downward categoricity theorem for AECs with amalgamation (from [Sh394]).
We prove in ZFC, no psi in L_{omega_1,omega}[Q] have unique model of uncountable cardinality, this confirms theBaldwin conjecture. But we analyze this in more general terms. We introduce and investigate a.e.c. and also versions of limit models, and prove some basic properties like representation by PC class, for any a.e.c. For PC_{aleph_0}-representable a.e.c. we investigate the conclusion of having not too many non-isomorphic models in aleph_1 and aleph_2, but have to assume 2^{aleph_0}<2^{aleph_1} and even 2^{aleph_1}<2^{aleph_2}.
We initiate a systematic investigation of the abstract elementary classes that have amalgamation, satisfy tameness (a locality property for orbital types), and are stable (in terms of the number of orbital types) in some cardinal. Assuming the singular cardinal hypothesis (SCH), we prove a full characterization of the (high-enough) stability cardinals, and connect the stability spectrum with the behavior of saturated models. We deduce (in ZFC) that if a class is stable on a tail of cardinals, then it has no long splitting chains (the converse is known). This indicates that there is a clear not…
We explore the possibilities for elementary embeddings $j : M \to N$, where $M$ and $N$ are models of ZFC with the same ordinals, $M \subseteq N$, and $N$ has access to large pieces of $j$. We construct commuting systems of such maps between countable transitive models that are isomorphic to various canonical linear and partial orders, including the real line $\mathbb R$.
We investigate, in ZFC, the behavior of abstract elementary classes (AECs) categorical in many successive small cardinals. We prove for example that a universal $\mathbb{L}_{ω_1, ω}$ sentence categorical on an end segment of cardinals below $\beth_ω$ must be categorical also everywhere above $\beth_ω$. This is done without any additional model-theoretic hypotheses (such as amalgamation or arbitrarily large models) and generalizes to the much broader framework of tame AECs with weak amalgamation and coherent sequences.
We introduce a general method of constructing locally compact scattered spaces from certain families of sets and then, with the help of this method, we prove that if kappa^{<kappa}=kappa then there is such a space of height kappa^+ with only kappa many isolated points. This implies that there is a locally compact scattered space of height omega_2 with omega_1 isolated points in ZFC, solving an old problem of the first author.
Every mathematical structure has an elementary extension to a pseudo-countable structure, one that is seen as countable inside a suitable class model of set theory, even though it may actually be uncountable. This observation, proved easily with the Boolean ultrapower theorem, enables a sweeping generalization of results concerning countable models to a rich realm of uncountable models. The Barwise extension theorem, for example, holds amongst the pseudo-countable models -- every pseudo-countable model of ZF admits an end extension to a model of ZFC+V=L. Indeed, the class of pseudo-countable m…
This paper contributes to the theory of large cardinals beyond the Kunen inconsistency, or choiceless large cardinal axioms, in the context where the Axiom of Choice is not assumed. The first part of the paper investigates a periodicity phenomenon: assuming choiceless large cardinal axioms, the properties of the cumulative hierarchy turn out to alternate between even and odd ranks. The second part of the paper explores the structure of ultrafilters under choiceless large cardinal axioms, exploiting the fact that these axioms imply a weak form of the author's Ultrapower Axiom. The third and fin…
This paper continues a line of investigation of the Halpern--Läuchli Theorem at uncountable cardinals. We prove in ZFC that the Halpern--Läuchli Theorem for one tree of height $κ$ holds whenever $κ$ is strongly inaccessible and the coloring takes less than $κ$ colors. We prove consistency of the Halpern--Läuchli Theorem for finitely many trees of height $κ$, where $κ$ is a strong limit cardinal of countable cofinality. On the other hand, we prove failure of weak forms of Halpern--\Lauchli\ for trees of height $κ$, whenever $κ$ is a strongly inaccessible, non-Mahlo cardinal or a singular strong…
Assume ZF (without the Axiom of Choice). Let $j:V_\varepsilon\to V_δ$ be a non-trivial $\in$-cofinal $Σ_1$-elementary embedding, where $\varepsilon,δ$ are limit ordinals. We prove some restrictions on the constructibility of $j$ from $V_δ$, mostly focusing on the case $\varepsilon=δ$. In particular, if $\varepsilon=δ$ and $j\in L(V_δ)$ then $δ$ has cofinality $ω$. However, assuming ZFC+I$_3$, with the appropriate $\varepsilon=δ$, one can force to get such $j\in L(V^{V[G]}_δ)$. Assuming Dependent Choice and that $δ$ has cofinality $ω$ (but not assuming $V=L(V_δ)$), and $j:V_δ\to V_δ$ is $Σ_1$-e…
Introducing unfoldable cardinals last year, Andres Villaveces ingeniously extended the notion of weak compactness to a larger context, thereby producing a large cardinal notion, unfoldability, with some of the feel and flavor of weak compactness but with a greater consistency strength. Specifically, kappa is theta-unfoldable when for any transitive structure M of size kappa that contains kappa as an element, there is an elementary embedding j:M-->N with critical point kappa for which j(kappa) is at least theta. Define that kappa is fully unfoldable, then, when it is theta-unfoldable for every …
This dissertation surveys several topics in the general areas of iterated forcing, infinite combinatorics and set theory of the reals. There are two parts. In the first half I consider alternative versions of the Cichoń diagram. First I show that for a wide variety of reduction concepts there is a Cichoń diagram for effective cardinal characteristics relativized to that reduction. As an application I investigate in detail the Cichoń diagram for degrees of constructibility relative to a fixed inner model of ZFC. Then I study generalizations of cardinal characteristics to the space of functions …
We provide a proof, in $ZFC$, of Shelah's eventual categoricity conjecture for abstract elementary classes (AEC's). Moreover, assuming in addition the Singular Cardinal Hypothesis ($SCH$), we prove a direct generalization to the more general context of accessible categories with directed colimits. If $\mathcal{K}$ is such a category, we show that there is a cardinal $μ$ such that if $\mathcal{K}$ is $λ$-categorical for some $λ\geq μ$ (i.e., it has only one object of internal size $λ$ up to isomorphism), then $\mathcal{K}$ is eventually categorical (i.e., it is $λ'$-categorical for every $λ' \g…
