This is an English translation of the author's Ph.D. thesis, accumulating his results on a construction of Cohen-Macaulay modules over a polynomial ring that appeared in the study of Cauchy-Fueter equations. This construction is generalized from quaternions to arbitrary finite-dimensional associative algebras. We show that for maximally central algebras (as introduced by Azumaya) this construction produces Cohen-Macaulay modules and is an exact functor (tensoring with a bimodule, actually) and this class of algebras cannot be enlarged. For this class several invariants of the resulting modules are calculated via a fairly explicit description of their graded minimal free resolution, that is constructed from the Eagon-Northcott complex. These results have been published in Russ. Math. Surveys and Sbornik: Mathematics but for some proofs, a concise and complete exposition is presented here.
The Hilbert Basis Theorem for Non-Associative Skew Power Series Rings and Non-Associative Skew Laurent Series Rings over a Non-Associative Coefficient Ring
Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology（棉兰老州立大学伊利甘理工学院）；Blekinge Institute of Technology（布莱金厄理工学院）
We show that if a non-associative unital ring is graded by a hypercentral group, then the ring is simple if and only if it is graded simple and the center of the ring is a field. Thereby, we extend a result by Jespers to a non-associative setting. By applying this result to non-associative crossed products, we obtain non-associative analogues of results by Bell, Jordan and Voskoglou. We also apply our result to Cayley-Dickson doublings, thereby obtaining a new proof of a classical result by McCrimmon.
We present here a new approach for computing Gröbner bases for bilateral modules over an effective ring. Our method is based on Weispfenning notion of restricted Gröbner bases and related multiplication.
Let $K$ be a 2-torsion free ring with identity. We give a description of the Lie derivations of $R=R_{n}(K,J)=NT_{n}(K)+M_{n}(J)$, the ring of all $n\times n$ matrices over $K$ such that the entries on and above the main diagonal are elements of an ideal $J$ of $K$.
It is proved that if a left brace $A$ has the operation $\ast$ associative, then $A$ is a two-sided brace. Consequently, $A$ is a Jacobson radical ring. This answers a question of Cedó, Gateva-Ivanova and Smoktunowicz.
We construct free modules over an associative conformal algebra. We establish Composition-Diamond lemma for associative conformal modules. As applications, Gröbner-Shirshov bases of the Virasoro conformal module and module over the semidirect product of Virasoro conformal algebra and current algebra are given respectively.
It is well-known that the Jacobson radical of a unital ring is its largest superfluous right ideal. It is recorded here that the result carries over to non-unital rings provided the notion of "superfluous" is taken relative to all regular ideals.
We study permutation polynomials through the device of the \emph{polypermutation group} of an associative ring $R$, denoted by ${\rm Pgr}(R)$. We derive some basic properties and compute the cardinality of ${\rm Pgr}(\mathbb{Z}/p^k)$ when $p\geq k$. We use this computation to determine the structure of ${\rm Pgr}(\mathbb{Z}/p^2)$.
We prove that a Lie nilpotent one-sided ideal of an associative ring $R$ is contained in a Lie solvable two-sided ideal of $R$. An estimation of derived length of such Lie solvable ideal is obtained depending on the class of Lie nilpotency of the Lie nilpotent one-sided ideal of $R.$ One-sided Lie nilpotent ideals contained in ideals generated by commutators of the form $[... [ [r_1, r_{2}], ... ], r_{n-1}], r_{n}]$ are also studied.
Adjoint functors between the categories of crossed modules of dialgebras and Leibniz algebras are constructed. The well-known relations between the categories of Lie, Leibniz, associative algebras and dialgebras are extended to the respective categories of crossed modules.
We compare two generalizations of Tate homology: stable homology and the J-completion of Tor, also known as complete homology. For finitely generated modules, we show that the two theories agree over Artin algebras and over commutative noetherian rings that are Gorenstein, or local and complete.
In the present paper it is proved that every inner 2-local derivation on the matrix ring $M_n(\Re)$ of $n\times n$ matrices over a commutative associative ring $\Re$ is an inner derivation. Also, it is proved that, every derivation on an associative ring $\Re$ has an extension to a derivation on the matrix ring $M_n(\Re)$ of $n\times n$ matrices over $\Re$.
In the present paper we prove that every 2-local inner derivation on the matrix ring over a commutative ring is an inner derivation and every derivation on an associative ring has an extension to a derivation on the matrix ring over this associative ring. We also develop a Jordan analog of the above method and prove that every 2-local inner derivation on the Jordan matrix ring over a commutative ring is a derivation.
Let $A$ be a unital associative algebra over a field $F$ and $V$ be a unital left $A$-module. The module $V$ is called zero action determined if every bilinear map $f: A\times V\rightarrow F$ with the property that $f(a,m)=0$ whenever $am=0$ is of the form $f(x,v)=Φ(xv)$ for some linear map $Φ: V\rightarrow F$. In this paper, we classify the finite dimensional irreducible and principal projective zero action determined modules of $A$. As an application, two classes of zero product determined algebras are shown: some semiperfect algebras (infinite dimensional in general); quasi-hereditary cellu…
We introduce non-associative Ore extensions, $S = R[X ; σ, δ]$, for any non-associative unital ring $R$ and any additive maps $σ,δ: R \rightarrow R$ satisfying $σ(1)=1$ and $δ(1)=0$. In the special case when $δ$ is either left or right $R_δ$-linear, where $R_δ = \ker(δ)$, and $R$ is $δ$-simple, i.e. $\{ 0 \}$ and $R$ are the only $δ$-invariant ideals of $R$, we determine the ideal structure of the non-associative differential polynomial ring $D = R[X ; \mathrm{id}_R , δ]$. Namely, in that case, we show that all ideals of $D$ are generated by monic polynomials in the center $Z(D)$ of $D$. We al…
The connections between the properties of associative rings that are Lie-solvable (Engel, n-Engel, locally finite, respectively) and the properties of their adjoin subgroups are investigated.
We extend the definition of a semidualizing module to associative rings. This enables us to define and study Auslander and Bass classes with respect to a semidualizing bimodule C. We then study the classes of C-flats, C-projectives, and C-injectives, and use them to provide a characterization of the modules in the Auslander and Bass classes. We extend Foxby equivalence to this new setting. This paper contains a few results which are new in the commutative, noetherian setting.
In this note, we prove an obstruction theorem for the existence of A infinite-structures over a commutative ring R on an algebra A associative up to homotopy, in terms of the Hochschild cohomology of the associative algebra H(A). The hidden purpose of the note is to show that there are no assumptions needed on the commutative ring R nor bounded assumptions on the complex A.
In this paper we introduce an algebra embedding $ι:K< X >\to S$ from the free associative algebra $K< X >$ generated by a finite or countable set $X$ into the skew monoid ring $S = P * Σ$ defined by the commutative polynomial ring $P = K[X\times N^*]$ and by the monoid $Σ= < σ>$ generated by a suitable endomorphism $σ:P\to P$. If $P = K[X]$ is any ring of polynomials in a countable set of commuting variables, we present also a general Gröbner bases theory for graded two-sided ideals of the graded algebra $S = \bigoplus_i S_i$ with $S_i = P σ^i$ and $σ:P \to P$ an abstract endomorphism satisfyi…
An interchange ring,(R,+,*)is an abelian group with a second binary operation defined so that the interchange law (x+y)*(u+v)=(x*u)+(y*v)holds. An interchange near ring is the same structure based on a group which may not be abelian. It is shown that given any group,G,each interchange(near)ring based on that group is formed from a pair of endomorphisms of G whose images commute, and that all interchange (near)rings based on G can be characterized in this manner. To obtain an associative interchange ring, the endomorphisms must be commuting idempotents in the endomorphism semigroup of G. When G…
Let Z<X> be the free unitary associative ring freely generated by an infinite countable set X = {x_1, x_2,...}. Define a left-normed commutator [x_1, x_2, ..., x_n] by [a,b] = ab - ba, [a,b,c] = [[a,b],c]. For n \ge 2, let T^(n) be the ideal in Z<X> generated by all commutators [a_1,a_2,..., a_n] (a_i \in Z<X>). It can be easily seen that the additive group of the quotient ring Z<X> /T^(2) is a free abelian group. Recently Bhupatiraju, Etingof, Jordan, Kuszmaul and Li have noted that the additive group of Z<X> /T^(3) is free abelian as well. In the present note we show that this is not the cas…
In a series of papers \cite{BRV1}, \cite{BRV2}, \cite{BRV3} we introduced full quivers and pseudo-quivers of representations of algebras, and used them as tools in describing PI-varieties of algebras. In this paper we apply them to obtain a complete proof of Belov's solution of Specht's problem for affine algebras over an arbitrary Noetherian ring. The inductive step relies on a theorem that enables one to find a "$\bar q$-characteristic coefficient-absorbing polynomial in each T-ideal $Γ$," i.e., a non-identity of the representable algebra $A$ arising from $Γ$, whose ideal of evaluations in $…
We describe associative center $N(R)$ and the center $Z(R)$ of the ring $R$ obtained by applying the generalized Cayley-Dickson construction and we find conditions under which the ring $R$ is $N$-essential or centrally essential. The obtained results are applied to generalized quaternion rings and octonion rings; we use them to construct an example of a non-associative centrally essential ring. Victor Markov is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 17-01-00895-A. Askar Tuganbaev is supported by Russian Scientific Foundation, project 16-11-10013.
Let $\mathbb Z \langle X \rangle$ be the free unital associative ring freely generated by an infinite countable set $X = \{ x_1,x_2, \dots \}$. Define a left-normed commutator $[x_1,x_2, \dots, x_n]$ by $[a,b] = ab - ba$, $[a,b,c] = [[a,b],c]$. For $n \ge 2$, let $T^{(n)}$ be the two-sided ideal in $\mathbb Z \langle X \rangle$ generated by all commutators $[a_1,a_2, \dots, a_n]$ $( a_i \in \mathbb Z \langle X \rangle )$. Let $T^{(3,2)}$ be the two-sided ideal of the ring $\mathbb Z \langle X \rangle$ generated by all elements $[a_1, a_2, a_3, a_4]$ and $[a_1, a_2] [a_3, a_4, a_5]$ $(a_i \in \…
In this paper, by using Gröbner-Shirshov bases, we show that in the following classes, each (resp. countably generated) algebra can be embedded into a simple (resp. two-generated) algebra: associative differential algebras, associative $Ω$-algebras, associative $λ$-differential algebras. We show that in the following classes, each countably generated algebra over a countable field $k$ can be embedded into a simple two-generated algebra: associative algebras, semigroups, Lie algebras, associative differential algebras, associative $Ω$-algebras, associative $λ$-differential algebras. Also we pro…
In this paper, we give a study of the $\mathbb{C}[\partial]$-split extending structures problem for associative conformal algebras. Using the unified product as a tool, which includes interesting products such as bicrossed product, cocycle semi-direct product and so on, a cohomological type object is constructed to characterize the $\mathbb{C}[\partial]$-split extending structures for associative conformal algebras. Moreover, using this theory, the extending structures of an associative conformal algebra $A$ which is free as a $\mathbb{C}[\partial]$-module by the $\mathbb{C}[\partial]$-module …
We consider two families of finite-dimensional simple Lie superalgebras of Cartan type, denoted by HO and KO, over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p>3. Using the weight space decompositions and the principal gradings we first show that neither HO nor KO possesses a nondegenerate associative form. Then, by means of computing the superderivations from the Lie superalgebras in consideration into their dual modules, the second cohomology groups with coefficients in the trivial modules are proved to be vanishing.
Let $A$ be a unital associative ring and let $T^{(k)}$ be the two-sided ideal of $A$ generated by all commutators $[a_1, a_2, \dots , a_k]$ $(a_i \in A)$ where $[a_1, a_2] = a_1 a_2 - a_2 a_1$, $[a_1, \dots , a_{k-1}, a_k] = \bigl[ [a_1, \dots , a_{k-1}], a_k \bigr]$ $(k >2)$. It has been known that, if either $m$ or $n$ is odd then \[ 6 \, [a_1, a_2, \dots , a_m] [b_1, b_2, \dots , b_n] \in T^{(m+n-1)} \] for all $a_i, b_j \in A$. This was proved by Sharma and Srivastava in 1990 and independently rediscovered later (with different proofs) by various authors. The aim of our note is to give a s…
In the present paper we prove that every additive (not necessarily homogenous) local inner derivation on the algebra of matrices over an arbitrary field is an inner derivation, and every local inner derivation on the ring of matrices over a finite ring generated by the identity element or the ring of integers is an inner derivation. We also prove that every additive local inner derivation on the Jordan algebra of symmetric matrices over an arbitrary field is a derivation, and every local inner derivation on the Jordan ring of symmetric matrices over a finite ring generated by the identity elem…
We analyze stable homology over associative rings and obtain results over Artin algebras and commutative noetherian rings. Our study develops similarly for these classes; for simplicity we only discuss the latter here. Stable homology is a broad generalization of Tate homology. Vanishing of stable homology detects classes of rings---among them Gorenstein rings, the original domain of Tate homology. Closely related to gorensteinness of rings is Auslander's G-dimension for modules. We show that vanishing of stable homology detects modules of finite G-dimension. This is the first characterization…
For all classical groups (and for their analogs in infinite dimension or over general base fields or rings) we construct certain contractions, called "homotopes". The construction is geometric, using as ingredient involutions of associative geometries. We prove that, under suitable assumptions, the groups and their homotopes have a canonical semigroup completion.
For all classical groups (and for their analogs in infinite dimension or over general base fields or rings) we construct certain contractions, called "homotopes". The construction is geometric, using as ingredient involutions of associative geometries. We prove that, under suitable assumptions, the groups and their homotopes have a canonical semigroup completion.
In this paper we study fundamental model-theoretic questions for free associative algebras, namely, first-order classification, decidability of the first-order theory, and definability of the set of free bases. We show that two free associative algebras of finite rank over fields are elementarily equivalent if and only if their ranks are the same and the fields are equivalent in the weak second order logic. In particular, two free associative algebras of finite rank over the same field are elementarily equivalent if and only if they are isomorphic. We prove that if an arbitrary ring $B$ with a…
We study the relation between Poisson algebras and representations of Lie conformal algebras. We establish a setting for the calculation of a Gröbner--Shirshov basis in a module over an associative conformal algebra and apply this technique to Poisson algebras considered as conformal modules over appropriate associative envelopes of current Lie conformal algebras. As a result, we obtain a setting for the calculation of a Gröbner--Shirshov basis in a Poisson algebra.
In this paper, we introduce the notions of crossed module of associative conformal algebras, 2-term strongly homotopy associative conformal algebras, and discuss the relationship between them and the 3-th Hochschild cohomology of associative conformal algebras. We classify the non-abelian extensions by introducing the non-abelian cohomology. We show that non-abelian extensions of an associative conformal algebra can be viewed as Maurer-Cartan elements of a suitable differential graded Lie algebra, and prove that the Deligne groupoid of this differential graded Lie algebra corresponds one to on…
We develop the notion of deformations using a valuation ring as ring of coefficients. This permits to consider in particular the classical Gerstenhaber deformations of associative or Lie algebras as infinitesimal deformations and to solve the equation of deformations in a polynomial frame. We consider also the deformations of the enveloping algebra of a rigid Lie algebra and we define valued deformations for some classes of non associative algebras.
We first propose a generalization of the notion of Mathieu subspaces of associative algebras $\mathcal A$, which was introduced recently in [Z4] and [Z6], to $\mathcal A$-modules $\mathcal M$. The newly introduced notion in a certain sense also generalizes the notion of submodules. Related with this new notion, we also introduce the sets $σ(N)$ and $τ(N)$ of stable elements and quasi-stable elements, respectively, for all $R$-subspaces $N$ of $\mathcal A$-modules $\mathcal M$, where $R$ is the base ring of $\mathcal A$. We then prove some general properties of the sets $σ(N)$ and $τ(N)$. Furth…
In this paper we examine how the notion of algebra of quotients for Lie algebras ties up with the corresponding well-known concept in the associative case. Specifically, we completely characterize when a Lie algebra $Q$ is an algebra of quotients of a Lie algebra $L$ in terms of the associative algebras generated by the adjoint operators of $L$ and $Q$ respectively. In a converse direction, we also provide with new examples of algebras of quotients of Lie algebras and these come from associative algebras of quotients. In the course of our analysis, we make use of the notions of density and mul…
Let $\boldsymbolΛ_3(\mathbb C)\,(=\mathbb C^{27})$ be the space of structure vectors of $3$-dimensional algebras over $\mathbb C$ considered as a $G$-module via the action of $G={\rm GL}(3,\mathbb C)$ on $\boldsymbolΛ_3(\mathbb C)$ `by change of basis'. We determine the complete degeneration picture inside the algebraic subset $\mathcal A^s_3$ of $\boldsymbolΛ_3(\mathbb C)$ consisting of associative algebra structures via the corresponding information on the algebraic subsets $\mathcal L_3$ and $\mathcal J_3$ of $\boldsymbolΛ_3(\mathbb C)$ of Lie and Jordan algebra structures respectively. Thi…
The theory of abstract kernels in non-trivial extensions for many kinds of algebraical objects, such as groups, rings and graded rings, associative algebras, Lie algebras, restricted Lie algebras, DG-algebras and DG-Lie algebras, has been widely studied since 1940's. Gerhard Hochschild firstly treats associative algebra as an generic type in the series of kernel problems. He proves the theorem of constructing kernel by presenting many tedious relations that may lost the readers today. In this paper, we shall illustrate the formulation and recast it for Lie algebra(-oid) kernels. We also prove …
We extend to arbitrary rings a definition of the octonion special linear group due to Baez. At the infinitesimal level we get a Lie ring, which we describe over some large classes of rings, including all associative rings and all algebras over a field. As a corollary we compute all the groups Baez defined.
Let R be an associative ring with unity and let [R] and U(R) denote the associated Lie ring (with [a,b]=ab-ba) and the group of units of R, respectively. In 1983 Gupta and Levin proved that if [R] is a nilpotent Lie ring of class c then U(R) is a nilpotent group of class at most c. The aim of the present note is to show that, in general, a similar statement does not hold if [R] is n-Engel. We construct an algebra R over a field of characteristic different from 2 and 3 such that the Lie algebra [R] is 5-Engel but U(R) is not a 5-Engel group.
We discuss existence of factorizations with linear factors for (left) polynomials over certain associative real involutive algebras, most notably over Clifford algebras. Because of their relevance to kinematics and mechanism science, we put particular emphasis on factorization results for quaternion, dual quaternion and split quaternion polynomials. A general algorithm ensures existence of a factorization for generic polynomials over division rings but we also consider factorizations for non-division rings. We explain the current state of the art, present some new results and provide examples …
The notion of derivation with invertible values as a derivation of ring with unity that only takes multiplicatively invertible or zero values appeared in a paper of Bergen, Herstein and Lanski, in which they determined the structure of associative rings that admit derivations with invertible values. Later, the results of this paper were generalized in many cases, for example, for generalized derivations, associative super-algebras, alternative algebras and many others. The present work is dedicated to description of all Jordan algebras admitting derivations with invertible values.
This paper concerns the associative lower central series ideals $M_i$ of the free algebra $A_n$ on $n$ generators. Namely, we study the successive quotients $N_i=M_i/M_{i+1}$, which admit an action of the Lie algebra $W_n$ of vector fields on $\Bbb C^n$. We bound the degree $|λ|$ of tensor field modules $F_λ$ appearing in the Jordan-Hölder series of each $N_i$, confirming a recent conjecture of Arbesfeld and Jordan. As an application, we compute these decompositions for small $n$ and $i$.
