The purpose of this paper is to find explicit formulas for basic objects pertaining the local potential theory of the operator $(I-Δ)^{α/2}$, $0<α<2$. The potential theory of this operator is based on Bessel potentials $J_α=(I-Δ)^{-α/2}$. We compute the {\it harmonic measure} of the half-space and write a concise form of the corresponding {\it Green function} for the operator $(I-Δ)^{α/2}$. To achieve this we analyze the so-called {\it relativistic $α$-stable process} on $\R^d$ space, killed when exiting the half-space. In terms of this process we are dealing here with the 1-{\it potential theory} or, equivalently, potential theory of Schr{ö}dinger operator based on the generator of the process with Kato's potential $q=-1$.
We are concerned with the first hitting times of the Bessel processes. We give explicit expressions for the densities by means of the zeros of the Bessel functions and show their asymptotic behavior.
We consider the first hitting times of the Bessel processes. We give explicit expressions for the distribution functions and for the densities by means of the zeros of the Bessel functions. The results extend the classical ones and cover all the cases.
The asymptotic behavior of the tail probabilities for the first hitting times of the Bessel process with arbitrary index is shown without using the explicit expressions for the distribution function obtained in the authors' previous works.
In this paper we pursue and complete the study of the simulation of the hitting time of some given boundaries for Bessel processes. These problems are of great interest in many application fields as finance and neurosciences. In a previous work, the authors introduced a new method for the simulation of hitting times for Bessel processes with integer dimension. The method was based mainly on the explicit formula for the distribution of the hitting time and on the connexion between the Bessel process and the Euclidean norm of the Brownian motion. This method does not apply anymore for a non inte…
We present explicit estimates of right and left tails and exact (up to universal, multiplicative constants) estimates of tails and moments of hitting times of Bessel processes. The latter estimates are obtained from more general estimates of moments and tails established for convolutions of elementary mixtures of exponential distributions.
In this note we shortly recall the importance of last-hitting times in theory and applications of optimal stopping. As a small contribution to this domain we then propose a concise proof of David Williams' decomposition of the Bessel Process of dimension 3 (BES(3)), starting from r > 0 at its ultimate minimum. This discussion is strongly motivated by our interest in properties of last hitting times in general, and here specifically, directly linked with the forthcoming reading guide of Nikeghbali and Platen on this subject.
Firstly, we compute the distribution function for the hitting time of a linear time-dependent boundary $t\mapsto a+bt,\ a\geq 0,\,b\in \R,$ by a reflecting Brownian motion. The main tool hereby is Doob's formula which gives the probability that Brownian motion started inside a wedge does not hit this wedge. Other key ingredients are the time inversion property of Brownian motion and the time reversal property of diffusion bridges. Secondly, this methodology can also be applied for the three dimensional Bessel process. Thirdly, we consider Bessel bridges from 0 to 0 with dimension parameter $δ>…
We derive formulae for some ratios of the Macdonald functions, which are simpler and easier to treat than known formulae. The result gives two applications in probability theory. One is the formula for the L{é}vy measure of the distribution of the first hitting time of a Bessel process and the other is an explicit form for the expected volume of the Wiener sausage for an even dimensional Brownian motion. Moreover, the result enables us to write down the algebraic equations whose roots are the zeros of Macdonald functions.
In this article we investigate the hitting time of some given boundaries for Bessel processes. The main motivation comes from mathematical finance when dealing with volatility models, but the results can also be used in optimal control problems. The aim here is to construct a new and efficient algorithm in order to approach this hitting time. As an application we will consider the hitting time of a given level for the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross process. The main tools we use are on one side, an adaptation of the method of images to this particular situation and on the other side, the connection that e…
Let $T_1^{(μ)}$ be the first hitting time of the point 1 by the Bessel process with index $μ\in \R$ starting from $x>1$. Using an integral formula for the density $q_x^{(μ)}(t)$ of $T_1^{(μ)}$, obtained in Byczkowski, Ryznar (Studia Math., 173(1):19-38, 2006), we prove sharp estimates of the density of $T_1^{(μ)}$ which exibit the dependence both on time and space variables. Our result provides optimal estimates for the density of the hitting time of the unit ball by the Brownian motion in $\mathbb{R}^n$, which improve existing bounds. Another application is to provide sharp estimates for the …
We consider a family of Bessel Processes that depend on the starting point $x$ and dimension $δ$, but are driven by the same Brownian motion. Our main result is that almost surely the first time a process hits $0$ is jointly continuous in $x$ and $δ$, provided $δ\le 0$. As an application, we show that the SLE($κ$) welding homeomorphism is continuous in $κ$ for $κ\in [0,4]$. Our motivation behind this is to study the well known problem of the continuity of SLE$_κ$ in $κ$. The main tool in our proofs is random walks with increments distributed as infinite mean Inverse-Gamma laws.
A new stochastic process is introduced and considered - squared Bessel process with special stochastic time. The analogues of fundamental properties for Brownian motion are deduced for squared Bessel process. In particular an analogue of the celebrated strong Markov construction of Brownian motion independent of a given sigma field is presented and proved. This result has strong consequences. It allows for deeper understanding the nature of first hitting time of squared Bessel process. The joint distribution of two correlated squared Bessel processes is presented. For squared Bessel process it…
In this paper we establish relationships between four important concepts: (a) hitting time problems of Brownian motion, (b) 3-dimensional Bessel bridges, (c) Schrödinger's equation with linear potential, and (d) heat equation problems with moving boundary. We relate (a) and (b) by means of Girsanov's theorem, which suggests a strategy to extend our ideas to problems in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and general diffusions. This approach also leads to (c) because we may relate, through a Feynman-Kac representation, functionals of a Bessel bridge with two Schrödinger-type problems. In particular, we also find a…
We recover in part a recent result of Hamana-Matsumoto (2014) on the asymptotic behaviors for tail probabilities of first hitting times of Bessel process. Our proof is based on a weak convergence argument. The same reasoning enables us to derive the asymptotic behaviors for the tail probability of the time at which the global infimum of Bessel process is attained, and for expected values relative to local infima. In addition, we give another proof of the result of Hamana-Matsumoto with improvement of error estimates, which complements in the case of noninteger dimensions the asymptotic formula…
We look at decompositions of perpetuities and apply that to the study of the distributions of hitting times of Bessel processes of two types of square root boundaries. These distributions are linked giving a new proof of some Mellin transforms results obtained by David M. DeLong and M. Yor. Several random factorizations and characterizations of the studied distributions are established.
We develop criteria for hitting probabilities of anisotropic Gaussian random fields with associated canonical pseudo-metric given by a class of gauge functions. This yields lower and upper bounds in terms of general notions of capacity and Hausdorff measure, respectively, therefore extending the classical estimates with the Bessel-Riesz capacity and the $γ$-dimensional Hausdorff measure. We apply the criteria to a system of linear stochastic partial differential equations driven by space-time noises that are fractional in time and either white or colored in space.
In this paper we introduce a new method for the simulation of the exit time and position of a $δ$-dimensional Brownian motion from a domain. The main interest of our method is that it avoids splitting time schemes as well as inversion of complicated series. The idea is to use the connexion between the $δ$-dimensional Bessel process and the $δ$-dimensional Brownian motion thanks to an explicit Bessel hitting time distribution associated with a particular curved boundary. This allows to build a fast and accurate numerical scheme for approximating the hitting time. Numerical comparisons with exis…
The purpose of the paper is to find the joint distribution of the hitting time and place of two-dimensional Brownian motion hitting the negative horizontal axis. We provide various formulas for Green functions as well as for the conditional distributions. In the end we treat an analogous problem for the case when vertical component has a negative drift.
A classic result on the 1-dimensional Brownian motion shows that conditionally on its first hitting time of 0, it has the distribution of a 3-dimensional Bessel bridge. By applying a certain time-change to this result, Matsumoto and Yor showed a theorem giving a relation between Brownian motions with opposite drifts. The relevant time change is the one appearing in Lamperti's relation. Sabot and Zeng showed that a family of Brownian motions with interacting drifts, conditioned on the vector of hitting times of 0, also has the distribution of independent 3-dimensional Bessel bridges. Moreover, …
Consider a negatively drifted one dimensional Brownian motion starting at positive initial position, its first hitting time to 0 has the inverse Gaussian law. Moreover, conditionally on this hitting time, the Brownian motion up to that time has the law of a 3- dimensional Bessel bridge. In this paper, we give a generalization of this result to a family of Brownian motions with interacting drifts, indexed by the vertices of a conductance network. The hitting times are equal in law to the inverse of a random potential that appears in the analysis of a self-interacting process called the Vertex R…
I consider a stochastic optimization problem for a time-changed Bessel process whose diffusion rate is constrained to be between two positive values $r_{1}<r_{2}$. The problem is to find an optimal adapted strategy for the choice of diffusion rate in order to maximize the chance of hitting an infinitesimal region around the origin at a set time in the future. More precisely, the parameter associated with "the chance of hitting the origin" is the exponent for a singularity induced at the origin of the final time probability density. I show that the optimal exponent solves a transcendental equat…
The discrete Green's function (without boundary) $\mathbb{G}$ is a pseudo-inverse of the combinatorial Laplace operator of a graph $G=(V,E)$. We reveal the intimate connection between Green's function and the theory of exact stopping rules for random walks on graphs. We give an elementary formula for Green's function in terms of state-to-state hitting times of the underlying graph. Namely, $\mathbb{G}(i,j) = π_j \left( \sum_{k \in V} π_k H(k,j) - H(i,j) \right)$ where $π_i$ is the stationary distribution at vertex $i$ and $H(i,j)$ is the expected hitting time for a random walk starting from ve…
Let $X$ be a squared Bessel process. Following a Feynman-Kac approach, the Laplace transforms of joint laws of $(U, \int_0^{R_y}X_s^p\,ds)$ are studied where $R_y$ is the first hitting time of $y$ by $X$ and $U$ is a random variable measurable with respect to the history of $X$ until $R_y$. A subset of these results are then used to solve the associated small ball problems for $\int_0^{R_y}X_s^p\,ds$ and determine a Chung's law of iterated logarithm. $(\int_0^{R_y}X_s^p\,ds)$ is also considered as a purely discontinuous increasing Markov process and its infinitesimal generator is found. The fi…
In this paper, we derive an integral representation for the density of the reciprocal of the first hitting time of the boundary of a wedge of angle $π/4$ by a radial Dunkl process with equal multiplicity values. Not only this representation readily yields the non negativity of the density, but also provides an analogue of Dufresne's result on the distribution of the first hitting time of zero by a Bessel process and a generalization of the Vakeroudis-Yor's identity satisfied by the first exit time from a wedge by a planar Brownian motion. We also use a result due to Spitzer on the angular part…
Let X^μ={X_t^μ;t>=0}, μ>0, be the n-dimensional hyperbolic Brownian motion with drift, that is a diffusion on the real hyperbolic space H^n having the Laplace-Beltrami operator with drift as its generator. We prove the reflection principle for X^μ, which enables us to study the process X^μkilled when exiting the hyperbolic half-space, that is the set D={x\in H^n: x_1>0}. We provide formulae, uniform estimates and describe asymptotic behavior of the Green function and the Poisson kernel of D for the process X^μ. Finally, we derive formula for the lambda-Poisson kernel of the set D.
We develop several results on hitting probabilities of random fields which highlight the role of the dimension of the parameter space. This yields upper and lower bounds in terms of Hausdorff measure and Bessel--Riesz capacity, respectively. We apply these results to a system of stochastic wave equations in spatial dimension $k\ge1$ driven by a $d$-dimensional spatially homogeneous additive Gaussian noise that is white in time and colored in space.
The main objective of the work is to provide sharp two-sided estimates of $λ$-Green function of hyperbolic Brownian motion of a half-space. We strongly rely on recent results obtained by K. Bogus and J. Malecki [3], regarding precise estimates of the Bessel heat kernel of half-lines.
We consider the exact path sampling of the squared Bessel process and some other continuous-time Markov processes, such as the CIR model, constant elasticity of variance diffusion model, and hypergeometric diffusions, which can all be obtained from a squared Bessel process by using a change of variable, time and scale transformation, and/or change of measure. All these diffusions are broadly used in mathematical finance for modelling asset prices, market indices, and interest rates. We show how the probability distributions of a squared Bessel bridge and a squared Bessel process with or withou…
We study the Doob's $h$-transform of the two-dimensional simple random walk with respect to its potential kernel, which can be thought of as the two-dimensional simple random walk conditioned on never hitting the origin. We derive an explicit formula for the Green's function of this random walk, and also prove a quantitative result on the speed of convergence of the (conditional) entrance measure to the harmonic measure (for the conditioned walk) on a finite set.
This work deals with first hitting time densities of Ito processes whose local drift can be modeled in terms of a solution to Burgers equation. In particular, we derive the densities of the first time that these processes reach a moving boundary. We distinguish two cases: (a) the case in which the process has unbounded state space before absorption, and (b) the case in which the process has bounded state space before absorption. The reason as to why this distinction has to be made will be clarified. Next, we classify processes whose local drift can be expressed as a linear combination to solut…
We examine escape and entrance times, Green's functions, local times, and hitting distributions of discs and annuli of a symmetric random walk on $\Z^2$ projected onto the periodic lattice $\Z^2_K$. This extends a framework for the simple planar random walk in Dembo, et al. (2006) to the large class of planar random walks in Bass, Rosen (2007). The approach uses comparisons between $\Z^2$ and $\Z^2_K$ hitting times and distributions on annuli, and uses only random walk methods.
Let $\{A, B, C\}$ be a partition of a sample space $Ω$. For a random walk $S_n = x + \sum_{j=1}^n X_j$ starting at $x \in A$, we find estimates for the Green's function $G_{A \cup B}(x,y)$ and the hitting time $E^x(T_C)$ for $x, y \in A \cup B$, with interest in the case where $C$ "separates" $A$ and $B$ in a sense (e.g. the probability of jumping from $A$ to $B$, or vice versa, before hitting $C$, is small).
In the first part of this article, we prove two-sided estimates of hitting probabilities of balls, the potential kernel and the Green function for a ball for general isotropic unimodal Lévy processes. Our bounds are sharp under the absence of the Gaussian component and a mild regularity condition on the density of the Lévy measure: its radial profile needs to satisfy a scaling-type condition, which is equivalent to $O$-regular variation at zero and at infinity with lower indices greater than $-d - 2$. We also prove a supremum estimate and a regularity result for functions harmonic with respect…
Z^d-extensions of probability-preserving dynamical systems are themselves dynamical systems preserving an infinite measure, and generalize random walks. Using the method of moments, we prove a generalized central limit theorem for additive functionals of the extension of integral zero, under spectral assumptions. As a corollary, we get the fact that Green-Kubo's formula is invariant under induction. This allows us to relate the hitting probability of sites with the symmetrized potential kernel, giving an alternative proof and generalizing a theorem of Spitzer. Finally, this relation is used to…
We prove the Harnack inequality and boundary Harnack principle for the absolute value of a one-dimensional recurrent subordinate Brownian motion killed upon hitting $0$, when $0$ is regular for itself and the Laplace exponent of the subordinator satisfies certain global scaling conditions. Using the conditional gauge theorem for symmetric Hunt processes we prove that the Green function of this process killed outside of some interval $(a,b)$ is comparable to the Green function of the corresponding killed subordinate Brownian motion. We also consider several properties of the compensated resolve…
Using three hypergeometric identities, we evaluate the harmonic measure of a finite interval and of its complementary for a strictly stable real L{é}vy process. This gives a simple and unified proof of several results in the literature, old and recent. We also provide a full description of the corresponding Green functions. As a by-product, we compute the hitting probabilities of points and describe the non-negative harmonic functions for the stable process killed outside a finite interval.
In this note we prove convergence of Green functions with Neumann boundary conditions for the random walk to their continuous counterparts. Also a few Beurling type hitting estimates are obtained for the random walk on discretizations of smooth domains. These have been used recently in the study of a two dimensional competing aggregation system known as $Competitive\, Erosion$. Some of the statements appearing in this note are classical for ${\mathbb{Z}}^2$. However additional arguments are needed for the proofs in the bounded geometry setting.
The lattice Green function, i.e., the resolvent of the discrete Laplace operator, is fundamental in probability theory and mathematical physics. We derive its long-distance behaviour via a detailed analysis of an integral representation involving modified Bessel functions. Our emphasis is on the decay of the massive lattice Green function in the vicinity of the massless (critical) case, and the recovery of Euclidean isotropy in the massless limit. This provides a prototype for the expected but unproven long-distance behaviour of near-critical two-point functions in statistical mechanical model…
