784 pages. Third part revised, new chapter on polynomial sequences satisfing a recurrence relation with polynomial coefficients. New sections: the division algorithm for interlacing polynomials, the Faa di Bruno problem, musings on the BMV conjecture, generators for 2 by 2 matrices of determinant 1 with interlacing entries, variations on multiaffine polynomials
This work is divided into three parts. The first part concerns polynomials in one variable with all real roots. We consider linear transformations that preserve real rootedness, as well as matrices that preserve interlacing. The second part covers polynomials in several variables that generalize polynomials with all real roots. We introduce generating functions and use them to establish properties of a linear transformation. We also consider matrices and matrix polynomials. The third part considers polynomials with complex roots. The two main classes considered are polynomials with all roots in the left half plane (stable polynomials) and those with all roots in the lower half plane (Upper half plane polynomials). These naturally generalize to polynomials in many variables.
And, of course, there is much more.
The purpose of this note is to extend in a simple and unified way the known results on interlacing of zeros of paraorthogonal polynomials on the unit circle. These polynomials can be regarded as the characteristic polynomials of any matrix similar to an unitary upper Hessenberg matrix with positive subdiagonal elements.
We investigate interlacing properties of zeros of Laguerre polynomials $ L_{n}^{(α)}(x)$ and $ L_{n+1}^{(α+k)}(x),$ $ α> -1, $ where $ n \in \mathbb{N}$ and $ k \in {\{ 1,2 }\}$. We prove that, in general, the zeros of these polynomials interlace partially and not fully. The sharp $t-$interval within which the zeros of two equal degree Laguerre polynomials $ L_n^{(α)}(x)$ and $ L_n^{(α+t)}(x)$ are interlacing for every $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and each $ α> -1$ is $ 0 < t \leq 2,$ \cite{DrMu2}, and the sharp $t-$interval within which the zeros of two consecutive degree Laguerre polynomials $ L_n^{(α…
Athanasiadis conjectured that, for every positive integer $r$, the local $h$-polynomial of the $r$th edgewise subdivision of any simplex has only real zeros. In this paper, based on the theory of interlacing polynomials, we prove that a family of polynomials related to the desired local $h$-polynomial is interlacing and hence confirm Athanasiadis' conjecture.
We investigate the interlacing of zeros of polynomials of different degrees within the sequences of $q$-Laguerre polynomials $\left\{\tilde{L}_n^{(δ)}(z;q)\right\}_{n=0}^{\infty}$ characterized by $δ\in(-2,-1).$ The interlacing of zeros of quasi-orthogonal polynomials $\tilde{L}_n^{(δ)}(z;q)$ with those of the orthogonal polynomials $\tilde{L}_m^{(δ+t)}(z;q), m,n\in\mathbb{N}, t\in\{1,2\}$ is also considered. New bounds for the least zero of the (order $1$) quasi-orthogonal $q$-Laguerre polynomials are derived.
In the present note we obtain new results on two conjectures by Csordas et al. regarding the interlacing property of zeros of special polynomials. These polynomials came from the Jacobi tau methods for the Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problem. Their coefficients are the successive even derivatives of the Jacobi polynomials $P_n(x;α,β)$ evaluated at the point one. The first conjecture states that the polynomials constructed from $P_n(x;α,β)$ and $P_{n-1}(x;α,β)$ are interlacing when $-1<α<1$ and $-1<β$. We prove it in a range of parameters wider than that given earlier by Charalambides and Waleff…
We consider interlacing properties satisfied by the zeros of Jacobi polynomials in quasi-orthogonal sequences characterised by $α>-1$, $-2<β<-1$. We give necessary and sufficient conditions under which a conjecture by Askey, that the zeros of Jacobi polynomials $P_n^{(α, β)}$ and $P_{n}^{(α,β+2)}$ are interlacing, holds when the parameters $α$ and $β$ are in the range $α>-1$ and $-2<β<-1$. We prove that the zeros of $P_n^{(α, β)}$ and $P_{n+1}^{(α,β)}$ do not interlace for any $n\in\mathbb{N}$, $n\geq2$ and any fixed $α$, $β$ with $α>-1$, $-2<β<-1$. The interlacing of zeros of $P_n^{(α,β)}$ an…
We discuss and compare upper and lower bounds obtained by two different methods for the positive zero of the ultraspherical polynomial $C_{n}^{(λ)}$ that is greater than $1$ when $-3/2 < λ< -1/2.$ Our first approach uses mixed three term recurrence relations and interlacing of zeros while the second approach uses a method going back to Euler and Rayleigh and already applied to Bessel functions and Laguerre and $q$-Laguerre polynomials. We use the bounds obtained by the second method to simplify the proof of the interlacing of the zeros of $(1-x^2)C_{n}^{(λ)}$ and $C_{n+1}^{(λ)}$, for $-3/2 < λ…
We state and prove the $q$-extension of a result due to Johnston and Jordaan (cf. \cite{Johnston-2015}) and make use of this result, the orthogonality of $q$-Laguerre, little $q$-Jacobi, $q$-Meixner and Al-Salam-Carlitz I polynomials as well as contiguous relations satisfied by the polynomials, to establish the quasi-orthogonality of certain $_2ϕ_2$ and $_3ϕ_2$ polynomials. The location and interlacing properties of the real zeros of these quasi-orthogonal polynomials are studied. Interlacing properties of the zeros of $q$-Laguerre quasi-orthogonal polynomials $L_n^{(δ)}(z;q)$ when $-2<δ<-1$ w…
If a real polynomial $f(x)=p(x^2)+xq(x^2)$ is Hurwitz stable (every root if $f$ lies in the open left half-plane), then the Hermite-Biehler Theorem says that the polynomials $p(-x^2)$ and $q(-x^2)$ have interlacing real roots. We extend this result to general polynomials by giving a lower bound on the number of real roots of $p(-x^2)$ and $q(-x^2)$ and showing that these real roots interlace. This bound depends on the number of roots of $f$ which lie in the left half plane. Another classical result in the theory of polynomials is Descartes' Rule of Signs, which bounds the number of positive ro…
We raise a question on the existence of continuous roots of families of monic polynomials (by the root of a family of polynomials we mean a function of the coefficients of polynomials of a given family that maps each tuple of coefficients to a root of the polynomial with these coefficients). We prove that the family of monic second-degree polynomials with complex coefficients and the families of monic fourth-degree and fifth-degree polynomials with real coefficients have no continuous root. We also prove that the family of monic second-degree polynomials with real coefficients has continuous r…
We show that the gradient flows associated with a recently found family of Morse functions converge exponentially to the roots of the symmetric continuous Hahn polynomials. By symmetry reduction the rate of the exponential convergence can be improved, which is clarified by comparing with corresponding gradient flows for the roots of the Wilson polynomials.
The roots of a complex polynomial depend continuously on the coefficients; that is, an infinitesimal perturbation of the coefficients results in an infinitesimal perturbation of the roots. A short, straightforward proof of this is possible using infinitesimals.
For real polynomials with (sparse) exponents in some fixed set, \[ Ψ(t)=x+y_1t^{k_1}+\ldots +y_L t^{k_L}, \] we analyse the types of root structures that might occur as the coefficients vary. We first establish a stratification of roots into tiers, each containing roots of comparable sizes. We then show that there exists a suitable small parameter $ε>0$ such that, for any root $w\in \mathbb{C}$, $B(w,ε|w|)$ contains at most $L$ roots, counted with multiplicity. Our analysis suggests the consideration of a rough factorisation of the original polynomial and we establish the closeness of the corr…
