Rajeeva L Karandikar, M G Nadkarni
We give a necessary and sufficient condition on a sequence of functions on a set $Ω$ under which there is a measure on $Ω$ which renders the given sequence of functions a martingale. Further such a measure is unique if we impose a natural maximum entropy condition on the conditional probabilities.
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We generalize a previous result concerning free martingale polynomials for the stationary free Jacobi process of parameters $λ\in ]0.1], θ= 1/2$. Hopelessly, apart from the case $λ= 1$, the polynomials we derive are no longer orthogonal with respect to the spectral measure. As a matter of fact, we use the multiplicative renormalization to write down the corresponding orthogonality measure.
A martingale-type characterisation of the Gaussian free field and fractional Gaussian free fields
利用与随机热方程和分数随机热方程的联系，建立了连续高斯自由场和分数高斯自由场的鞅型刻画，推广了已有结果并提出了新的刻画定理。
The objective of the present paper is to establish exponential large deviation inequalities, and to use them to show exponential concentration inequalities for the free energy of a polymer in general random environment, its rate of convergence, and an expression of its limit value in terms of those of some multiplicative cascades.
We give a characterization of $BMO^α$-martingale spaces by using fractional Carleson measures. We get the boudedness of martingale transform and square function on $BMO^α$-martingale spaces easily by using this characterization. We also proved the martingale version of Carleson's inequality related with $BMO^α$-martingales.
The martingale representation theorem for cylindrical martingale valued measures
研究可分巴拿赫空间上柱形鞅值测度的鞅表示定理，借助非随机化随机积分新理论等工具，证明了相关定理及推论，还应用结果刻画了由柱形白噪声测度驱动的随机微分方程弱鞅问题的解。
This note contains a short discussion on the sufficiency of finite optimality in martingale transport. It is shown that finitely minimal martingale measures are solutions of the martingale transport problem when the cost function is upper semi-continuous and bounded from above by a sum of integrable functions. As an application a transparent proof of the uniqueness of left-monotone martingale transport plans is given.
In the present paper, a new and simple approach is provided for proving rigorously that for general Lévy financial markets the minimal entropy martingale measure and the Esscher martingale measure coincide. The method consists in approximating the probability measure P by a sequence of Lévy preserving probability measures P_n with exponential moments of all order. As a by-product, it turns out that the problem of finding the minimal entropy martingale measure for the Lévy market is equivalent to the corresponding problem but for a certain one-step financial market. The existence of the Esscher…
In this paper I show a geometrical method to obtain construction of the Nikodym type set.
We prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions of SDEs with Lipschitz coefficients, driven by continuous, model-free martingales. The main tool in our reasoning is Picard's iterative procedure and a model-free version of the Burkholder-Davis-Gundy inequality for integrals driven by model-free, continuous martingales. We work with a new outer measure which assigns zero value exactly to those properties which are instantly blockable.
In this paper, we consider the measure determined by a fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. For such measure, we establish a martingale representation theorem and consequently obtain the Logarithmic-Sobolev inequality. To this end, we also present the integration by parts formula for such measure, which is obtained via its pull back formula and the Bismut method.
In the present paper we obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of equivalent martingale measures for Lévy-driven moving averages and other non-Markovian jump processes. The conditions that we obtain are, under mild assumptions, also necessary. For instance, this is the case for moving averages driven by an $α$-stable Lévy process with $α\in (1,2]$. Our proofs rely on various techniques for showing the martingale property of stochastic exponentials.
We study such important properties of $f$-divergence minimal martingale measure as Levy preservation property, scaling property, invariance in time property for exponential Levy models. We give some useful decomposition for $f$-divergence minimal martingale measures and we answer on the question which form should have $f$ to ensure mentioned properties. We show that $f$ is not necessarily common $f$-divergence. For common $f$-divergences, i.e. functions verifying $f"(x) = ax^ γ,\, a>0,\, γ\in \mathbb R$, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of $f$-minimal martingale measur…
Itô's Formula for Itô processes defined with respect to a cylindrical-martingale valued measure
基于作者近期发展的随机积分理论，证明了希尔伯特空间值Itô过程的Itô公式，并推导了Burkholder不等式及鞅值测度的Itô公式。
We give sufficient criteria for the Doléans-Dade exponential of a stochastic integral with respect to a counting process local martingale to be a true martingale. The criteria are adapted particularly to the case of counting processes and are sufficiently weak to be useful and verifiable, as we illustrate by several examples. In particular, the criteria allow for the construction of for example nonexplosive Hawkes processes as well as counting processes with stochastic intensities depending on diffusion processes.
In this work we introduce a theory of stochastic integration for operator-valued integrands with respect to some classes of cylindrical martingale-valued measures in Hilbert spaces. The integral is constructed via the radonification of cylindrical martingales by a Hilbert-Schmidt operator theorem and unifies several other theories of stochastic integration in Hilbert spaces. In particular, our theory covers the theory of stochastic integration with respect to a Hilbert space valued Lévy process (which is not required to satisfy any moment condition), with respect to a cylindrical Lévy processe…
In this note we introduce a new kind of augmentation of filtrations along a sequence of stopping times. This augmentation is suitable for the construction of new probability measures associated to a positive strict local martingale as done in \cite{split1}, while it is on the other hand rich enough to make classical results from stochastic analysis hold true on some stochastic interval of interest.
We consider the optimal mass transportation problem in $\RR^d$ with measurably parameterized marginals, for general cost functions and under conditions ensuring the existence of a unique optimal transport map. We prove a joint measurability result for this map, with respect to the space variable and to the parameter. The proof needs to establish the measurability of some set-valued mappings, related to the support of the optimal transference plans, which we use to perform a suitable discrete approximation procedure. A motivation is the construction of a strong coupling between orthogonal marti…
Given the univariate marginals of a real-valued, continuous-time martingale, (respectively, a family of measures parameterised by $t \in [0,T]$ which is increasing in convex order, or a double continuum of call prices) we construct a family of pure-jump martingales which mimic that martingale (respectively, are consistent with the family of measures, or call prices). As an example, we construct a fake Brownian motion. Then, under a further `dispersion' assumption, we construct the martingale which (within the family of martingales which are consistent with a given set of measures) has the smal…
When a strict local martingale is projected onto a subfiltration to which it is not adapted, the local martingale property may be lost, and the finite variation part of the projection may have singular paths. This phenomenon has consequences for arbitrage theory in mathematical finance. In this paper it is shown that the loss of the local martingale property is related to a measure extension problem for the associated Föllmer measure. When a solution exists, the finite variation part of the projection can be interpreted as the compensator, under the extended measure, of the explosion time of t…
Matrix liberation process III: Unitary Brownian motion and martingale analysis
研究幺正布朗运动驱动的矩阵释放过程的大偏差原理中的率函数及自身性质，通过martingale问题视角提出自由martingale问题新方法。
Martingale measure associated with the critical $2d$ stochastic heat flow
本文证明临界二维随机热流为连续半鞅，并定义其相关鞅测度，通过二次变差刻画其正则性。
Let $L$ be a multidimensional Lévy process under $P$ in its own filtration. The $f^q$-minimal martingale measure $Q_q$ is defined as that equivalent local martingale measure for $\mathcal {E}(L)$ which minimizes the $f^q$-divergence $E[(dQ/dP)^q]$ for fixed $q\in(-\infty,0)\cup(1,\infty)$. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of $Q_q$ and an explicit formula for its density. For $q=2$, we relate the sufficient conditions to the structure condition and discuss when the former are also necessary. Moreover, we show that $Q_q$ converges for $q\searrow1$ in entropy to the m…
Markov property and path regularity for the solutions to SPDEs driven by cylindrical-martingale valued measures
研究由柱形正交鞅值测度驱动的随机偏微分方程的马尔可夫性，证明在时间依赖系数下解具有马尔可夫性，在时间独立系数下解具有Feller性，并在C0-半群拟压缩时解存在càdlàg版本。
Quantization provides a very natural way to preserve the convex order when approximating two ordered probability measures by two finitely supported ones. Indeed, when the convex order dominating original probability measure is compactly supported, it is smaller than any of its dual quantizations while the dominated original measure is greater than any of its stationary (and therefore any of its optimal) quadratic primal quantization. Moreover, the quantization errors then correspond to martingale couplings between each original probability measure and its quantization. This permits to prove th…
In this paper we investigate the properties of the free Sheffer systems, which are certain families of martingale polynomials with respect to the free Levy processes. First, we classify such families that consist of orthogonal polynomials; these are the free analogs of the Meixner systems. Next, we show that the fluctuations around free convolution semigroups have as principal directions the polynomials whose derivatives are martingale polynomials. Finally, we indicate how Rota's finite operator calculus can be modified for the free context.
Introduction to Martingales
本文介绍鞅，涵盖测度论、勒贝格积分与条件期望，证明关键定理，并展示其在金融中的应用。
We consider the problem of finding a real valued martingale fitting specified marginal distributions. For this to be possible, the marginals must be increasing in the convex order and have constant mean. We show that, under the extra condition that they are weakly continuous, the marginals can always be fitted in a unique way by a martingale which lies in a particular class of strong Markov processes. It is also shown that the map that this gives from the sets of marginal distributions to the martingale measures is continuous. Furthermore, we prove that it is the unique continuous method of fi…
In this article we relate the set of structure preserving equivalent martingale measures $(\mathcal{M})$ for financial models driven by semimartingales with conditionally independent increments to a set of measurable and integrable functions $(\mathscr{Y})$. More precisely, we prove that $(\mathcal{M}\not = \emptyset)$ if, and only if, $(\mathscr{Y}\not = \emptyset)$, and connect the sets $(\mathcal{M})$ and $(\mathscr{Y})$ to the semimartingale characteristics of the driving process. As examples we consider integrated Lévy models with independent stochastic factors and time-changed Lévy model…
Given a family of real probability measures $(μ_t)_{t\geq 0}$ increasing in convex order (a peacock) we describe a systematic method to create a martingale exactly fitting the marginals at any time. The key object for our approach is the obstructed shadow of a measure in a peacock, a generalization of the (obstructed) shadow introduced in \cite{BeJu16,NuStTa17}. As input data we take an increasing family of measures $(ν^α)_{α\in [0,1]}$ with $ν^α(\mathbb{R})=α$ that are submeasures of $μ_0$, called a parametrization of $μ_0$. Then, for any $α$ we define an evolution $(η^α_t)_{t\geq 0}$ of the …
Expansion of Iterated Stochastic Integrals with Respect to Martingale Poisson Measures and with Respect to Martingales Based on Generalized Multiple Fourier Series
本文推广了基于广义多重傅里叶级数的任意重数迭代Ito随机积分展开方法，获得了关于鞅泊松测度和鞅的积分展开，证明了均方收敛性并给出贝塞尔函数系的展开实例。
Using <M^c>, jump measure μand its compensator νwe characterize the event where the stochastic exponential E(M) equals to zero.
Bernstein-type dimension-free concentration for self-normalised martingales
本文提出了一种无维的伯恩斯坦型尾界不等式，用于自归一化鞅，其中归一化使用可预测的二次变分，半径取决于观测协方差的信息增益。应用包括为具有自适应选择的希尔伯特值协变量的逻辑回归提供椭球置信序列，以及为希尔伯特臂逻辑带宽提供实例自适应的后悔界。
For any discrete-time $P$--local martingale $S$ there exists a probability measure $Q \sim P$ such that $S$ is a $Q$--martingale. A new proof for this result is provided. The core idea relies on an appropriate modification of an argument by Chris Rogers, used to prove a version of the fundamental theorem of asset pricing in discrete time. This proof also yields that, for any $\varepsilon>0$, the measure $Q$ can be chosen so that $\frac{dQ}{dP} \leq 1+\varepsilon$.
Martingale dimensions for a class of metric measure spaces
本文针对度量测度空间上强局部正则狄利克雷形式相关扩散过程，基于能量测度与相对容量的分析平衡条件，证明AF-鞅维数坍缩为1，为非齐次空间扩散的一维概率结构研究提供通用框架。
We give a bare-hands approach to the martingale representation theorem for integer valued random measures, which allows for a wide class of infinite activity jump processes, as well as all processes with well-ordered jumps.
Positive $T$-martingales were developed as a general framework that extends the positive measure-valued martingales and are meant to model intermittent turbulence. We extend their scope by allowing the martingale to take complex values. We focus on martingales constructed on the interval $T=[0,1]$ and replace random measures by random functions. We specify a large class of such martingales for which we provide a general sufficient condition for almost sure uniform convergence to a nontrivial limit. Such a limit yields new examples of naturally generated multifractal processes that may be of us…
We give a theory of sublinear expectations and martingales in discrete time. Without assuming the existence of a dominating probability measure, we derive the extensions of classical results on uniform integrability, optional stopping of martingales, and martingale convergence. We also give a theory of BSDEs in the context of sublinear expectations and a finite-state space, including general existence and comparison results.
In the paper, the martingales and super-martingales relative to a convex set of equivalent measures are systematically studied. The notion of local regular super-martingale relative to a convex set of equivalent measures is introduced and the necessary and sufficient conditions of the local regularity of it in the discrete case are founded. The description of all local regular super-martingales relative to a convex set of equivalent measures is presented. The notion of the complete set of equivalent measures is introduced. We prove that every bounded in some sense super-martingale relative to …
Approximation of martingale couplings on the line in the weak adapted topology
该研究建立了鞅耦合的稳定性定理，证明边缘测度的凸序微小扰动对应鞅耦合的弱适应拓扑扰动，为鞅最优输运、数值方法及金融鲁棒定价提供了理论基础。
We prove maximal inequalities for $L_q$-valued martingales obtained by stochastic integration with respect to compensated random measures. A version of these estimates for integrals with respect to compensated Poisson random measures were first obtained by Dirksen (arXiv:1208:3885) using arguments based on inequalities for sums of independent Banach-space-valued random variables, geometric properties of Banach spaces, and decoupling inequalities. Our proofs are completely different and rely almost exclusively on classical stochastic analysis for real semimartingales.
It was shown by the authors that two one-dimensional probability measures in the convex order admit a martingale coupling with respect to which the integral of $\vert x-y\vert$ is smaller than twice their $\mathcal W_1$-distance (Wasserstein distance with index $1$). We showed that replacing $\vert x-y\vert$ and $\mathcal W_1$ respectively with $\vert x-y\vert^ρ$ and $\mathcal W_ρ^ρ$ does not lead to a finite multiplicative constant. We show here that a finite constant is recovered when replacing $\mathcal W_ρ^ρ$ with the product of $\mathcal W_ρ$ times the centred $ρ$-th moment of the second …
For a $d$-dimensional stochastic process $(S_n)_{n=0}^N$ we obtain criteria for the existence of an equivalent martingale measure, whose density $z$, up to a normalizing constant, is bounded from below by a given random variable $f$. We consider the case of one-period model (N=1) under the assumptions $S\in L^p$; $f,z\in L^q$, $1/p+1/q=1$, where $p\in [1,\infty]$, and the case of $N$-period model for $p=\infty$. The mentioned criteria are expressed in terms of the conditional distributions of the increments of $S$, as well as in terms of the boundedness from above of an utility function relate…
In this paper we give the decomposition of a martingale under the sublinear expectation associated with a $G$-L'evy process X with finite activity and without drift. We prove that such a martingale consists of an Ito integral w.r.t. continuous part of a $G$-L'evy process, compensated Ito-L'evy integral w.r.t. jump measure associated with $X$ and a non-increasing continuous $G$-martingale starting at 0.
Based on the multidimensional irreducible paving of De March & Touzi, we provide a multi-dimensional version of the quasi sure duality for the martingale optimal transport problem, thus extending the result of Beiglböck, Nutz & Touzi. Similar, we also prove a disintegration result which states a natural decomposition of the martingale optimal transport problem on the irreducible components, with pointwise duality verified on each component. As another contribution, we extend the martingale monotonicity principle to the present multi-dimensional setting. Our results hold in dimensions 1, 2, and…
Beiglböck and Juillet ("On a problem of optimal transport under marginal martingale constraints") introduced the left-curtain martingale coupling of probability measures $μ$ and $ν$, and proved that, when the initial law $μ$ is continuous, it is supported by the graphs of two functions. We extend the later result by constructing the generalised left-curtain martingale coupling and show that for an arbitrary starting law $μ$ it is characterised by two appropriately defined lower and upper functions. As an application of this result we derive the model-independent upper bound of an American put …
We consider a change of measure by a martingale $Z_t$ and clarify that in general $1/Z_t$ is only a supermartingale under the changed measure. We then give a necessary and sufficient condition for the event that the limit of the martingale is zero to coincide with the event that the martingale hits zero in finite time (up to a set of zero probability).
We prove that, for locally bounded processes, absence of arbitrage opportunities of the first kind is equivalent to the existence of a dominating local martingale measure. This is related to and motivated by results from the theory of filtration enlargements.
We consider a branching random walk on $\mathbb{R}$ with a stationary and ergodic environment $ξ=(ξ_n)$ indexed by time $n\in\mathbb{N}$. Let $Z_n$ be the counting measure of particles of generation $n$ and $\tilde Z_n(t)=\int e^{tx}Z_n(dx)$ be its Laplace transform. We show the $L^p$ convergence rate and the uniform convergence of the martingale $\tilde Z_n(t)/\mathbb E[\tilde Z_n(t)|ξ]$, and establish a moderate deviation principle for the measures $Z_n$.
Spinal decomposition, martingale convergence and the Seneta-Heyde scaling for matrix branching random walks
本文研究了非负矩阵半群上的矩阵分支随机游走，推导了加性鞅的 Biggins 收敛定理类似结果、脊柱分解定理、导数鞅收敛及 Seneta-Heyde 标度，并提供了中心化 Markov 随机游走更新测度的显式对偶结果。
The decomposition of stretched Brownian motion into Bass martingales
本文研究未必不可约概率测度间的拉伸布朗运动，证明其可沿欧氏空间的相对开凸铺砌分解为一族 Bass 鞅，且该铺砌即不可约凸铺砌。
Functional calculus and martingale representation formula for integer-valued random measures
本文针对连续鞅与整值随机测度建立非预期微积分，构造泛函导数并推导鞅表示公式，展示其在整值随机测度相关问题中的多项应用。
In exponential semi-martingale setting for risky asset we estimate the difference of prices of options when initial physical measure $P$ and corresponding martingale measure $Q$ change to $\tilde{P}$ and $\tilde{Q}$ respectively. Then, we estimate $L_1$-distance of option's prices for corresponding parametric models with known and estimated parameters. The results are applied to exponential Levy models with special choice of martingale measure as Esscher measure, minimal entropy measure and $f^q$-minimal martingale measure. We illustrate our results by considering GMY and CGMY models.
The purpose of this paper is to give a survey of a class of maximal inequalities for purely discontinuous martingales, as well as for stochastic integral and convolutions with respect to Poisson measures, in infinite dimensional spaces. Such maximal inequalities are important in the study of stochastic partial differential equations with noise of jump type.
Generalizing earlier work of Delbaen and Haezendonck for given compound renewal process $S$ under a probability measure $P$ we characterize all probability measures $Q$ on the domain of $P$ such that $Q$ and $P$ are progressively equivalent and $S$ remains a compound renewal process under $Q$. As a consequence, we prove that any compound renewal process can be converted into a compound Poisson process through a change of measures and we show how this approach is related to premium calculation principles.
In this note, we give a generalization of Cramér's large deviations for martingales, which can be regarded as a supplement of Fan, Grama and Liu (Stochastic Process. Appl., 2013). Our method is based on the change of probability measure developed by Grama and Haeusler (Stochastic Process. Appl., 2000).
Central limit theorems for martingales-I : continuous limits
本文研究补偿元连续时鞅序列的弱收敛，证明极限可写成由补偿元参数化的 Brown 运动并给出独立性条件，还展示了其在占据时间与金融波动率估计中的应用。
We consider a one-period market model composed by a risk-free asset and a risky asset with $n$ possible future values (namely, a $n$-nomial market model). We characterize the lower envelope of the class of equivalent martingale measures in such market model, showing that it is a belief function, obtained as the strict convex combination of two necessity measures. Then, we reformulate a general one-period pricing problem in the framework of belief functions: this allows to model frictions in the market and can be justified in terms of partially resolving uncertainty according to Jaffray. We pro…
If a given aggregate process $S$ is a compound mixed Poisson process under a probability measure $P$, a characterization of all probability measures $Q$ on the domain of $P$, such that $P$ and $Q$ are progressively equivalent and $S$ remains a compound mixed Poisson process with improved properties, is provided. This result generalizes earlier work of Delbaen & Haezendonck (1989). Implications related to the computation of premium calculation principles in an insurance market possessing the property of no free lunch with vanishing risk are also discussed.
In this paper, we study Gaussian multiplicative chaos in the critical case. We show that the so-called derivative martingale, introduced in the context of branching Brownian motions and branching random walks, converges almost surely (in all dimensions) to a random measure with full support. We also show that the limiting measure has no atom. In connection with the derivative martingale, we write explicit conjectures about the glassy phase of log-correlated Gaussian potentials and the relation with the asymptotic expansion of the maximum of log-correlated Gaussian random variables.
Let $(Ω, \A, μ)$ be a Lebesgue space and $T$ an ergodic measure preserving automorphism on $Ω$ with positive entropy. We show that there is a bounded and strictly stationary martingale difference sequence defined on $Ω$ with a common non-degenerate lattice distribution satisfying the central limit theorem with an arbitrarily slow rate of convergence and not satisfying the local limit theorem. A similar result is established for martingale difference sequences with densities provided the entropy is infinite. In addition, the martingale difference sequence may be chosen to be strongly mixing.
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