A deformation $U$, of a graded $K$-algebra $A$ is said to be of PBW type if $grU$ is $A$. It has been shown for Koszul and $N$-Koszul algebras that the deformation is PBW if and only if the relations of $U$ satisfy a Jacobi type condition. In particular, for these algebras the determination of the PBW property is a {\it finite} and explicitly determined linear algebra problem. We extend these results to an arbitrary graded $K$-algebra, using the notion of central extensions of algebras and a homological constant attached to $A$ which we call the {\it complexity} of $A$.
PBW deformations of Artin-Schelter regular algebras are skew Calabi-Yau. We prove that the Nakayama automorphisms of such PBW deformations can be obtained from their homogenizations. Some Calabi-Yau properties are generalized without Koszul assumption. We also show that the Nakayama automorphisms of such PBW deformations control Hopf actions on them.
A result of Braverman and Gaitsgory from 1996 gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a filtered algebra to be a Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt (PBW) deformation of a Koszul algebra. The main theorem in this paper establishes conditions equivalent to the Braverman-Gaitsgory Theorem to efficiently determine PBW deformations of quadratic monomial algebras. In particular, a graphical interpretation is presented for this result, and we discuss circumstances under which some of the conditions of this theorem need not be checked. Several examples are also provided. Finally, with these tools, it is the…
For a quotient algebra $U$ of the tensor algebra we give explicit conditions on its relations for $U$ being a PBW-deformation of an $N$-Koszul algebra $A$. We show there is a one-one correspondence between such deformations and a class of $A_\infty$-structures on the Yoneda algebra $Ext_A^*(k,k)$ of $A$. We compute the PBW-deformations of the algebra whose relations are the anti-symmetrizers of degree $N$ and also of cubic Artin-Schelter algebras.
We consider algebras that can be realized as PBW deformations of (Artin-Schelter) regular algebras. This is equivalent to the homogenization of the algebra being regular. It is shown that the homogenization, when it is a geometric algebra, contains a component whose points are in 1-1 correspondence with the simple modules of the deformation. We classify all PBW deformations of 2-dimensional regular algebras and give examples of 3-dimensional deformations. Other properties, such as the skew Calabi-Yau property and closure under tensor products, are considered.
Let $B$ be a generalized Koszul algebra over a finite dimensional algebra $S$. We construct a bimodule Koszul resolution of $B$ when the projective dimension of $S_B$ equals 2. Using this we prove a Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt (PBW) type theorem for a deformation of a generalized Koszul algebra. When the projective dimension of $S_B$ is greater than 2, we construct bimodule Koszul resolutions for generalized smash product algebras obtained from braidings between finite dimensional algebras and Koszul algebras, and then prove the PBW type theorem. The results obtained can be applied to standard Kosz…
We compute the Nakayama automorphism of a PBW-deformation of a Koszul Artin-Schelter Gorenstein algebra of finite global dimension, and give a criterion for an augmented PBW-deformation of a Koszul Calabi-Yau algebra to be Calabi-Yau. The relations between the Calabi-Yau property of augmented PBW-deformations and that of non-augmented cases are discussed. The Nakayama automorphisms of PBW-deformations of Koszul Artin-Schelter Gorenstein algebras of global dimensions 2 and 3 are given explicitly. We show that if a PBW-deformation of a graded Calabi-Yau algebra is still Calabi-Yau, then it is de…
In this article we establish an explicit link between the classical theory of deformations à la Gerstenhaber -- and a fortiori with the Hochschild cohomology-- and (weak) PBW-deformations of homogeneous algebras. Our point of view is of cohomological nature. As a consequence, we recover a theorem by R. Berger and V. Ginzburg, which gives a precise condition for a filtered algebra to satisfy the so-called PBW property, under certain assumptions.
We examine PBW deformations of finite group extensions of skew polynomial rings, in particular the quantum Drinfeld orbifold algebras defined by the first author. We give a homological interpretation, in terms of Gerstenhaber brackets, of the necessary and sufficient conditions on parameter functions to define a quantum Drinfeld orbifold algebra, thus clarifying the conditions. In case the acting group is trivial, we determine conditions under which such a PBW deformation is a generalized enveloping algebra of a color Lie algebra; our PBW deformations include these algebras as a special case.
We classify PBW-deformations of quadratic-constant type of certain quantizations of exterior algebras. These correspond to the fundamental modules of quantum $\mathfrak{sl}_N$, their duals, and their direct sums. We show that the first two cases do not admit any deformation, while in the third case we obtain an essentially unique algebra with good properties. We compare this algebra with other quantum Clifford algebras appearing in the literature.
The paper [9] by Bocklandt, Schedler and Wemyss considers path algebras with relations given by the higher derivations of a superpotential, giving a condition for such an algebra to be Calabi-Yau. In this paper we extend these results, giving a condition for a PBW deformation of a Calabi-Yau, Koszul path algebra with relations given by a superpotential to have relations given by a superpotential, and proving these are Calabi-Yau in certain cases. We apply our methods to symplectic reflection algebras, where we show that every symplectic reflection algebra is Morita equivalent to a path algebra…
We propose to use interpolation categories to study PBW deformations, and demonstrate this idea for the orthosymplectic supergroups. Employing a combinatorial calculus based on pseudographs and partitions which we derive from a suitable Jacobi identity, we classify PBW deformations in (quotients of) Deligne's interpolation categories for the orthosymplectic groups. As special cases, our classification recovers families of infinitesimal Hecke algebras found by Etingof-Gan-Ginzburg (2005) for the symplectic groups and by Tsymbaliuk (2015) for the orthogonal groups together with their respective …
We investigate color Lie rings over finite group algebras and their universal enveloping algebras. We exhibit these universal enveloping algebras as PBW deformations of skew group algebras: Every color Lie ring over a finite group algebra with a particular Yetter-Drinfeld structure has universal enveloping algebra that is a quantum Drinfeld orbifold algebra. Conversely, every quantum Drinfeld orbifold algebra of a particular type arising from the action of an abelian group is the universal enveloping algebra of some color Lie ring over the group algebra. One consequence is that these quantum D…
We present new examples of deformations of smash product algebras that arise from Hopf algebra actions on pairs of module algebras. These examples involve module algebras that are Koszul, in which case a PBW theorem we established previously applies. Our construction generalizes several `double' constructions appearing in the literature, including Weyl algebras and some types of Cherednik algebras, and it complements the braided double construction of Bazlov and Berenstein. Many suggestions of further directions are provided at the end of the work.
In this paper we present necessary and sufficient conditions for a graded (trimmed) double Ore extension to be a graded (quasi-commutative) skew PBW extension. Using this fact, we prove that a graded skew PBW extension $A = σ(R)\langle x_1,x_2 \rangle$ of an Artin-Schelter regular algebra $R$ is Artin-Schelter regular. As a consequence, every graded skew PBW extension $A = σ(R)\langle x_1,x_2 \rangle$ of a connected skew Calabi-Yau algebra $R$ of dimension $d$ is skew Calabi-Yau of dimension $d+2$.
We investigate and characterize several kinds of elements such as units, idempotents, von Neumann regular, $π$-regular and clean elements for skew PBW extensions over weak compatible rings. We also study the notions of Gelfand and Harmonic rings for these families of algebras. The results presented here extend those corresponding in the literature for commutative and noncommutative rings of polynomial type.
We investigate deformations of a skew group algebra that arise from a finite group acting on a polynomial ring. When the characteristic of the underlying field divides the order of the group, a new type of deformation emerges that does not occur in characteristic zero. This analogue of Lusztig's graded affine Hecke algebra for positive characteristic can not be forged from the template of symplectic reflection and related algebras as originally crafted by Drinfeld. By contrast, we show that in characteristic zero, for arbitrary finite groups, a Lusztig-type deformation is always isomorphic to …
Koszul and homogeneous Koszul algebras were defined by Priddy in \cite{Priddy1970}. There exist some relations between these algebras and the skew PBW extensions introduced in \cite{LezamaGallego}. In this paper we give conditions to guarantee that skew PBW extensions over fields are Koszul or homogeneous Koszul. We also show that a constant skew PBW extension of a field is a PBW deformation of its homogeneous version.
If A is a cocommutative algebra with coproduct, then so is the smash product algebra of a symmetric algebra Sym(V) with A, where V is an A-module. Such smash product algebras, with A a group ring or a Lie algebra, have families of deformations that have been studied widely in the literature; examples include symplectic reflection algebras and infinitesimal Hecke algebras. We introduce a family of deformations of these smash product algebras for general A, and characterize the PBW property. We then characterize the Jacobi identity for "grouplike" algebras (that include group rings and the nilCo…
In this short paper we study for the skew PBW (Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt) extensions some homological properties arising in non-commutative algebraic geometry, namely, Auslander-Gorenstein regularity, Cohen-Macaulayness and strongly noetherianity. Skew PBW extensions include a considerable number of non-commutative rings of polynomial type such that classical PBW extensions, quantum polynomial rings, multiplicative analogue of the Weyl algebra, some Sklyanin algebras, operator algebras, diffusion algebras, quadratic algebras in 3 variables, among many others. For some key examples we present the …
We prove that if R is a left Noetherian and left regular ring then the same is true for any bijective skew PBW extension A of R. From this we get Serre's Theorem for such extensions. We show that skew PBW extensions and its localizations include a wide variety of rings and algebras of interest for modern mathematical physics such as PBW extensions, well known classes of Ore algebras, operator algebras, diffusion algebras, quantum algebras, quadratic algebras in 3-variables, skew quantum polynomials, among many others. We estimate the global, Krull and Goldie dimensions, and also Quillen's K-gr…
This paper is based on the author's paper "Koszul duality in deformation quantization, I", with some improvements. In particular, an Introduction is added, and the convergence of the spectral sequence in Lemma 2.1 is rigorously proven. Some informal discussion in Section 1.5 is added.
We introduce a generalization, called a skew Clifford algebra, of a Clifford algebra, and relate these new algebras to the notion of graded skew Clifford algebra that was defined in 2010. In particular, we examine homogenizations of skew Clifford algebras, and determine which skew Clifford algebras can be homogenized to create Artin-Schelter regular algebras. Just as (classical) Clifford algebras are the Poincar\' e-Birkhoff-Witt (PBW) deformations of exterior algebras, skew Clifford algebras are the $\mathbb{Z}_2$-graded PBW deformations of quantum exterior algebras. We also determine the pos…
Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt (PBW) Theorems have attracted significant attention since the work of Drinfeld (1986), Lusztig (1989), and Etingof-Ginzburg (2002) on deformations of skew group algebras $H \ltimes {\rm Sym}(V)$, as well as for other cocommutative Hopf algebras $H$. In this paper we show that such PBW theorems do not require the full Hopf algebra structure, by working in the more general setting of a "cocommutative algebra", which involves a coproduct but not a counit or antipode. Special cases include infinitesimal Hecke algebras, as well as symplectic reflection algebras, rational Cher…
In this paper we discuss some open problems of non-commutative algebra and non-commutative algebraic geometry from the approach of skew $PBW$ extensions and semi-graded rings. More exactly, we will analyze the isomorphism arising in the investigation of the Gelfand-Kirillov conjecture about the commutation between the center and the total ring of fractions of an Ore domain. The Serre's conjecture will be discussed for a particular class of skew $PBW$ extensions. The questions about the noetherianity and the Zariski cancellation property of Artin-Schelter regular algebras will be reformulated f…
Recently, Bocklandt proved a conjecture by Van den Bergh in its graded version, stating that a graded quiver algebra (with relations) which is Calabi-Yau of dimension 3 is defined from a homogeneous potential W. In this paper, we prove that if we add to W any potential of smaller degree, we get a Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt deformation of A. Such PBW deformations are Calabi-Yau and are characterised among all the PBW deformations of A. Various examples are presented.
We determine the PBW deformations of the wreath product of a symmetric group with a deformed preprojective algebra of an affine Dynkin quiver. In particular, we show that there is precisely one parameter which does not come from deformation of the preprojective algebra. We prove that the PBW deformation is Morita equivalent to a corresponding symplectic reflection algebra for wreath product.
We study quadratic algebras over a field $\textbf{k}$. We show that an $n$-generated PBW algebra $A$ has finite global dimension and polynomial growth \emph{iff} its Hilbert series is $H_A(z)= 1 /(1-z)^n$. Surprising amount can be said when the algebra $A$ has \emph{quantum binomial relations}, that is the defining relations are nondegenerate square-free binomials $xy-c_{xy}zt$ with non-zero coefficients $c_{xy}\in \textbf{k}$. In this case various good algebraic and homological properties are closely related. The main result shows that for an $n$-generated quantum binomial algebra $A$ the fol…
We give Braverman-Gaitsgory style conditions for general PBW deformations of skew group algebras formed from finite groups acting on Koszul algebras. When the characteristic divides the order of the group, this includes deformations of the group action as well as of the Koszul relations.
We discuss the representation theory of $H_f$, which is a deformation of the symplectic oscillator algebra $sp(2n) \ltimes h_n$, where $h_n$ is the ((2n+1)-dimensional) Heisenberg algebra. We first look at a more general setup, involving an algebra with a triangular decomposition. Assuming the PBW theorem, and one other hypothesis, we show that the BGG category $\mathcal{O}$ is abelian, finite length, and self-dual. We decompose $\mathcal{O}$ as a direct sum of blocks $\calo(\la)$, and show that each block is a highest weight category. In the second part, we focus on the case $H_f$ for $n=1$, …
For an arbitrary Poisson algebra $\CP$ over an arbitrary field, an (analogue of) the Poincaré-Birkhof-Witt Theorem is proven and several presentations/constructions for its Poisson enveloping algebra $\CU (\CP )$ are given. As a result, explicit sets of generators and defining relations are given for $\CU (\CP )$ and the algebra $P\CD (\CP)$ of Poisson differential operators on $\CP$. Simplicity criteria for the algebras $\CU (\CP )$ and $P\CD (\CP )$ are given. In the case when the algebra $\CP$ is of essentially finite type, a criterion for the algebra $\CU (\CP )$ to be a domain is presente…
Let H be a Hopf algebra and let B be a Koszul H-module algebra. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a filtered algebra to be a Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt (PBW) deformation of the smash product algebra B#H. Many examples of these deformations are given.
Let $Γ$ be a finite group acting faithfully and linearly on a vector space $V$. Let $T(V)$ ($S(V)$) be the tensor (symmetric) algebra associated to $V$ which has a natural $Γ$ action. We study generalized quadratic relations on the tensor algebra $T(V)\rtimes Γ$. We prove that the quotient algebras of $T(V)\rtimes Γ$ by such relations satisfy PBW property. Such quotient algebras can be viewed as quantizations of linear or constant Poisson structures on $S(V)\rtimes Γ$, and are natural generalizations of symplectic reflection algebras.
We give a complete classification of quadratic algebras A, with Hilbert series $H_A=(1-t)^{-3}$, which is the Hilbert series of commutative polynomials on 3 variables. Koszul algebras as well as algebras with quadratic Gröbner basis among them are identified. We also give a complete classification of cubic algebras A with Hilbert series $H_A=(1+t)^{-1}(1-t)^{-3}$. These two classes of algebras contain all Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension 3. As far as the latter are concerned, our results extend well-known results of Artin and Schelter by providing a classification up to an a…
We define group-twisted Alexander-Whitney and Eilenberg-Zilber maps for converting between bimodule resolutions of skew group algebras. These algebras are the natural semidirect products recording actions of finite groups by automorphisms. The group-twisted chain maps allow us to transfer information between resolutions for use in homology theories, for example, in those governing deformation theory. We show how to translate in particular from the default (but often cumbersome) reduced bar resolution to a more convenient twisted product resolution. This provides a more universal approach to so…
Let $A$ be a Koszul Artin-Schelter regular algebra with Nakayama automorphism $ξ$. We show that the Yoneda Ext-algebra of the skew polynomial algebra $A[z;ξ]$ is a trivial extension of a Frobenius algebra. Then we prove that $A[z;ξ]$ is Calabi-Yau; and hence each Koszul Artin Schelter regular algebra is a subalgebra of a Koszul Calabi-Yau algebra. A superpotential $\hat{w}$ is also constructed so that the Calabi-Yau algebra $A[z;ξ]$ is isomorphic to the derivation quotient of $\hat{w}$. The Calabi-Yau property of a skew polynomial algebra with coefficients in a PBW-deformation of a Koszul Arti…
We investigate PBW deformations H of k[x,y]#G where G is the cyclic group of order p and k also has characteristic p; in these deformations, [x,y] takes a value in kG. These algebras are versions of symplectic reflection algebras that only exist in positive characteristic. They also happen to possess a presentation as an Ore extension over a commutative subring R, and via the derivation defining the extension, have interesting connections to certain polynomials appearing in combinatorics and related to alternating permutations (the André polynomials). We find the center of these algebras, thei…
The purpose of this paper is to extend the cohomology and conformal derivation theories of the classical Lie conformal algebras to Hom-Lie conformal algebras. In this paper, we develop cohomology theory of Hom-Lie conformal algebras and discuss some applications to the study of deformations of regular Hom-Lie conformal algebras. Also, we introduce $α^k$-derivations of multiplicative Hom-Lie conformal algebras and study their properties.
A noncommutative Grassmannian NGr(m, n) is introduced by Efimov, Luntz, and Orlov in `Deformation theory of objects in homotopy and derived categories III: Abelian categories' as a noncommutative algebra associated to an exceptional collection of n-m+1 coherent sheaves on P^n. It is a graded Calabi--Yau Z-algebra of dimension n-m+1. We show that this algebra is coherent provided that the codimension d = n-m of the Grassmannian is two. According to op. cit., this gives a t-structure on the derived category of the coherent sheaves on the noncommutative Grassmannian. The proof is quite different …
