This survey is about irreducibility for germs of a holomorphic functions $f$. I will show that when the dimension of the domain $U$ of this holomorphic function $f$ is greater than 2, the irreducibility of germs are not necessary to be stable. That means, if the germ of $f$ at point $p$ is irreducible in the stalk of holomorphic functions at $p$, this does NOT means there exists an open neighborhood $V\subset U$ of this point $p$, such that for any point $q\in V$, the germ of $f$ at $q$ is irreducible at the stalk of holomorphic functions at $q$
We show that the topological equivalence class of holomorphic foliation germs with an isolated singularity of Poincaré type is determined by the topological equivalence class of the real intersection foliation of the (suitably normalized) foliation germ with a sphere centered in the singularity. We use this Reconstruction Theorem to completely classify topological equivalence classes of plane holomorphic foliation germs of Poincaré type and discuss a conjecture on the classification in dimension $\geq 3$.
Let $M$ be a two dimensional complex manifold, $p \in M $ and \Fl a germ of holomorphic foliation of \M at $p$. Let $S\subset M$ be a germ of an irreducible, possibly singular, curve at $p$ in $M$ which is a separatrix for \Fl. We prove that if the Camacho-Sad-Suwa index $\id(\F,S,p)\not \in \Q^+\cup \{0\} $ then there exists another separatrix for \Fl at $p$. A similar result is proved for the existence of parabolic curves for germs of holomorphic diffeomorphisms near a curve of fixed points.
It is shown that the Levi foliation of a real analytic Levi-flat hypersurface extends to a $d$-web near a nondicritical singular point and admits a multiple-valued meromorphic first integral.
This paper was inspired by Guan and Zhou's recent proof of the so-called strong openness conjecture for plurisubharmonic functions. We give a proof shorter than theirs and extend the result to possibly singular hermitian metrics on vector bundles.
Given a semianalytic set S in a complex space and a point p in S, there is a unique smallest complex-analytic germ at p which contains the germ of S, called the holomorphic closure of S at p. We show that if S is semialgebraic then its holomorphic closure is a Nash germ, for every p, and S admits a semialgebraic filtration by the holomorphic closure dimension. As a consequence, every semialgebraic subset of a complex vector space admits a semialgebraic stratification into CR manifolds satisfying a strong version of the condition of the frontier.
Let $f_1, ..., f_h$ be $h\ge 2$ germs of biholomorphisms of $\C^n$ fixing the origin. We investigate the shape a (formal) simultaneous linearization of the given germs can have, and we prove that if $f_1, ..., f_h$ commute and their linear parts are almost simultaneously Jordanizable then they are simultaneously formally linearizable. We next introduce a simultaneous Brjuno-type condition and prove that, in case the linear terms of the germs are diagonalizable, if the germs commutes and our Brjuno-type condition holds, then they are holomorphically simultaneously linerizable. This answers to a…
We investigate germs of real analytic Levi-flat hypersurfaces tangent to germs of codimension one holomorphic webs. We introduce the notion of first integrals for local webs. In particular, we prove that a $k$-web with finitely many invariant analytic subvarieties through the origin tangent to a Levi-flat hypersurface has a holomorphic first integral.
We determine topological and algebraic conditions for a germ of holomorphic foliation $\mathcal F(X)$ induced by a generic vector field $X$ on $(\mathbb{C}^{3},0)$ to have a holomorphic first integral, i.e., a germ of holomorphic map $F \colon(\mathbb{C}^{3},0)\longrightarrow(\mathbb{C}^{2},0)$ such that the leaves of $\mathcal F(X)$ are contained in the level curves of $F$.
By applying holomorphic motions, we prove that a parabolic germ is quasiconformally rigid, that is, any two topologically conjugate parabolic germs are quasiconformally conjugate and the conjugacy can be chosen to be more and more near conformal as long as we consider these germs defined on smaller and smaller neighborhoods. Before proving this theorem, we use the idea of holomorphic motions to give a conceptual proof of the Fatou linearization theorem. As a by-product, we also prove that any finite number of analytic germs at different points in the Riemann sphere can be extended to a quasico…
Let $f$ be a germ of holomorphic diffeomorphism of $\C^n$ fixing the origin $O$, with $df_O$ diagonalizable. We prove that, under certain arithmetic conditions on the eigenvalues of $df_O$ and some restrictions on the resonances, $f$ is locally holomorphically linearizable if and only if there exists a particular $f$-invariant complex manifold. Most of the classical linearization results can be obtained as corollaries of our result.
We consider the problem of extending germs of plane holomorphic foliations to foliations of compact surfaces. We show that the germs that become regular after a single blow up and admit meromorphic first integrals can be extended, after local changes of coordinates, to foliations of compact surfaces. We also show that the simplest elements in this class can be defined by polynomial equations. On the other hand we prove that, in the absence of meromorphic first integrals there are uncountably many elements without polynomial representations.
We prove the existence (and give a characterization) of a germ of complex analytic set left invariant by an abelian group of germs of holomorphic diffeomorphisms at a common fixed point.We also give condition that ensure that such a group can be linearized holomorphically near the fixed point. It rests on a "small divisors condition" of the family of linear parts. The second part of this article is devoted to the study families of totally real intersecting n-submanifolds of (C n , 0). We give some conditions which allow to straighten holomorphically the family. If this is not possible to do it…
It is shown that a germ of a holomorphic mapping sending a real-analytic generic submanifold of finite type into another is determined by its projection on the Segre variety of the target manifold. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for a germ of a mapping into the Segre variety of the target manifold to be the projection of a holomorphic mapping sending the source manifold into the target. An application to the biholomorphic equivalence problem is also given.
In this revised version, applying a general renormalization procedure for formal self-maps, producing a formal normal form simpler than the classical Poincaré-Dulac normal form, we shall give a complete list of normal forms for bi-dimensional superattracting germs with non-vanishing quadratic term; in most cases, our normal forms will be the simplest possible ones (in the sense of Wang, Zheng and Peng). We shall also discuss a few examples of renormalization of germs tangent to the identity, revealing interesting second-order resonance phenomena.
Let $f_1, ..., f_m$ be $m\ge 2$ germs of biholomorphisms of $\C^n$, fixing the origin, with $(\d f_1)_O$ diagonalizable and such that $f_1$ commutes with $f_h$ for any $h=2,..., m$. We prove that, under certain arithmetic conditions on the eigenvalues of $(\d f_1)_O$ and some restrictions on their resonances, $f_1, ..., f_m$ are simultaneously holomorphically linearizable if and only if there exists a particular complex manifold invariant under $f_1,..., f_m$.
Let f_1,...,f_N be commuting germs of holomorphic diffeomorphisms in C fixing the origin with irrational rationally independent rotation numbers alpha_1,...,alpha_N. We adapt Yoccoz' renormalization of germs to this setting to show that a Brjuno-type condition on simultaneous Diophantine approximability of the rotation numbers is sufficient for simultaneous linearizability of f_1,...,f_N. This generalizes a result of Moser's. In the absence of periodic orbits we show that a weaker arithmetic condition analogous to that of Perez-Marco's for the case of a single germ is sufficent for linearizabi…
Given a real analytic (or, more generally, semianalytic) set R in the n-dimensional complex space, there is, for every point p in the closure of R, a unique smallest complex analytic germ X_p that contains the germ R_p. We call the complex dimension of X_p the holomorphic closure dimension of R at p. We show that the holomorphic closure dimension of an irreducible R is constant on the complement of a closed proper analytic subset of R, and discuss the relationship between this dimension and the CR dimension of R.
We investigate the local dynamics of antiholomorphic diffeomorphisms around a parabolic fixed point. We first give a normal form. Then we give a complete classification including a modulus space for antiholomorphic germs with a parabolic fixed point under analytic conjugacy. We then study some geometric applications: existence of real analytic invariant curve, existence of holomorphic and antiholomorphic roots of holomorphic and antiholomorphic parabolic germs, commuting holomorphic and antiholomorphic parabolic germs.
We give a complete topological classification of germs of holomorphic foliations in the plane under rather generic conditions. The key point is the introduction of a new topological invariant called monodromy representation. This monodromy contains all the relevant dynamical information, in particular the projective holonomy representation whose topological invariance was conjectured in the eighties by Cerveau and Sad and proved here under mild hypotheses.
We give a very simple argument to the effect that most germs of generic real analytic Cauchy-Riemann manifolds of positive CR dimension are not holomorphically embeddable into any generic real algebraic CR manifold of the same real codimension in a finite dimensional space. In particular, most such germs are not holomorphically equivalent to a germ of a generic real algebraic CR manifold.
Perez-Marco proved the existence of non-trivial totally invariant connected compacts called hedgehogs near the fixed point of a nonlinearizable germ of holomorphic diffeomorphism. We show that if two nonlinearisable holomorphic germs with a common indifferent fixed point have a common hedgehog then they must commute. This allows us to establish a correspondence between hedgehogs and nonlinearizable maximal abelian subgroups of Diff$(\bf C,0)$. We also show that two nonlinearizable germs are conjugate if and only if their rotation numbers are equal and a hedgehog of one can be mapped conformall…
It is proved that the germ of a holomorphic map from a real analytic hypersurface M in C^n into a strictly pseudoconvex compact real algebraic hypersurface M' in C^N, 1 < n < N extends holomorphically along any path on M.
We study the analytic continuation problem for a germ of a biholomorphic mapping from a non-minimal real hypersurface $M\subset\CC{n}$ into a real hyperquadric $\mathcal Q\subset\CP{n}$ and prove that under certain non-degeneracy conditions any such germ extends locally biholomorphically along any path lying in the complement $U\setminus X$ of the complex hypersurface $X$ contained in $M$ for an appropriate neighborhood $U\supset X$. Using the monodromy representation for the multiple-valued mapping obtained by the analytic continuation we establish a connection between nonminimal real hypersu…
We are interested in characterizing the holonomy maps associated to integral curves of non-degenerate singularities of holomorphic vector fields. Such a description is well-known in dimension 2 where is a key ingredient in the study of reduced singularities. The most intricate case in the 2 dimensional setting corresponds to (Siegel) saddle singularities. This work treats the analogous problem for saddles in higher dimension. We show that any germ of holomorphic biholomorphism, in any dimension, can be obtained as the holonomy map associated to an integral curve of a saddle singularity. A natu…
This work deals with the topological classification of germs of singular foliations on $(\mathbb C^{2},0)$. Working in a suitable class of foliations we fix the topological invariants given by the separatrix set, the Camacho-Sad indices and the projective holonomy representations and we compute the moduli space of topological classes in terms of the cohomology of a new algebraic object that we call group-graph. This moduli space may be an infinite dimensional functional space but under generic conditions we prove that it has finite dimension and we describe its algebraic and topological struct…
We address the question "when the local image of a map is well defined" and answer it in case of holomorphic map germs with target $(\bC^{2}, 0)$. We prove a criterion for holomorphic map germs $(X, x)\to (Y, y)$ to be locally open, solving a conjecture by Huckleberry in all dimensions.
Let (M,p) be a smooth non-Leviflat CR hypersurface germ in complex Euclidean space of dimension 2 where p is of infinite type. The purpose of this article is to investigate the holomorphic vector fields tangent to (M,p) vanishing at p.
We give conditions under which a germ of a holomorphic mapping in $\Bbb C^N$, mapping an irreducible real algebraic set into another of the same dimension, is actually algebraic. Let $A\subset \bC^N$ be an irreducible real algebraic set. Assume that there exists $\po \in A$ such that $A$ is a minimal, generic, holomorphically nondegenerate submanifold at $\po$. We show here that if $H$ is a germ at $p_1 \in A$ of a holomorphic mapping from $\bC^N$ into itself, with Jacobian $H$ not identically $0$, and $H(A)$ contained in a real algebraic set of the same dimension as $A$, then $H$ must extend …
For a germ of a meromorphic function f=P/Q, we offer notions of the monodromy operators at zero and at infinity. If the holomorphic functions P and Q are non-degenerated with respect to their Newton diagrams, we give an analogue of the formula of Varchenko for the zeta-functions of these monodromy operators.
This work deals with the topological classification of singular foliation germs on $(\mathbb C^{2},0)$. Working in a suitable class of foliations we fix the topological invariants given by the separatrix set, the Camacho-Sad indices and the projective holonomy representations and we prove the existence of a topological universal deformation through which every equisingular deformation uniquely factorizes up to topological conjugacy. This is done by representing the functor of topological classes of equisingular deformations of a fixed foliation. We also describe the functorial dependence of th…
We study jets of germs of holomorphic maps between two strongly pseudoconvex domains under the condition that the image of one domain is contained into the other and a given boundary point is (non-tangentially) mapped to a given boundary point. We completely characterize the (non-tangential) 1-jets. Moreover we give algebraic inequalities (in terms of Chern-Moser normal forms up to a certain low order) for the admissible germs with a given 1-jet. Also, we prove a rigidity result which says that there exists a germ tangent to the Identity (in some local charts) if and only if the two domains ar…
Tête-à-tête graphs were introduced by N. A'Campo in 2010 with the goal of modeling the monodromy of isolated plane curves. Mixed tête-à-tête graphs provide a generalization which define mixed tête-à-tête twists, which are pseudo-periodic automorphisms on surfaces. We characterize the mixed tête-à-tête twists as those pseudo-periodic automorphisms that have a power which is a product of right-handed Dehn twists around disjoint simple closed curves, including all boundary components. It follows that the class of tête-à-tête twists coincides with that of monodromies associated with reduced functi…
In [M3], Milnor found Tricorn-like sets in the parameter space of real cubic polynomials. We give a rigorous definition of these Tricorn-like sets as suitable renormalization loci, and show that the dynamically natural straightening map from such a Tricorn-like set to the original Tricorn is discontinuous. We also prove some rigidity theorems for polynomial parabolic germs, which state that one can recover unicritical holomorphic and anti-holomorphic polynomials from their parabolic germs.
Let f and g be holomorphic function-germs vanishing at the origin of a complex analytic germ of dimension three. Suppose that they have no common irreducible component and that the real analytic map-germ given by the multiplication of f by the conjugate of g has an isolated critical value at 0. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the real analytic map-germ to have a Milnor fibration and we prove that in this case the boundary of its Milnor fibre is a Waldhausen manifold. As an intermediate milestone we describe geometrically the Milnor fibre of map-germs given by the multiplication…
We study analytic integrable deformations of the germ of a holomorphic foliation given by $df=0$ at the origin $0 \in \mathbb C^n, n \geq 3$. We consider the case where $f$ is a germ of an irreducible and reduced holomorphic function. Our central hypotheses is that, {\em outside of a dimension $\leq n-3$ analytic subset $Y\subset X$, the analytic hypersurface $X_f : (f=0)$ has only normal crossings singularities}. We then prove that, as germs, such deformations also exhibit a holomorphic first integral, depending analytically on the parameter of the deformation. This applies to the study of in…
The aim of this article is twofold: First we study holomorphic germs of parabolic diffeomorphisms of $(\mathbb{C}^2,0)$ that are reversed by a holomorphic reflection and posses an analytic first integral with non-degenerate critical point at the origin. We find a canonical formal normal form and provide a complete analytic classification (in formal generic cases) in terms of a collection of functional invariants. Their restriction to an irreductible component of the zero locus of the first integral reduces to the Birkhoff--Écalle--Voronin modulus of the 1-dimensional restricted parabolic germ.…
Given a set E in a complex space and a point p in E, there is a unique smallest complex-analytic germ containing the germ of E at p, called the holomorphic closure of E at p. We study the holomorphic closure of semialgebraic arc-symmetric sets. Our main application concerns CR-continuation of semialgebraic arc-analytic mappings: A mapping f on a real-analytic CR manifold M which is semialgebraic arc-analytic and CR on a non-empty open subset of M is CR on the whole M.
We consider germs of holomorphic vector fields at a fixed point having a nilpotent linear part at that point, in dimension $n \geq 3$. Based on Belitskii's work, we know that such a vector field is formally conjugate to a (formal) normal form. We give a condition on that normal form which ensure that the normalizing transformation is holomorphic at the fixed point. We shall show that this sufficient condition is a nilpotent version of Bruno's condition (A). In dimension 2, no condition is required since, according to Str{ó}zyna- Zoladek, each such germ is holomorphically conjugate to a Takens …
We describe a canonical procedure for associating to any (germ of) holomorphic self-map f of C^n fixing the origin such that df_O is invertible and non-diagonalizable an n-dimensional complex manifold M, a holomorphic map p from M to C^n, a point e in M and a (germ of) holomorphic self-map F of M so that: p restricted to the complement of p^{-1}(O) is a biholomorphism between this complement and C^n minus the origin; p semiconjugates f and F; and e is a fixed point of F such that dF_e is diagonalizable. Furthermore, we use this construction to describe the local dynamics of such an f nearby th…
We study Banach-valued holomorphic functions defined on open subsets of the maximal ideal space of the Banach algebra H^\infty of bounded holomorphic functions on the unit disk D\subset C with pointwise multiplication and supremum norm. In particular, we establish vanishing cohomology for sheaves of germs of such functions and, solving a Banach-valued corona problem for H^\infty, prove that the maximal ideal space of the algebra H_{\rm comp}^\infty (A) of holomorphic functions on $\Di$ with relatively compact images in a commutative unital complex Banach algebra A is homeomorphic to the direct…
Let $(\bf {V,0})\subset (\mathbb{C}^n,0)$ be a germ of a complex hypersurface and let $f: (\mathbb{C}^n,0)\to(\mathbb{C}^n,0)$ be a germ of a finite holomorphic mapping. If germs $(\bf {V,0})$ and ${\bf W}:=(F^{-1}(\bf{ V})),0)$ are irreducible and with isolated singularities, then $$μ(F^{-1}(\bf{ V}))\ge μ(\bf {V}),$$ where $μ$ denotes the Milnor number.
Let $f$ be a germ of biholomorphism of $\C^n$, fixing the origin. We show that if the germ commutes with a torus action, then we get information on the germs that can be conjugated to $f$, and furthermore on the existence of a holomorphic linearization or of a holomorphic normalization of $f$. We find out in a complete and computable manner what kind of structure a torus action must have in order to get a Poincaré-Dulac holomorphic normalization, studying the possible torsion phenomena. In particular, we link the eigenvalues of $df_O$ to the weight matrix of the action. The link and the struct…
In this survey we provide detailed proofs for the results by Hakim regarding the dynamics of germs of biholomorphisms tangent to the identity of order $k+1\ge 2$ and fixing the origin.
Let M be a smooth locally embeddable CR manifold, having some CR dimension m and some CR codimension d. We find an improved local geometric condition on M which guarantees, at a point p on M, that germs of CR distributions are smooth functions, and have extensions to germs of holomorphic functions on a full ambient neighborhood of p. Our condition is a form of weak pseudoconcavity, closely related to essential pseudoconcavity as introduced in [HN1]. Applications are made to CR meromorphic functions and mappings. Explicit examples are given which satisfy our new condition,but which are not pseu…
We say that the the germ of a singular holomorphic foliation on $(\mathbb{C}^2,0)$ is algebraizable whenever it is holomorphically conjugate to the singularity of a foliation defined globally on a projective algebraic surface. The object of this work is to construct a concrete example of a non--algebraizable singularity. Previously only existential results were known.
We study germs of J-Holomorphic curves contained in $M$, a real analytic hypersurface of an symplectic manifold of dimension 4. We show, under topological hypothesis on $M$, that if $M$ is compact then $M$ is of finite type and so there is no germs of $J$-holomorphic curves on $M$(with $J$ adapted with the symplectic form). In $\Bbb{C}^2$ with the standard complex structure, this is a classical result of Diederich-Fornaess.
We provide a complete classification of hexagonal singular 3-web germs in the complex plane, satisfying the following two conditions: 1) the Chern connection remains holomorphic at the singular point, 2) the web admits at least one infinitesimal symmetry at this point. As a by-product, a classification of hexagonal weighted homogeneous 3-webs is obtained.
An exp-algebraic curve consists of a compact Riemann surface $S$ together with $n$ equivalence classes of germs of meromorphic functions modulo germs of holomorphic functions, $\HH = \{ [h_1], \cdots, [h_n] \}$, with poles of orders $d_1, \cdots, d_n \geq 1$ at points $p_1, \cdots, p_n$. This data determines a space of functions $\OO_{\HH}$ (respectively, a space of $1$-forms $Ω^0_{\HH}$) holomorphic on the punctured surface $S' = S - \{p_1, \cdots, p_n\}$ with exponential singularities at the points $p_1, \cdots, p_n$ of types $[h_1], \cdots, [h_n]$, i.e., near $p_i$ any $f \in \OO_{\HH}$ is …
This article studies germs of holomorphic vector fields at the origin of C3 that are tangent to holomorphic foliations of codimension one. Two situations are considered. First, we assume hypotheses on the reduction of singularities of the vector field - for instance, that the final models belong to a family of vector fields whose linear parts have eigenvalues satisfying a condition of non-resonance - in order to conclude that the foliation is of complex hyperbolic type, that is, without saddle-nodes in its reduction of singularities. In the second part, we prove that a vector field that is tan…
It is proved that a germ of a real analytic CR map from a smooth real-analytic minimal CR manifold M to an essentially finite real-algebraic generic submanifold M' of P^N of the same CR-dimension extends as a holomorphic correspondence along M. Applications are given for pseudoconcave submanifolds of P^N.
