There exists and is unique up to multiplication by a constant function a form of the highest dimension on the manifold of n-dimensional continued fractions in the sense of Klein, such that the form is invariant under the natural action of the group of projective transformations PGL(n+1). A measure corresponding to the integral of such form is called a Mobius measure. In the present paper we deduce an explicit formulae to calculate invariant forms in special coordinates. These formulae allow to give answers to some statistical questions of theory of multidimensional continued fractions. As an example, we show in this work the results of approximate calculations of frequencies for certain two-dimensional faces of two-dimensional continued fractions.
We consider a family $\{T_N:N \geq 1 \}$ of interval maps as generalizations of the Gauss transformation. For the continued fraction expansion arising from $T_N$, we solve its Gauss-Kuzmin-type problem by applying the theory of random systems with complete connections by Iosifescu.
After providing an overview of $θ$-expansions introduced by Chakraborty and Rao, we focus on the Gauss-Kuzmin problem for this new transformation. Actually, we complete our study on these expansions by proving a two-dimensional Gauss-Kuzmin theorem. More exactly, we obtain such a theorem related to the natural extension of the associated measure-dynamical system. Finally, we derive explicit lower and upper bounds of the error term which provide interesting numerical calculations for the convergence rate involved.
We generalize the result of Wirsing on Gauss transformation to the generalized tranformation $T_p(x)=\{\cfrac{p}{x}\}$ for any positive integer $p$. We give an estimate for the generalized Gauss-Kuzmin-Wirsing constant.
We consider a family $\{τ_m:m\geq 2\}$ of interval maps introduced by Hei-Chi Chan [5] as generalizations of the Gauss transformation. For the continued fraction expansion arising from $τ_m$, we solve its Gauss-Kuzmin-type problem by applying the method of Rockett and Szüsz [18].
A two-dimensional Gauss-Kuzmin theorem for $N$-continued fraction expansions is shown. More exactly, we obtain a Gauss-Kuzmin theorem related to the natural extension of the measure-dynamical system corresponding to these expansions. Then, using characteristic properties of the transition operator associated with the random system with complete connections underlying $N$-continued fractions on the Banach space of complex-valued functions of bounded variation we derive explicit lower and upper bounds for the convergence rate of the distribution function to its limit.
We consider an interval map which is a generalization of the Rényi transformation. For the continued fraction expansion arising from this transformation, we prove a result concerning the asymptotic behavior of the distribution functions of this map. More exactly, we use Szüsz's method to prove a Gauss-Kuzmin-Lévy-type theorem.
We consider a family of continued fraction expansions of any number in the unit closed interval $[0,1]$ whose digits are differences of consecutive non-positive integer powers of an integer $m \geq 2$. For this expansion, we apply the method of Rockett and Szüsz from [6] and obtained the solution of its Gauss-Kuzmin type problem.
The Gauss-Kuzmin statistics for the triangle map (a type of multidimensional continued fraction algorithm) are derived by examining the leading eigenfunction of the triangle map's transfer operator. The technical difficulty is finding the appropriate Banach space of functions. We also show that, by thinking of the triangle map's transfer operator as acting on a one-dimensional family of Hilbert spaces, the transfer can be thought of as a family of nuclear operators of trace class zero.
Using the natural extension for $θ$-expansions, we give an infinite-order-chain representation of the sequence of the incomplete quotients of these expansions. Together with the ergodic behavior of a certain homogeneous random system with complete connections, this allows us to solve a variant of Gauss-Kuzmin problem for the above fraction expansion.
A generalization of the regular continued fractions was given by Chakraborty and Rao \cite{CR-2003}. For the transformation which generates this expansion and its invariant measure, the Perron-Frobenius operator is given and studied. For this expansion, we apply the method of Rockett and Szüsz \cite{RS-1992} and obtained the solution of its Gauss-Kuzmin-type problem.
We study a family of continued fraction expansion of reals from the unit interval. The Perron-Frobenius operator of the transformation which generates this expansion under the invariant measure of this transformation is given. Using the ergodic behavior of homogeneous random system with complete connections associated with this expansion we solve a variant of Gauss-Kuzmin problem for this continued fraction expansion.
In this paper we study in detail a family of continued fraction expansions of any number in the unit closed interval $[0,1]$ whose digits are differences of consecutive non-positive integer powers of an integer $m \geq 2$. For the transformation which generates this expansion and its invariant measure, the Perron-Frobenius operator is given and studied. For this expansion, we apply the method of random systems with complete connections by Iosifescu and obtained the solution of its Gauss-Kuzmin type problem.
Based on the technique previously developed by the author, we present a conjecture which claims that the reciprocal of the n-th largest (in absolute value) eigenvalue of the Gauss-Kuzmin-Wirsing operator is equal to the sum of a certain infinite series. This series is constructed recurrently. It consists of rational functions with integer coefficients in two variables X, Y, specialized at X=n and Y=2^n. This gives a strong evidence to the conjecture of Mayer and Roepstorff that eigenvalues have alternating sign. Further, a very similar recursion yields a series for the dominant eigenvalue of t…
The coefficients of the regular continued fraction for random numbers are distributed by the Gauss-Kuzmin distribution according to Khinchin's law. Their geometric mean converges to Khinchin's constant and their rational approximation speed is Khinchin's speed. It is an open question whether these theorems also apply to algebraic numbers of degree $>2$. Since they apply to almost all numbers it is, however, commonly inferred that it is most likely that non quadratic algebraic numbers also do so. We argue that this inference is not well grounded. There is strong numerical evidence that Khinchin…
This paper present the important role that random system with complete connections played in solving the Gauss problem associated to the regular continued fractions. Hence, using the ergodic behavior of homogeneous random system with complete connections, we will solve a Gauss - Kuzmin type theorem.
For uniformly chosen random $α\in [0,1]$, it is known the probability the $n^{\rm th}$ digit of the continued-fraction expansion, $[α]_n$ converges to the Gauss-Kuzmin distribution $\mathbb{P}([α]_n = k) \approx \log_2 (1 + 1/ k(k+2))$ as $n \to \infty$. In this paper, we show the continued fraction digits of $\sqrt{d}$, which are eventually periodic, also converge to the Gauss-Kuzmin distribution as $d \to \infty$ with bounded class number, $h(d)$. The proof uses properties of the geodesic flow in the unit tangent bundle of the modular surface, $T^1(\text{SL}_2 \mathbb{Z}\backslash \mathbb{H}…
This paper continues our investigation of Renyi-type continued fractions studied in \cite{Sebe&Lascu-2018}. A Wirsing-type approach to the Perron-Frobenius operator of the Rényi-type continued fraction transformation under its invariant measure allows us to study the optimality of the convergence rate. Actually, we obtain upper and lower bounds of the convergence rate which provide a near-optimal solution to the Gauss-Kuzmin-Lévy problem.
We construct an absolutely normal number whose continued fraction expansion is normal in the sense that it contains all finite patterns of partial quotients with the expected asymptotic frequency as given by the Gauss-Kuzmin measure. The construction is based on ideas of Sierpinski and uses a large deviations theorem for sums of mixing random variables.
We introduce and study in detail a special class of backward continued fractions that represents a generalization of Rényi continued fractions. We investigate the main metrical properties of the digits occurring in these expansions and we construct the natural extension for the transformation that generates the Rényi-type expansion. Also we define the associated random system with complete connections whose ergodic behavior allows us to prove a variant of Gauss-Kuzmin-type theorem.
Let x be a quadratic irrational and let P be the set of prime numbers. We show the existence of an infinite subset S of P such that the statistics of the period of the continued fraction expansions along the sequence {px: p\in S} approach the normal statistics given by the Gauss-Kuzmin measure. Under the generalized Riemann hypothesis, we prove that there exist full density subsets S of P and T of N satisfying the same assertion. We give a rate of convergence in all cases.
We attempt to investigate a two-dimensional Gauss-Kuzmin theorem for Rényi-type continued fraction expansions. More precisely speaking, our focus is to obtain specific lower and upper bounds for the error term considered which imply the convergence rate of the distribution function involved to its limit. To achieve our goal, we exploit the significant properties of the Perron-Frobenius operator of the Rényi-type map under its invariant measure on the Banach space of functions of bounded variation. Finally, we give some numerical calculations to conclude the paper.
We present and develop different approaches to study the asymptotic behavior of the distribution functions in the odd continued fractions case. Firstly, by considering the transition operator of the Markov chain associated with these expansions on a certain Banach space of complex-valued functions of bounded variation we make a brief survey of the solution in the Gauss-Kuzmin-type problem. Secondly, we use the method of Szüsz to obtain a similar asymptotic result and to give a good estimate of the convergence rate involved.
In this paper we answer certain questions posed by V.I. Arnold, namely, we study periods of continued fractions for solutions of quadratic equations in the form $x^2+p x=q$ with integer $p$ and $q$, $p^2+q^2\le R^2$. Our results concern the average sum of period elements and Gauss--Kuzmin statistics as $R\to\infty$.
The classical Farey sequence of height $Q$ is the set of rational numbers in reduced form with denominator less than $Q$. In this paper we introduce the concept of a generalized Farey sequence. While these sequences arise naturally in the study of discrete (and in particular thin) subgroups, they can be used to study interesting number theoretic sequences - for example rationals whose continued fraction partial quotients are subject to congruence conditions. We show that these sequences equidistribute, that the gap distribution converges, and we answer an associated problem in Diophantine appr…
This paper is a direct continuation of "Functional analysis behind a Family of Multidimensional Continued Fractions: Part I," in which we started the exploration of the functional analysis behind the transfer operators for triangle partition maps, a family that includes many, if not most, well-known multidimensional continued fraction algorithms. This allows us now to find eigenfunctions of eigenvalue 1 for transfer operators associated with select triangle partition maps on specified Banach spaces. We proceed to prove that the transfer operators, viewed as acting on one-dimensional families o…
We prove that the statistics of the period of the continued fraction expansion of certain sequences of quadratic irrationals from a fixed quadratic field approach the `normal' statistics given by the Gauss-Kuzmin measure. As a by-product, the growth rate of the period is analyzed and, for example, it is shown that for a fixed integer $k$ and a quadratic irrational $\al$, the length of the period of the continued fraction expansion of $k^n\al$ equals $c k^n +o(k^{(1-\frac{1}{16})n})$ for some positive constant $c$. This improves results of Cohn, Lagarias, and Grisel, and settles a conjecture of…
Triangle partition maps form a family that includes many, if not most, well-known multidimensional continued fraction algorithms. This paper begins the exploration of the functional analysis behind the transfer operator of each of these maps. We show that triangle partition maps give rise to two classes of transfer operators and present theorems regarding the origin of these classes; we also present related theorems on the form of transfer operators arising from compositions of triangle partition maps. In the next paper, Part II, we will find eigenfunctions of eigenvalue 1 for transfer operato…
Using techniques introduced by D. Mayer, we prove an extension of the classical Gauss-Kuzmin theorem about the distribution of continued fractions, which in particular allows one to take into account some congruence properties of successive convergents. This result has an application to the Mixmaster Universe model in general relativity. We then study some averages involving modular symbols and show that Dirichlet series related to modular forms of weight 2 can be obtained by integrating certain functions on real axis defined in terms of continued fractions. We argue that the quotient $PGL(2,\…
