Denis Krotov, Sergey Avgustinovich
We present a construction of 1-perfect binary codes, which gives a new lower bound on the number of such codes. We conjecture that this lower bound is asymptotically tight.
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Studying binary perfect codes we show the existence of homogeneous nontransitive codes. Thus, as far as perfect codes are concerned, the propelinear codes are strictly contained in transitive codes, wheresas homogeneous codes form a strict subclass of transitive codes. In the work we deduce a necessary and sufficient condition for transitivity of perfect binary codes of rank one more than that of Hamming code. The paper is in Russian.
Binary sequences with lower autocorrelation values have important applications in cryptography and communications. In this paper, we present all possible parameters for binary periodical sequences with a 2-level autocorrelation values. For $n \equiv 1\pmod 4$, we prove some cases of Schmidt's Conjecture for perfect binary sequences. (Des. Codes Cryptogr. 78 (2016), 237-267.) For $n \equiv 2\pmod 4$, Jungnickel and Pott (Discrete Appl. Math. 95 (1999) 331-359.) left four perfect binary sequences as open problem and we solve three of its. For $n \equiv 3\pmod 4$, we present some nonexistence of …
The aim of this work is a systematic investigation of the possible parameters of quasi-perfect (QP) binary and ternary linear codes of small dimensions and preparing a complete classification of all such codes. First we give a list of infinite families of QP codes which includes all binary, ternary and quaternary codes known to is. We continue further with a list of sporadic examples of binary and ternary QP codes. Later we present the results of our investigation where binary QP codes of dimensions up to 14 and ternary QP codes of dimensions up to 13 are classified.
Some properties of perfect transitive binary codes of length 15 and extended perfect transitive binary codes of length 16 are presented for reference purposes.
Enumeration of rooted binary perfect phylogenies
本文研究了有根二叉完美系统发育树的计数问题，通过将大小为s的谱系样本分布到n个叶子的无标签树上，推广了有根二叉无标签树并刻画了其组合结构。
The paper proves that there exist an exponential number of nonequivalent propelinear extended perfect binary codes of length growing to infinity. Specifically, it is proved that all transitive extended perfect binary codes found by Potapov are propelinear. All such codes have small rank, which is one more than the rank of the extended Hamming code of the same length. We investigate the properties of these codes and show that any of them has a normalized propelinear representation.
A binary poset code of codimension M (of cardinality 2^{N-M}, where N is the code length) can correct maximum M errors. All possible poset metrics that allow codes of codimension M to be M-, (M-1)- or (M-2)-perfect are described. Some general conditions on a poset which guarantee the nonexistence of perfect poset codes are derived; as examples, we prove the nonexistence of R-perfect poset codes for some R in the case of the crown poset and in the case of the union of disjoin chains. Index terms: perfect codes, poset codes
Generalized perfect binary arrays (GPBAs) were used by Jedwab to construct perfect binary arrays. A non-trivial GPBA can exist only if its energy is $2$ or a multiple of $4$. This paper introduces generalized optimal binary arrays (GOBAs) with even energy not divisible by $4$, as analogs of GPBAs. We give a procedure to construct GOBAs based on a characterization of the arrays in terms of $2$-cocycles. As a further application, we determine negaperiodic Golay pairs arising from generalized optimal binary sequences of small length.
It is proven that for any numbers n=2^m-1, m >= 4 and r, such that n - log(n+1)<= r <= n excluding n = r = 63, n = 127, r in {126,127} and n = r = 2047 there exists a propelinear perfect binary code of length n and rank r.
This paper establishes a connection between binary subwords and perfect matchings of a snake graph, an important tool in the theory of cluster algebras. Every binary expansion w can be associated to a piecewise-linear poset P and a snake graph G. We construct a tree structure called the antichain trie which is isomorphic to the trie of subwords introduced by Leroy, Rigo, and Stipulanti. We then present bijections from the subwords of w to the antichains of P and to the perfect matchings of G.
Let $G=(V,E)$ and $H$ be two graphs. Packing problem is to find in $G$ the largest number of independent subgraphs each of which is isomorphic to $H$. Let $U\subset{V}$. If the graph $G-U$ has no subgraph isomorphic to $H$, $U$ is a cover of $G$. Covering problem is to find the smallest set $U$. The vertex-disjoint tree packing was not sufficiently discussed in literature but has its applications in data encryption and in communication networks such as multi-cast routing protocol design. In this paper, we give the kind of $(k+1)$-connected graph $G'$ into which we can pack independently the su…
Diameter perfect codes form a natural generalization for perfect codes. They are based on the code-anticode bound which generalizes the sphere-packing bound. The code-anticode bound was proved by Delsarte for distance-regular graphs and it holds for some other metrics too. In this paper we prove the bound for non-binary constant-weight codes with the Hamming metric and characterize the diameter perfect codes and the maximum size anticodes for these codes. We distinguish between six families of non-binary diameter constant-weight codes and four families of maximum size non-binary constant-weigh…
A pairing function for the non-negative integers is said to be binary perfect if the binary representation of the output is of length 2k or less whenever each input has length k or less. Pairing functions with square shells, such as the Rosenberg-Strong pairing function, are binary perfect. Many well-known discrete space-filling curves, including the discrete Hilbert curve, are also binary perfect. The concept of a binary proportional pairing function generalizes the concept of a binary perfect pairing function. Binary proportional pairing functions may be useful in applications where a pairin…
In this work, we consider tilings of the Hamming cube and look for metrics which turn the tilings into a perfect code. We consider the family of metrics which are determined by a weight and are compatible with the support of vectors (TS-metrics). We determine which of the tilings with small tiles or high rank can be a perfect code for some TS-metric and we characterize all such metrics. Finally, we show some procedures to obtain new perfect codes (relatively to TS-metrics) out of existing ones.
Evolutionary models used for describing molecular sequence variation suppose that at a non-recombining genomic segment, sequences share ancestry that can be represented as a genealogy--a rooted, binary, timed tree, with tips corresponding to individual sequences. Under the infinitely-many-sites mutation model, mutations are randomly superimposed along the branches of the genealogy, so that every mutation occurs at a chromosomal site that has not previously mutated; if a mutation occurs at an interior branch, then all individuals descending from that branch carry the mutation. The implication i…
A tiling of the $n$-dimensional Hamming cube gives rise to a perfect code (according to a given metric) if the basic tile is a metric ball. We are concerned with metrics on the $n$-dimensional Hamming cube which are determined by a weight which respects support of vectors (TS-metrics). We consider the known tilings of the Hamming cube and first determine which of them give rise to a perfect code. In the sequence, for those tilings that satisfy this condition, we determine all the TS-metrics that turns it into a perfect code. We also propose the construction of new perfect codes obtained by the…
We study properties of binary codes with parameters close to the parameters of 1-perfect codes. An arbitrary binary $(n=2^m-3, 2^{n-m-1}, 4)$ code $C$, i.e., a code with parameters of a triply-shortened extended Hamming code, is a cell of an equitable partition of the $n$-cube into six cells. An arbitrary binary $(n=2^m-4, 2^{n-m}, 3)$ code $D$, i.e., a code with parameters of a triply-shortened Hamming code, is a cell of an equitable family (but not a partition) from six cells. As a corollary, the codes $C$ and $D$ are completely semiregular; i.e., the weight distribution of such a code depen…
The minimum distance graph of a code has the codewords as vertices and edges exactly when the Hamming distance between two codewords equals the minimum distance of the code. A constructive proof for reconstructibility of an extended perfect binary one-error-correcting code from its minimum distance graph is presented. Consequently, inequivalent such codes have nonisomorphic minimum distance graphs. Moreover, it is shown that the automorphism group of a minimum distance graph is isomorphic to that of the corresponding code.
We show that any binary $(n=2^m-3, 2^{n-m}, 3)$ code $C_1$ is a part of an equitable partition (perfect coloring) $\{C_1,C_2,C_3,C_4\}$ of the $n$-cube with the parameters $((0,1,n-1,0)(1,0,n-1,0)(1,1,n-4,2)(0,0,n-1,1))$. Now the possibility to lengthen the code $C_1$ to a 1-perfect code of length $n+2$ is equivalent to the possibility to split the part $C_4$ into two distance-3 codes or, equivalently, to the biparticity of the graph of distances 1 and 2 of $C_4$. In any case, $C_1$ is uniquely embeddable in a twofold 1-perfect code of length $n+2$ with some structural restrictions, where by a…
An $(n,k)$ sequence covering array is a set of permutations of $[n]$ such that each sequence of $k$ distinct elements of $[n]$ is a subsequence of at least one of the permutations. An $(n,k)$ sequence covering array is perfect if there is a positive integer $λ$ such that each sequence of $k$ distinct elements of $[n]$ is a subsequence of precisely $λ$ of the permutations. While relatively close upper and lower bounds for the minimum size of a sequence covering array are known, this is not the case for perfect sequence covering arrays. Here we present new nontrivial bounds for the latter. In pa…
We present some exact expressions for the number of paths of a given length in a perfect $m$-ary tree. We first count the paths in perfect rooted $m$-ary trees and then use the results to determine the number of paths in perfect unrooted $m$-ary trees, extending a known result for binary trees.
The existence question for tiling of the $n$-dimensional Euclidian space by crosses is well known. A few existence and nonexistence results are known in the literature. Of special interest are tilings of the Euclidian space by crosses with arms of length one, known also as Lee spheres with radius one. Such a tiling forms a perfect code. In this paper crosses with arms of length half are considered. These crosses are scaled by two to form a discrete shape. We prove that an integer tiling for such a shape exists if and only if $n=2^t-1$ or $n=3^t-1$, $t>0$. A strong connection of these tilings t…
Let c(F) be the number of perfect pairs of F and c(G) be the maximum of c(F) over all (near-) one-factorizations F of G. Wagner showed that for odd n, c(K_{n}) \geq n*phi(n)/2 and for m and n which are odd and co-prime to each other, c(K_{mn}) \geq 2*c(K_{m})*c(K_{n}). In this note, we establish that both these results are equivalent in the sense that they both give rise to the same lower bound.
In this article, we study locating-dominating codes in binary Hamming spaces $\mathbb{F}^n$. Locating-dominating codes have been widely studied since their introduction in 1980s by Slater and Rall. They are dominating sets suitable for distinguishing vertices in graphs. Dominating sets as well as locating-dominating codes have been studied in Hamming spaces in multiple articles. Previously, Honkala et al. (2004) have presented a lower bound for locating-dominating codes in binary Hamming spaces. In this article, we improve the lower bound for all values $n\geq10$. In particular, when $n=11$, w…
In the paper we show the existence of a large class of extended perfect binary codes containing maximum ij-components.
A binary 1-error-correcting code can always be embedded in a 1-perfect code of some larger length
A $q$-ary $t$-covering array is an $m \times n$ matrix with entries from $\{0, 1, ..., q-1\}$ with the property that for any $t$ column positions, all $q^t$ possible vectors of length $t$ occur at least once. One wishes to minimize $m$ for given $t$ and $n$, or maximize $n$ for given $t$ and $m$. For $t = 2$ and $q = 2$, it is completely solved by Rényi, Katona, and Kleitman and Spencer. They also show that maximal binary 2-covering arrays are uniquely determined. Roux found the lower bound of $m$ for a general $t, n$, and $q$. In this article, we show that $m \times n$ binary 2-covering array…
We present new lower bounds for the size of perfect and separating hash families ensuring their existence. Such new bounds are based on the algorithmic Cluster expansion improved version of the Lovász Local Lemma, which also implies that the Moser-Tardos algorithm finds such hash families in polynomial time.
This paper studies on the cardinality of perfect multi deletion binary codes. The lower bound for any perfect deletion code with the fixed code length and the number of deletions, and the asymptotic achievable of Levenshtein's upper bound are shown.
The existence of greatest lower bounds in the imbalance order of path-length sequences of binary trees is seen to be a consequence of a joint monotonicity property of the greater and lower expension operations. Path length sequences that are join-irreducible in the imbalance lattice are characterized.
Perfect codes in the $n$-dimensio\-nal grid $Λ_n$ of the lattice $\mathbb{Z}^n$ ($0<n\in\mathbb{Z}$) and its quotient toroidal grids were obtained via the truncated distance in $\mathbb{Z}^n$ given between $u=(u_1,\cdots,u_n)$ and $v=(v_1, \ldots,v_n)$ as the graph distance $h(u,v)$ in $Λ_n$, if $|u_i-v_i|\le 1$, for all $i\in\{1, \ldots,n\}$, and as $n+1$, otherwise. Such codes are extended to multilattice graphs $Γ_n$ obtained by glueing ternary $n$-cubes along their codimension 1 ternary subcubes in such a way that each binary $n$-subcube is contained in a unique maximal lattice of $Γ_n$. T…
The number of perfect matchings in 3-connected planar graphs
研究可匹配的平面3-连通图中完美匹配数量，通过证明至少40个顶点的此类图至少有12个完美匹配且下界紧，否定了是否存在常数\(c<12\)使有无穷多此类图恰有\(c\)个完美匹配的问题。
From cosets of binary Hamming codes we construct diameter perfect constant-weight ternary codes with weight $n-1$ (where $n$ is the code length) and distances 3 and 5. The class of distance 5 codes has parameters unknown before. Keywords: constant-weight codes, ternary codes, perfect codes, diameter perfect codes, perfect matchings, Preparata codes
A code $C$ is called propelinear if there is a subgroup of $Aut(C)$ of order $|C|$ acting transitively on the codewords of $C$. In the paper new propelinear perfect binary codes of any admissible length more than $7$ are obtained by a particular case of the Solov'eva concatenation construction--1981 and the regular subgroups of the general affine group of the vector space over $GF(2)$.
New lower bounds on the minimum average Hamming distance of binary codes are derived. The bounds are obtained using linear programming approach.
For an integer $q\ge 2$, a perfect $q$-hash code $C$ is a block code over $[q]:=\{1,\ldots,q\}$ of length $n$ in which every subset $\{\mathbf{c}_1,\mathbf{c}_2,\dots,\mathbf{c}_q\}$ of $q$ elements is separated, i.e., there exists $i\in[n]$ such that $\{\mathrm{proj}_i(\mathbf{c}_1),\dots,\mathrm{proj}_i(\mathbf{c}_q)\}=[q]$, where $\mathrm{proj}_i(\mathbf{c}_j)$ denotes the $i$th position of $\mathbf{c}_j$. Finding the maximum size $M(n,q)$ of perfect $q$-hash codes of length $n$, for given $q$ and $n$, is a fundamental problem in combinatorics, information theory, and computer science. In t…
Exponential Resolution Lower Bounds for Weak Pigeonhole Principle and Perfect Matching Formulas over Sparse Graphs
本文通过扩展 pseudo-width 方法至稀疏图，证明了高度不平衡稀疏 expander 图上 PHP 公式与完美匹配公式的 resolution 证明长度具有指数级下界。
It is known that the size of the largest common subtree (i.e., the maximum agreement subtree) of two independent random binary trees with $n$ given labeled leaves is of order between $n^{0.366}$ and $n^{1/2}$. We improve the lower bound to order $n^{0.4464}$ by constructing a common subtree recursively and by proving a lower bound for its asymptotic growth. The construction is a modification of an algorithm proposed by D. Aldous by splitting the tree at the centroid and by proceeding recursively.
Let ${\cal C}$ be a ${\mathbb{Z}}_2{\mathbb{Z}}_4$-additive code of length $n > 3$. We prove that if the binary Gray image of ${\cal C}$, $C=Φ({\cal C})$, is a 1-perfect nonlinear code, then ${\cal C}$ cannot be a ${\mathbb{Z}}_2{\mathbb{Z}}_4$-cyclic code except for one case of length $n=15$. Moreover, we give a parity check matrix for this cyclic code. Adding an even parity check coordinate to a ${\mathbb{Z}}_2{\mathbb{Z}}_4$-additive 1-perfect code gives an extended 1-perfect code. We also prove that any such code cannot be ${\mathbb{Z}}_2{\mathbb{Z}}_4$-cyclic.
A new generalization of the Gray map is introduced. The new generalization $Φ: Z_{2^k}^n \to Z_{2}^{2^{k-1}n}$ is connected with the known generalized Gray map $ϕ$ in the following way: if we take two dual linear $Z_{2^k}$-codes and construct binary codes from them using the generalizations $ϕ$ and $Φ$ of the Gray map, then the weight enumerators of the binary codes obtained will satisfy the MacWilliams identity. The classes of $Z_{2^k}$-linear Hadamard codes and co-$Z_{2^k}$-linear extended 1-perfect codes are described, where co-$Z_{2^k}$-linearity means that the code can be obtained from a …
Circular perfect graphs are those undirected graphs such that the circular clique number is equal to the circular chromatic number for each induced subgraph. They form a strict superclass of the perfect graphs, whose index coding broadcast rates are well known. We present the broadcast rate of index coding for side-information graphs whose complements are circular perfect, along with an optimal achievable scheme. We thus enlarge the known classes of graphs for which the broadcast rate is exactly characterized. In an attempt to understand the broadcast rate of a graph given that of its compleme…
We prove that every $1$-error-correcting code over a finite field can be embedded in a $1$-perfect code of some larger length. Embedding in this context means that the original code is a subcode of the resulting $1$-perfect code and can be obtained from it by repeated shortening. Further, we generalize the results to partitions: every partition of the Hamming space into $1$-error-correcting codes can be embedded in a partition of a space of some larger dimension into $1$-perfect codes. For the partitions, the embedding length is close to the theoretical bound for the general case and optimal f…
A binary extended 1-perfect code $\mathcal C$ folds over its kernel via the Steiner quadruple systems associated with its codewords. The resulting folding, proposed as a graph invariant for $\mathcal C$, distinguishes among the 361 nonlinear codes $\mathcal C$ of kernel dimension $κ$ with $9\geqκ\geq 5$ obtained via Solov'eva-Phelps doubling construction. Each of the 361 resulting graphs has most of its nonloop edges expressible in terms of the lexicographically disjoint quarters of the products of the components of two of the ten 1-perfect partitions of length 8 classified by Phelps, and loop…
The so-called binary perfect phylogeny with persistent characters has recently been thoroughly studied in computational biology as it is less restrictive than the well known binary perfect phylogeny. Here, we focus on the notion of (binary) persistent characters, i.e. characters that can be realized on a phylogenetic tree by at most one $0 \rightarrow 1$ transition followed by at most one $1 \rightarrow 0$ transition in the tree, and analyze these characters under different aspects. First, we illustrate the connection between persistent characters and Maximum Parsimony, where we characterize p…
We continue the study of the class of binary extended perfect propelinear codes constructed in the previous paper and consider their permutation automorphism (symmetry) groups and Steiner quadruple systems. We show that the automorphism group of the SQS of any such code coincides with the permutation automorphism group of the code. In particular, the SQS of these codes are complete invariants for the isomorphism classes of these codes. We obtain a criterion for the point transitivity of the automorphism group of SQS of proposed codes in terms of GL-equivalence (similar to EA-type equivalence f…
If two distance-3 codes have the same neighborhood, then each of them is called a mobile set. In the (4k+3)-dimensional binary hypercube, there exists a mobile set of cardinality 2*6^k that cannot be split into mobile sets of smaller cardinalities or represented as a natural extension of a mobile set in a hypercube of smaller dimension. Keywords: mobile set; 1-perfect code.
A parallel algorithm has perfect strong scaling if its running time on P processors is linear in 1/P, including all communication costs. Distributed-memory parallel algorithms for matrix multiplication with perfect strong scaling have only recently been found. One is based on classical matrix multiplication (Solomonik and Demmel, 2011), and one is based on Strassen's fast matrix multiplication (Ballard, Demmel, Holtz, Lipshitz, and Schwartz, 2012). Both algorithms scale perfectly, but only up to some number of processors where the inter-processor communication no longer scales. We obtain a mem…
Private neighbors, perfect codes and their relation with the $\mathtt{v}$-number of closed neighborhood ideals
本文研究图中支配集、隐私邻居和完美码之间的关系及其与交换代数的联系，探讨闭邻域理想v-数的估计方法，并证明v-数是 bipartite、very well-covered 和 chordal 图正则度的下界。
A vertex colouring is called a \emph{parity vertex colouring} if every path in $G$ contains an odd number of occurrences of some colour. Let $χ_{p}(G)$ be the minimal number of colours in a parity vertex colouring of $G$. We show that $χ_{p}(B^*) \ge \sqrt{d} + \frac{1}{4} \log_2(d) - \frac{1}{2}$ where $B^*$ is a subdivision of the complete binary tree $B_d$. This improves the previously known bound $χ_{p}(B^*) \ge \sqrt{d}$ and enhances the techniques used for proving lower bounds. We use this result to show that $χ_{p}(T) > \sqrt[3]{\log{n}}$ where $T$ is any binary tree with $n$ vertices. …
Almost perfect nonlinear (APN) functions play an important role in the design of block ciphers as they offer the strongest resistance against differential cryptanalysis. Despite more than 25 years of research, only a limited number of APN functions are known. In this paper, we show that a recent construction by Taniguchi provides at least $\frac{φ(m)}{2}\left\lceil \frac{2^m+1}{3m} \right\rceil$ inequivalent APN functions on the finite field with ${2^{2m}}$ elements, where $φ$ denotes Euler's totient function. This is a great improvement of previous results: for even $m$, the best known lower …
On Nearly-Perfect Covering Codes Beyond Radius One
本文研究二元近完备覆盖码，修正原Van Wee界以纳入最小距离，确定R=2、3的此类码等价于构造的码，且R≥3时此类码数量有限。
We present Kovalenko's full-rank limit as a tight lower bound for decoding error probability of LDPC codes and LT codes over BEC. From the limit, we derive a full-rank overhead as a lower bound for stable overheads for successful maximum-likelihood decoding of the codes.
We give general lower bounds on the maximal determinant of n by n {+1,-1}-matrices, both with and without the assumption of the Hadamard conjecture. Our bounds improve on earlier results of de Launey and Levin (2010) and, for certain congruence classes of n mod 4, those of Koukouvinos, Mitrouli and Seberry (2000). In an Appendix we give a new proof, using Jacobi's determinant identity, of a result of Szöllősi (2010) on minors of Hadamard matrices.
Real-world applications such as the internet of things, wireless sensor networks, smart grids, transportation networks, communication networks, social networks, and computer grid systems are typically modeled as network structures. Network reliability represents the success probability of a network and it is an effective and popular metric for evaluating the performance of all types of networks. Binary-state networks composed of binary-state (e.g., working or failed) components (arcs and/or nodes) are some of the most popular network structures. The scale of networks has grown dramatically in …
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