Nonintegrability of the two-body problem in constant curvature spaces II

An intrinsic approach in the curved n-body problem: the negative curvature case

We consider the motion of n point particles of positive masses that interact gravitationally on the 2-dimensional hyperbolic sphere, which has negative constant Gaussian curvature. Using the stereographic projection, we derive the equations of motion of this curved n-body problem in the Poincaré disk, where we study the elliptic relative equilibria. Then we obtain the equations of motion in the Poincaré upper half plane in order to analyze the hyperbolic and parabolic relative equilibria. Using techniques of Riemannian geometry, we characterize each of the above classes of periodic orbits. For…

The n-body problem in spaces of constant curvature

We generalize the Newtonian n-body problem to spaces of curvature k=constant, and study the motion in the 2-dimensional case. For k>0, the equations of motion encounter non-collision singularities, which occur when two bodies are antipodal. This phenomenon leads, on one hand, to hybrid solution singularities for as few as 3 bodies, whose corresponding orbits end up in a collision-antipodal configuration in finite time; on the other hand, it produces non-singularity collisions, characterized by finite velocities and forces at the collision instant. We also point out the existence of several cla…

On the singularities of the curved n-body problem

We study singularities of the n-body problem in spaces of constant curvature and generalize certain results due to Painleve, Weierstrass, and Sundman. For positive curvature, some of our proofs use the correspondence between total collision solutions of the original system and their orthogonal projection--a property that offers a new method of approaching the problem in this particular case.

Secular dynamics for curved two-body problems

Consider the dynamics of two point masses on a surface of constant curvature subject to an attractive force analogue of Newton's inverse square law. When the distance between the bodies is sufficiently small, the reduced equations of motion may be seen as a perturbation of an integrable system. We define suitable action-angle coordinates to average these perturbing terms and observe dynamical effects of the curvature on the motion of the two-bodies.

All the Lagrangian relative equilibria of the curved 3-body problem have equal masses

We consider the 3-body problem in 3-dimensional spaces of nonzero constant Gaussian curvature and study the relationship between the masses of the Lagrangian relative equilibria, which are orbits that form a rigidly rotating equilateral triangle at all times. There are three classes of Lagrangian relative equilibria in 3-dimensional spaces of constant nonzero curvature: positive elliptic and positive elliptic-elliptic, on 3-spheres, and negative elliptic, on hyperbolic 3-spheres. We prove that all these Lagrangian relative equilibria exist only for equal values of the masses.

Reduction and relative equilibria for the 2-body problem in spaces of constant curvature

We consider the two-body problem on surfaces of constant non-zero curvature and classify the relative equilibria and their stability. On the hyperbolic plane, for each q>0 we show there are two relative equilibria where the masses are separated by a distance q. One of these is geometrically of elliptic type and the other of hyperbolic type. The hyperbolic ones are always unstable, while the elliptic ones are stable when sufficiently close, but unstable when far apart. On the sphere of positive curvature, if the masses are different, there is a unique relative equilibrium (RE) for every angular…

Bifurcations of the Lagrangian orbits from the classical to the curved 3-body problem

We consider the 3-body problem of celestial mechanics in Euclidean, elliptic, and hyperbolic spaces, and study how the Lagrangian (equilateral) relative equilibria bifurcate when the Gaussian curvature varies. We thus prove the existence of new classes of orbits. In particular, we find some families of isosceles triangles, which occur in elliptic space.

Curvature and geodesic instabilities in a geometrical approach to the planar three-body problem

The Maupertuis principle allows us to regard classical trajectories as reparametrized geodesics of the Jacobi-Maupertuis (JM) metric on configuration space. We study this geodesic reformulation of the planar three-body problem with both Newtonian and attractive inverse-square potentials. The associated JM metrics possess translation and rotation isometries in addition to scaling isometries for the inverse-square potential with zero energy E. The geodesic flow on the full configuration space $C^3$ (with collision points excluded) leads to corresponding flows on its Riemannian quotients: the cen…

Polygonal Homographic Orbits of the Curved n-Body Problem

In the $2$-dimensional $n$-body problem, $n\ge 3$, in spaces of constant curvature, $κ\ne 0$, we study polygonal homographic solutions. We first provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of these orbits and then consider the case of regular polygons. We further use this criterion to show that, for any $n\ge 3$, the regular $n$-gon is a polygonal homographic orbit if and only if all masses are equal. Then we prove the existence of relative equilibria of non-equal masses on the sphere of curvature $κ>0$ for $n=3$ in the case of scalene triangles. Such triangular relative equi…

Continuation of relative equilibria in the $n$--body problem to spaces of constant curvature

We prove that all non-degenerate relative equilibria of the planar Newtonian $n$--body problem can be continued to spaces of constant curvature $κ$, positive or negative, for small enough values of this parameter. We also compute the extension of some classical relative equilibria to curved spaces using numerical continuation. In particular, we extend Lagrange's triangle configuration with different masses to both positive and negative curvature spaces.

The $N$-Body Problem in Spaces with Uniformly Varying Curvature

We generalize the curved $N$-body problem to spheres and hyperbolic spheres whose curvature $κ$ varies in time. Unlike in the particular case when the curvature is constant, the equations of motion are non-autonomous. We first briefly consider the analogue of the Kepler problem and then investigate the homographic orbits for any number of bodies, proving the existence of several such classes of solutions on spheres. Allowing the curvature to vary in time offers some insight into the effect of an expanding universe, in the context the curved $N$-body problem, when $κ$ satisfies Hubble's law. Th…

Möbius solutions of the curved $n$--body problem for positive curvature

We denote by $\mathbb{M}^2_R$ a two dimensional space of constant positive Gaussian curvature. With methods of Möbius geometry and using the classification of the Möbius group of automorphisms ${\rm \bf Mob}_2 \, (\hat{\mathbb{C}})$ of the Riemman sphere $\hat{\mathbb{C}}=\mathbb{M}_R^2 \cup \{\infty\}$, we give algebraic conditions for the existence of Möbius solutions on $\hat{\mathbb{C}}$, getting a complete classification of them. We show several families of this kind of solutions.

Rotopulsators of the curved N-body problem

We consider the N-body problem in spaces of constant curvature and study its rotopulsators, i.e.\ solutions for which the configuration of the bodies rotates and changes size during the motion. Rotopulsators fall naturally into five groups: positive elliptic, positive elliptic-elliptic, negative elliptic, negative hyperbolic, and negative elliptic-hyperbolic, depending on the nature and number of their rotations and on whether they occur in spaces of positive or negative curvature. After obtaining existence criteria for each type of rotopulsator, we derive their conservation laws. We further d…

Rigid body equations on spaces of pseudo-differential operators with renormalized trace

We equip the regular Fréchet Lie group of invertible, odd-class, classical pseudodifferential operators $Cl^{0,*}_{odd}(M,E)$ -- in which $M$ is a compact smooth manifold and $E$ a (complex) vector bundle over $M$ -- with pseudo-Riemannian metrics, and we use these metrics to introduce a large class of rigid body equations. We adapt to our infinite-dimensional setting Manakov's classical observation on the integrability of Euler's equations for the rigid body, and we show that our equations can be written in Lax form (with parameter) and that they admit an infinite number of integrals of motio…

相对平衡、线性稳定性与电磁曲率

Relative equilibria, linear stability and electromagnetic curvature

本文从电磁系统视角研究牛顿n体问题中相对平衡的线性稳定性，提出基于电磁曲率的新方法，揭示稳定性阈值下的拓扑变化，并应用于平面n体问题，恢复Routh准则并获得一般不稳定性判据。

The continuous transition of Hamiltonian vector fields through manifolds of constant curvature

We ask whether Hamiltonian vector fields defined on spaces of constant Gaussian curvature $κ$ (spheres, for $κ>0$, and hyperbolic spheres, for $κ<0$), pass continuously through the value $κ=0$ if the potential functions $U_κ, κ\in\mathbb R$, that define them satisfy the property $\lim_{κ\to 0}U_κ=U_0$, where $U_0$ corresponds to the Euclidean case. We prove that the answer to this question is positive, both in the 2- and 3-dimensional cases, which are of physical interest, and then apply our conclusions to the gravitational $N$-body problem.

On the non-existence of hyperbolic polygonal relative equilibria for the negative curved $n$--body problem with equal masses

We consider the $n$--body problem defined on surfaces of constant negative curvature. For the case of $n$--equal masses we prove that the hyperbolic relative equilibria with a regular polygonal shape do not exist. In particular the Lagrangian (three equal distances) hyperbolic relative equilibria do not exist. We also show the existence of a new class of hyperbolic collinear relative equilibria for the five body problem on surfaces of constant negative curvature.

Polygonal homographic orbits in spaces of constant curvature

We prove that the geometry of the 2-dimensional $n$-body problem for spaces of constant curvature $κ\neq 0$, $n\geq 3$, does not allow for polygonal homographic solutions, provided that the corresponding orbits are irregular polygons of non-constant size.

Instabilities and chaos in the classical three-body and three-rotor problems

This thesis studies instabilities and singularities in a geometrical approach to the planar 3-body problem as well as instabilities, chaos and ergodicity in the 3-rotor problem. Trajectories of the planar 3-body problem are expressed as geodesics of the Jacobi-Maupertuis (JM) metric on the configuration space $C^3$. Translation, rotation and scaling isometries lead to reduced dynamics on quotients of $C^3$ that encode information on the full dynamics. Riemannian submersions are used to find the quotient metrics and to show that the geodesic formulation regularizes collisions for the $1/r^2$ bu…

Existence of a lower bound for the distance between point masses of relative equilibria in spaces of constant curvature

We prove that if for the curved $n$-body problem the masses are given, the minimum distance between the point masses of a specific type of relative equilibrium solution to that problem has a universal lower bound that is not equal to zero. We furthermore prove that the set of all such relative equilibria is compact. This class of relative equilibria includes all relative equilibria of the curved $n$-body problem in $\mathbb{S}^{2}$, $\mathbb{H}^{2}$ and a significant subset of the relative equilibria for $\mathbb{S}^{3}$ and $\mathbb{H}^{3}$.

No hyperbolic pants for the 4-body problem

The $N$-body problem with a $1/r^2$ potential has, in addition to translation and rotational symmetry, an effective scale symmetry which allows its zero energy flow to be reduced to a geodesic flow on complex projective $N-2$-space, minus a hyperplane arrangement. When $N=3$ we get a geodesic flow on the two-sphere minus three points. If, in addition we assume that the three masses are equal, then it was proved in [1] that the corresponding metric is hyperbolic: its Gaussian curvature is negative except at two points. Does the negative curvature property persist for $N=4$, that is, in the equa…

The classical N-body problem in the context of curved space

We provide the differential equations that generalize the Newtonian N-body problem of celestial mechanics to spaces of constant Gaussian curvature, k, for all k real. In previous studies, the equations of motion made sense only for k nonzero. The system derived here does more than just include the Euclidean case in the limit when k tends to 0: it recovers the classical equations for k=0. This new expression of the laws of motion allows the study of the N-body problem in the context of constant curvature spaces and thus offers a natural generalization of the Newtonian equations that includes th…

Polygonal negative hyperbolic rotopulsators of the curved $n$-body problem

For the $n$-body problem in spaces of negative constant Gaussian curvature, we prove for a class of negative hyperbolic rotopulsators that if that class exists, the configurations of the point masses of these rotopulsators have to be regular polygons if the rotopulsators are not relative equilibria. Additionally, we prove that if the rotopulsators are relative equilibria, there exists at most one such solution.

Existence of a lower bound for the distance between point masses of relative equilibria for generalised quasi-homogeneous $n$-body problems and the curved $n$-body problem

We prove that if for relative equilibrium solutions of a generalisation of quasi-homogeneous $n$-body problems the masses and rotation are given, then the minimum distance between the point masses of such a relative equilibrium has a universal lower bound that is not equal to zero. We furthermore prove that the set of such relative equilibria is compact and prove related results for $n$-body problems in spaces of constant Gaussian curvature.

On the sectional curvature along central configurations

In this paper we characterize planar central configurations in terms of a sectional curvature value of the Jacobi-Maupertuis metric. This characterization works for the $N$-body problem with general masses and any $1/r^α$ potential with $α> 0$. We also observe dynamical consequences of these curvature values for relative equilibrium solutions. These curvature methods work well for strong forces ($α\ge 2$).

Relative equilibria for the positive curved $n-$body problem

We consider the $n$ body problem defined on surfaces of constant positive curvature. For the 5 and 7 body problem in a collinear symmetric configuration we obtain initial positions which lead to relative equilibria. We give explicitly the values of masses in terms of the initial positions. For positions for which relative equilibria exist, there are infinitely many values of the masses that generate such solutions. For the 5 and 7 body problem, the set of parameters (masses and positions) leading to relative equilibria has positive Lebesgue measure.

Hyperbolic Shirts fit a 4-body Problem

Consider the equal mass planar $4$-body problem with a potential corresponding to an inverse \textit{cube} force. The Jacobi-Maupertuis principle reparametrizes the dynamics as geodesics of a certain metric. We examine the curvature of this geodesic flow in the reduced space on the collinear and parallelogram invariant surfaces and derive some dynamical consequences. This proves a numerical conjecture of [4].

Rectangular orbits of the curved 4-body problem

We consider the 4-body problem in spaces of constant curvature and study the existence of spherical and hyperbolic rectangular solutions, i.e. equiangular quadrilateral motions on spheres and hyperbolic spheres. We focus on relative equilibria (orbits that maintain constant mutual distances) and rotopulsators (configurations that rotate and change size, but preserve equiangularity). We prove that when such orbits exist, they are necessarily spherical or hyperbolic squares, i.e. equiangular equilateral quadrilaterals.

Regularization of the restricted $(n+1)$-body problem on curved spaces

We consider $(n+1)$ bodies moving under their mutual gravitational attraction in spaces with constant Gaussian curvature $κ$. In this system, $n$ primary bodies with equal masses form a relative equilibrium solution with a regular polygon configuration, and the remaining body of negligible mass does not affect the motion of the others. We show that the singularity due to binary collision between the negligible mass and the primaries can be regularized local and globally through suitable changes of coordinates (Levi-Civita and Birkhoff type transformations).

三体 secular 理论与开普勒弹道中的共同第一积分

A common first integral from three-body secular theory and Kepler billiards

本文揭示了三体 secular 理论与开普勒弹道中的共同第一积分的联系，并定义了常曲率面上的可积弹道系统。

Existence of a class of rotopulsators

We prove the existence of a class of rotopulsators for the n-body problem in spaces of constant curvature of dimension k>=2.

Fitting Hyperbolic Pants to a Three-Body Problem

Consider the three-body problem with an attractive $1/r^2$ potential. Modulo symmetries, the dynamics of the bounded zero-angular momentum solutions is equivalent to a geodesic flow on the thrice-punctured sphere, or ``pair of pants''. The sphere is the shape sphere. The punctures are the binary collisions. The metric generating the geodesics is the Jacobi-Maupertuis metric. The metric is complete, has infinite area, and its ends, the neighborhoods of the punctures, are asymptotically cylindrical. Our main result is that when the three masses are equal then the metric has negative curvature ev…