Monomial ideals, edge ideals of hypergraphs, and their graded Betti numbers
Huy Tai Ha, Adam Van Tuyl
备注：
24 pages; revised final version to appear in Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics; Lemma 6.5 and Theorem 6.6 corrected and combined in new version; more details added to proof of Lemma 5.7; change in Definition 5.5 (triangulated hypergraphs)
We use the correspondence between hypergraphs and their associated edge ideals to study the minimal graded free resolution of squarefree monomial ideals. The theme of this paper is to understand how the combinatorial structure of a hypergraph H appears within the resolution of its edge ideal I(H). We discuss when recursive formulas to compute the graded Betti numbers of I(H) in terms of its sub-hypergraphs can be obtained; these results generalize our previous work on the edge ideals of simple graphs. We introduce a class of hypergraphs, which we call properly-connected, that naturally generalizes simple graphs from the point of view that distances between intersecting edges are ``well behaved''. For such a hypergraph H (and thus, for any simple graph), we give a lower bound for the regularity of I(H) via combinatorial information describing H, and an upper bound for the regularity when H = G is a simple graph. We also introduce triangulated hypergraphs, a properly-connected hypergraph which is a generalization of chordal graphs. When H is a triangulated hypergraph, we explicitly compute the regularity of I(H) and show that the graded Betti numbers of I(H) are independent of the ground field. As a consequence, many known results about the graded Betti numbers of forests can now be extended to chordal graphs.
In this paper we study some algebraic properties of hypergraphs, in particula their Betti numbers. We define some different types of complete hypergraphs, which to the best of our knowledge, are not previously considered in the literature. Also, in a natural way, we define a product on hypergraphs, which in a sense is dual to the join operation on simplicial complexes. For such product, we give a general formula for the Betti numbers, which specializes neatly in case of linear resolutions.
Let $P$ be a finite partially ordered set with unique minimal element $\hat{0}$. We study the Betti poset of $P$, created by deleting elements $q\in P$ for which the open interval $(\hat{0}, q)$ is acyclic. Using basic simplicial topology, we demonstrate an isomorphism in homology between open intervals of the form $(\hat{0},p)\subset P$ and corresponding open intervals in the Betti poset. Our motivating application is that the Betti poset of a monomial ideal's lcm-lattice encodes both its $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$-graded Betti numbers and the structure of its minimal free resolution. In the case of ri…
We explore the dependence of the Betti numbers of monomial ideals on the characteristic of the field. A first observation is that for a fixed prime $p$ either the $i$-th Betti number of all high enough powers of a monomial ideal differs in characteristic $0$ and in characteristic $p$ or it is the same for all high enough powers. In our main results we provide constructions and explicit examples of monomial ideals all of whose powers have some characteristic-dependent Betti numbers or whose asymptotic regularity depends on the field. We prove that, adding a monomial on new variables to a monomi…
We define a new combinatorial object, which we call a labeled hypergraph, uniquely associated to any square-free monomial ideal. We prove several upper bounds on the regularity of a square-free monomial ideal in terms of simple combinatorial properties of its labeled hypergraph. We also give specific formulas for the regularity of square-free monomial ideals with certain labeled hypergraphs. Furthermore, we prove results in the case of one-dimensional labeled hypergraphs.
We prove that the integral closures of the powers of a squarefree monomial ideal I equal the symbolic powers if and only if I is the edge ideal of a Fulkersonian hypergraph.
The multigraded Poincare-Betti series P_R^k(x_1,...,x_n; t) of a monomial ring k[x_1,...,x_n]/<M> on a finite number of monomial generators has the form (1+tx_1)(1+tx_2)...(1+tx_n)/b_(R,k)(x_1,...,x_n; t), where b_(R,k)(x_1,...,x_n;t) is a polynomial depending only on the monomial set M and the characteristic of the field k. I present a computer program designed to calculate the polynomial b_(R,k) for a given field characteristic and a given set of monomial generators.
We present two new problems on lower bounds for resolution Betti numbers of monomial ideals generated in a fixed degree. The first concerns any such ideal and bounds the total Betti numbers, while the second concerns ideals that are quadratic and bihomogeneous with respect to two variable sets, but gives a more finely graded lower bound. These problems are solved for certain classes of ideals that generalize (in two different directions) the edge ideals of threshold graphs and Ferrers graphs. In the process, we produce particularly simple cellular linear resolutions for strongly stable and squ…
We study the multigraded Poincaré-Betti series of $A=S/\aaf$, where $S$ is the ring of polynomials in $n$ indeterminates divided by the monomial ideal $\aaf$. There is a conjecture about the multigraded Poincaré-Betti series by Charalambous and Reeves which they proved in the case, where the Taylor resolution is minimal. We introduce a conjecture about the minimal $A$-free resolution of the residue class field and show that this conjecture implies the conjecture of Charalambous and Reeves. We prove our conjecture for several classes of algebras. The conjecture implies that $A$ is Golod if and …
We express the multigraded Betti numbers of monomial ideals in 4 variables in terms of the multigraded Betti numbers of 66 squarefree monomial ideals, also in 4 variables. We use this class of 66 ideals to prove that monomial resolutions in 4 variables are independent of the base field. In addition, we give a formula for the Betti numbers of an arbitrary monomial ideal in 4 variables.
We describe the Betti numbers of the edge ideals $I(G)$ of uniform hypergraphs $G$ such that $I(G)$ has linear graded free resolution. We give an algebraic equation system and some inequalities for the components of the $f$--vector of the clique complex of an arbitrary chordal graph. Finally we present an explicit formula for the multiplicity of the Stanley-Reisner ring of the edge ideals of any chordal graph.
Well ordered covers of square-free monomial ideals are subsets of the minimal generating set ordered in a certain way that give rise to a Lyubeznik resolution for the ideal, and have guaranteed nonvanishing Betti numbers in certain degrees. This paper is about square-free monomial ideals which have a well ordered cover. We consider the question of subadditivity of syzygies of square-free monomial ideals via complements in the lcm lattice of the ideal, and examine how lattice complementation breaks well ordered covers of the ideal into (well ordered) covers of subideals. We also introduce a fam…
The aim of this paper is to study the associated primes of powers of squarefree monomial ideals. Hypergraphs and squarefree monomial ideals are strongly connected. The cover ideal $J(H)$ of a hypergraph $H$ is the intersection of the primes corresponding to the edges of $H$. We define the $shadow$ of $H$ as a certain set of smaller hypergraphs related to $H$. We then describe how the shadows of $H$ preserve information about the associated primes of the powers of $J(H)$. Some implications to the persistence property are studied.
We introduce a new class of monomial ideals which we call symmetric shifted ideals. Symmetric shifted ideals are fixed by the natural action of the symmetric group and, within the class of monomial ideals fixed by this action, they can be considered as an analogue of stable monomial ideals within the class of monomial ideals. We show that a symmetric shifted ideal has linear quotients and compute its (equivariant) graded Betti numbers. As an application of this result, we obtain several consequences for graded Betti numbers of symbolic powers of defining ideals of star configurations.
In this paper we develop a new technique to compute the Betti table of a monomial ideal. We present a prototype implementation of the resulting algorithm and we perform numerical experiments suggesting a very promising efficiency. On the way of describing the method, we also prove new constraints on the shape of the possible Betti tables of a monomial ideal.
We introduce the notion of a Betti-linear monomial ideal, which generalizes the notion of lattice-linear monomial ideal introduced by Clark. We provide a characterization of Betti-linearity in terms of Tchernev's poset construction. As an application we obtain an explicit canonical construction for the minimal free resolutions of monomial ideals having pure resolutions.
Let K be a field and S a polynomial ring in a finite number of variables over K. Let F be a finitely generated graded free S-module. We examine some classes of squarefree monomial submodules of F. Hence, we focalize our attention on the Betti table of such classes in order to analyze the behavior of their extremal Betti numbers.
We provide some new conditions under which the graded Betti numbers of a monomial ideal can be computed in terms of the graded Betti numbers of smaller ideals, thus complementing Eliahou and Kervaire's splitting approach. As applications, we show that edge ideals of graphs are splittable, and we provide an iterative method for computing the Betti numbers of the cover ideals of Cohen-Macaulay bipartite graphs. Finally, we consider the frequency with which one can find particular splittings of monomial ideals and raise questions about ideals whose resolutions are characteristic-dependent.
Let I be a monomial ideal of height c in a polynomial ring S over a field k. If I is not generated by a regular sequence, then we show that the sum of the betti numbers of S/I is at least 2^c + 2^{c-1} and characterize when equality holds. Lower bounds for the individual betti numbers are given as well.
Let $K$ be a field and $S = K[x_1,\dots,x_n]$ be a polynomial ring over $K$. We discuss the behaviour of the extremal Betti numbers of the class of squarefree strongly stable ideals. More precisely, we give a numerical characterization of the possible extremal Betti numbers (values as well as positions) of such a class of squarefree monomial ideals.
We give a sufficient condition for a monomial ideal to have a nonzero Betti number in each multidegree. In the case of facet ideals of simplicial forests, this condition becomes a necessary one and it allows us to characterize Betti numbers, projective dimension and regularity of such ideals combinatorially. Our condition is expressed in terms of minimal facet covers of simplicial complexes.
Let $S=\mathbb{K}[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$ the polynomial ring over a field $\mathbb{K}$. In this paper for some families of monomial ideals $I \subset S$ we study the minimal number of generators of $I^k$. We use this results to find some other Betti numbers of these families of ideals for special choices of $n$, the number of variables.
The aim of the article is to study the Betti numbers of the tangent cone of Gorenstein monomial curves in affine 4-space. If $C_S$ is a non-complete intersection Gorenstein monomial curve whose tangent cone is Cohen-Macaulay, we show that the possible Betti sequences are (1,5,5,1), (1,5,6,2) and (1,6,8,3).
There is a natural one-to-one correspondence between squarefree monomial ideals and finite simple hypergraphs via the cover ideal construction. Let H be a finite simple hypergraph, and let J = J(H) be its cover ideal in a polynomial ring R. We give an explicit description of all associated primes of R/J^s, for any power J^s of J, in terms of the coloring properties of hypergraphs arising from H. We also give an algebraic method for determining the chromatic number of H, proving that it is equivalent to a monomial ideal membership problem involving powers of J. Our work yields two new purely al…
We study the dependence of graded Betti numbers of monomial ideals on the characteristic of the base field. The examples we describe include bipartite ideals, Stanley--Reisner ideals of vertex-decomposable complexes and ideals with componentwise linear resolutions. We give a description of bipartite graphs and, using discrete Morse theory, provide a way of looking at the homology of arbitrary simplicial complexes through bipartite ideals. We also prove that the Betti table of a monomial ideal over the field of rational numbers can be obtained from the Betti table over any field by a sequence o…
In this note we provide a counter-example to a conjecture of K. Pardue [Thesis, Brandeis University, 1994.], which asserts that if a monomial ideal is $p$-Borel-fixed, then its $\naturals$-graded Betti table, after passing to any field does not depend on the field. More precisely, we show that, for any monomial ideal $I$ in a polynomial ring $S$ over the ring $\ints$ of integers and for any prime number $p$, there is a $p$-Borel-fixed monomial $S$-ideal $J$ such that a region of the multigraded Betti table of $J(S \otimes_\ints \ell)$ is in one-to-one correspondence with the multigraded Betti …
We introduce the notion of Betti category for graded modules over suitably graded polynomial rings, and more generally for modules over certain small categories. Our categorical approach allows us to treat simultaneously many important cases, such as monomial ideals and toric rings. We prove that in these cases the Betti category is a finite combinatorial object that completely determines the structure of the minimal free resolution. For monomial ideals, the Betti category is the same as the Betti poset that we studied in a previous article. We describe in detail and with examples how the theo…
In this short note we introduce a notion of extremality for Betti numbers of a minimal free resolution, which can be seen as a refinement of the notion of Mumford-Castelnuovo regularity. We show that extremal Betti numbers of an arbitrary submodule of a free S-module are preserved when taking the generic initial module. We relate extremal multigraded Betti numbers in the minimal resolution of a square free monomial ideal with those of the monomial ideal corresponding to the Alexander dual simplicial complex and generalize theorems of Eagon-Reiner and Terai. As an application we give easy (alte…
A monomial ideal $I$ admits a Betti splitting $I=J+K$ if the Betti numbers of $I$ can be determined in terms of the Betti numbers of the ideals $J,K$ and $J \cap K$. Given a monomial ideal $I$, we prove that $I=J+K$ is a Betti splitting of $I$, provided $J$ and $K$ are componentwise linear, generalizing a result of Francisco, Hà and Van Tuyl. If $I$ has a linear resolution, the converse also holds. We apply this result recursively to the Alexander dual of vertex-decomposable, shellable and constructible simplicial complexes and to determine the graded Betti numbers of the defining ideal of thr…
Given an homogeneous monomial ideal $I$, we provide a question- and example-based investigation of the stabilization patterns of the Betti tables shapes of $I^d$ as we vary $d$. We build off Whieldon's definition of the stabilization index of $I$, Stab$(I)$, to define the stabilization sequence of $I$, StabSeq$(I)$, and use it to explore changes in the shapes of the Betti tables of $I^d$ as we vary $d$. We also present the stabilization indices and sequences of the collection of ideals $\{I_{n}\}$ where $I_{n}=(a^{2n}b^{2n}c^{2n},b^{4n}c^{2n},a^{3n}c^{3n},a^{6n-1}b)\subseteq \Bbbk[a,b,c]$.
Let $S_n$ be a polynomial ring with $n$ variables over a field and $\{I_n\}_{n \geq 1}$ a chain of ideals such that each $I_n$ is a monomial ideal of $S_n$ fixed by permutations of the variables. In this paper, we present a way to determine all nonzero positions of Betti tables of $I_n$ for all large intergers $n$ from the $\mathbb Z^m$-graded Betti table of $I_m$ for some integer $m$. Our main result shows that the projective dimension and the regularity of $I_n$ eventually become linear functions on $n$, confirming a special case of conjectures posed by Le, Nagel, Nguyen and Römer.
We introduce to the context of multigraded modules the methods of modules over categories from algebraic topology and homotopy theory. We develop the basic theory quite generally, with a view toward future applications to a wide class of graded modules over graded rings. The main application in this paper is to study the Betti poset B=B(I,k) of a monomial ideal I in the polynomial ring R=k[x_1,...,x_m] over a field k, which consists of all degrees in Z^m of the homogeneous basis elements of the free modules in the minimal free Z^m-graded resolution of I over R. We show that the order simplicia…
In this paper, by a modification of a previously constructed minimal free resolution for a transversal monomial ideal, the Betti numbers of this ideal is explicitly computed. For convenient characteristics of the ground field, up to a change of coordinates, the ideal of $t$-minors of a generic pluri-circulant matrix is a transversal monomial ideal . Using a Gröbner basis for this ideal, it is shown that the initial ideal of a generic pluri-circulant matrix is a stable monomial ideal when the matrix has two square blocks. By means of the Eliahou-Kervair resolution, the Betti numbers of this ini…
Let $K$ be a field, $V$ a $K$-vector space with basis $e_1,\ldots,e_n$, and $E$ the exterior algebra of $V$. To a given monomial ideal $I\subsetneq E$ we associate a special monomial ideal $J$ with generators in the same degrees as those of $I$ and such that the number of the minimal monomial generators in each degree of $I$ and $J$ coincide. We call $J$ the colexsegment ideal associated to $I$. We prove that the class of strongly stable ideals in $E$ generated in one degree satisfies the colex lower bound, that is, the total Betti numbers of the colexsegment ideal associated to a strongly sta…
Let $K$ be an arbitrary field. Let $\a = (a_1< ... <a_n)$ be a sequence of positive integers. Let $C(\a)$ be the affine monomial curve in ${\mathbb A}^n$ parametrized by $t\to (t^{a_1}, ..., t^{a_n})$. Let $I(\a)$ be the defining ideal of $C(\a)$ in $K[x_1, ..., x_n]$. For each positive integer $j$, let $\a+j$ be the sequence $(a_1 + j, ..., a_n+j)$. In this paper, we prove the conjecture of Herzog and Srinivasan saying that the betti numbers of $I(\a + j)$ are eventually periodic in $j$ with period $a_n -a_1$. When $j$ is large enough, we describe the betti table for the closure of $C(\a+j)$ …
We give conditions for determining the extremal behavior for the (graded) Betti numbers of squarefree monomial ideals. For the case of non-unique minima, we give several conditions which we use to produce infinite families, exponentially growing with dimension, of Hilbert functions which have no smallest (graded) Betti numbers among squarefree monomial ideals and all ideals. For the case of unique minima, we give two families of Hilbert functions, one with exponential and one with linear growth as dimension grows, that have unique minimal Betti numbers among squarefree monomial ideals.
We study monomial cut ideals associated to a graph $G$, which are a monomial analogue of toric cut ideals as introduced by Sturmfels and Sullivant. Primary decompositions, projective dimensions, and Castelnuovo-Mumford regularities are investigated if the graph can be decomposed as $0$-clique sums and disjoint union of subgraphs. The total Betti numbers of a cycle are computed. Moreover, we classify all Freiman ideals among monomial cut ideals.
Given a square-free monomial ideal $I$ in a polynomial ring $R$ over a field $\mathbb{K}$, one can associate it with its LCM-lattice and its hypergraph. In this short note, we establish the connection between the LCM-lattice and the hypergraph, and in doing so we provide a sufficient condition for removing higher dimension edges of the hypergraph without impacting the projective dimension of the square-free monomial ideal. We also offer algorithms to compute the projective dimension of a class of square-free monomial ideals built using the new result and previous results of Lin-Mantero.
In this thesis we investigate certain types of monomial ideals of polynomial rings over fields. We are interested in minimal free resolutions of these ideals (or equivalently the quotients of the polynomial ring by the ideals) considered as modules over the polynomial ring. There is no simple method of finding such resolutions but in the case of Stanley-Reisner ideals Hochster's formula and its variants provide a way to compute the Betti numbers of these resolutions. Even with these formulae it is not in general possible to find especially explicit or useful descriptions of the Betti numbers. …
Let $R = \mathbb{K}[x_1, \ldots, x_n]$ and $I \subset R$ be a homogeneous ideal. In this article, we first obtain certain sufficient conditions for the subadditivity of $R/I$. As a consequence, we prove that if $I$ is generated by homogeneous complete intersection, then subadditivity holds for $R/I$. We then study a conjecture of Avramov, Conca and Iyengar on subadditivity, when $I$ is a monomial ideal with $R/I$ Koszul. We identify several classes of edge ideals of graphs $G$ such that the subadditivity holds for $R/I(G)$. We then study the strand connectivity of edge ideals and obtain severa…
Let $I$ be a monomial ideal in the polynomial ring $S$ generated by elements of degree at most $d$. In this paper, it is shown that, if the $i$-th syzygy of $I$ has no element of degrees $j, \ldots, j+(d-1)$ (where $j \geq i+d$), then $(i+1)$-syzygy of $I$ does not have any element of degree $j+d$. Then we give several applications of this result, including an alternative proof for Green-Lazarsfeld index of the edge ideals of graphs as well as an alternative proof for Fröberg's theorem on classification of square-free monomial ideals generated in degree two with linear resolution. Among all, w…
We express the multigraded Betti numbers of an arbitrary monomial ideal in terms of the multigraded Betti numbers of two basic classes of ideals. This decompo- sition has multiple applications. In some concrete cases, we use it to construct minimal resolutions of classes of monomial ideals; in other cases, we use it to compute projective dimensions. To illustrate the effectiveness of the structural decomposition, we give a new proof of a classic theorem by Charalambous.
In a 2008 paper, the first author and Van Tuyl proved that the regularity of the edge ideal of a graph G is at most one greater than the matching number of G. In this note, we provide a generalization of this result to any square-free monomial ideal. We define a 2-collage in a simple hypergraph to be a collection of edges with the property that for any edge E of the hypergraph, there exists an edge F in the collage such that |E \ F| < 2. The Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of the edge ideal of a simple hypergraph is bounded above by a multiple of the minimum size of a 2-collage. We also give a …
It is proved that all vertex cover algebras of a hypergraph are standard graded if and only if the hypergraph is unimodular. This has interesting consequences on the symbolic powers of monomial ideals.
Let M in k[x,y] be a monomial ideal M=(m_1,m_2,...,m_r), where the m_i are a minimal generating set of M. We construct an explicit free resolution of k over S=k[x,y]/M for all monomial ideals M, and provide recursive formulas for the Betti numbers. In particular, if M is any monomial ideal (excepting five degenerate cases,) the total Betti numbers β_i^S(k) are given by β_0^S(k)=1, β_1^S(k)=2, and β_i^S(k)=β_{i-1}(k)+(r-1)β_{i-2}^S(k), where r is the number of minimal generators of M. This specializes to the classic example S=k[x,y]/(x^2,xy), which has β_i^S(k)=F_{i+1}, where F_{i+1} is the (i+…
We exhibit several posets arising from commutative algebra, order theory, tropical convexity as potential face posets of tropical polyhedra, and we clarify their inclusion relations. We focus on monomial tropical polyhedra, and deduce how their geometry reflects properties of monomial ideals. Their vertex-facet lattice is homotopy equivalent to a sphere and encodes the Betti numbers of an associated monomial ideal.
In this paper our aim is twofold. First, we introduce the notion of star gluing of numerical semigroups and show that arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay and Gorenstein properties of the projective closure are preserved under this gluing operation. We then give a condition on Gröbner basis of the defining ideal of an affine monomial curve which ensures that the Betti sequence of the affine curve is the same as the Betti sequence of its projective closure. We also study the effect of simple gluing on Betti sequences of the projective closure. Finally, we construct some numerical semigroups, using a g…
We prove a tight lower bound on the Betti numbers of tree and forest ideals and a tight upper bound on certain graded Betti numbers of squarefree monomial ideals.
Let $Γ$ be a rooted tree and let $t$ be a positive integer. We study algebraic invariants and properties of the path ideal generated by monomial corresponding to paths of length $(t-1)$ in $Γ$. In particular, we give a recursive formula to compute the graded Betti numbers, a general bound for the regularity, an explicit computation of the linear strand, and we characterize when this path ideal has a linear resolution.
We characterize componentwise linear monomial ideals with minimal Taylor resolution and consider the lower bound for the Betti numbers of componentwise linear ideals.
