We first determine all height four Gorenstein sequences beginning H=(1,4,7,...), and we show that their first differences satisfy $ΔH_{\le j/2}$ is an O-sequence.
We then study the family PGor(H) parametrizing all graded Artinian Gorenstein [AG] quotients A=R/I of the polynomial ring R=K[w,x,y,z] having a Hilbert function H as above. We give a structure theorem for such AG quotients with $I_2\cong < wx,wy,wz>$. For most H this subfamily forms an irreducible component of PGor(H), and for a slightly more restrictive set, PGor(H) has several irreducible components.
M. Boij and others had already shown that PGor(T) is reducible for certain Gorenstein sequences T in codimensions at least four.
Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring and A an Artinian R-module. We prove that if A has finite Gorenstein injective dimension, then A possesses a Gorenstein injective envelope which is special and Artinian. This, in particular, yields that over a Gorenstein ring any Artinian module possesses a Gorenstein injective envelope which is special and Artinian.
We give a characterization of the Lefschetz elements in Artinian Gorenstein rings over a field of characteristic zero in terms of the higher Hessians. As an application, we give new examples of Artinian Gorenstein rings which do not have the strong Lefschetz property.
In this paper, we make the notion of approximating an Artinian local ring by a Gorenstein Artin local ring precise using the concept of Gorenstein colength. We also answer the question as to when the Gorenstein colength is at most two.
We give an alternate proof for a theorem of Migliore and Nagel. In particular, we show that if $\mathcal H$ is an SI-sequence, then the collection of Betti diagrams for all Artinian Gorenstein $k$-algebras with the weak Lefschetz property and Hilbert function $\mathcal H$ has a unique largest element.
We prove that a sequence $h$ of non-negative integers is the Hilbert function of some Artinian Gorenstein algebra with the strong Lefschetz property if and only if it is an SI-sequence. This generalizes the result by T. Harima which characterizes the Hilbert functions of Artinian Gorenstein algebras with the weak Lefschetz property. We also provide classes of Artinian Gorenstein algebras obtained from the ideal of points in $\mathbb{P}^n$ such that some of their higher Hessians have non-vanishing determinants. Consequently, we provide families of such algebras satisfying the SLP.
We study the weak Lefschetz property of a class of graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras of codimension three associated in a natural way to the Apéry set of a numerical semigroup generated by four natural numbers. We show that these algebras have the weak Lefschetz property whenever the initial degree of their defining ideal is small.
We study Jordan types of linear forms for graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras having arbitrary codimension. We introduce rank matrices of linear forms for such algebras that represent the ranks of multiplication maps in various degrees. We show that there is a 1-1 correspondence between rank matrices and Jordan degree types. For Artinian Gorenstein algebras with codimension three we classify all rank matrices that occur for linear forms with vanishing third power. As a consequence, we show for such algebras that the possible Jordan types with parts of length at most four are uniquely determine…
We describe the graded characters and Hilbert functions of certain graded artinian Gorenstein quotients of the polynomial ring which are also representations of the symmetric group. Specifically, we look at those algebras whose socles are trivial representations and whose principal apolar submodules are generated by the sum of the orbit of a power of a linear form.
Let A be a standard graded Artinian algebra over a field of characteristic zero and let z be a linear form in A. We define the central simple modules for each such pair (A, z). Assume that A is Gorenstein. Then we prove that A has the strong Lefschetz property if and only if there exists a linear form z in A such that all central simple modules of the pair (A,z) have the strong Lefschetz property. In the course of proof we need to extend the definition of the strong Lefschetz property to finite graded modules over graded Artinian algebra, which previously was defined only for standard graded A…
We introduce the cohomological blow up of a graded Artinian Gorenstein (AG) algebra along a surjective map, which we term BUG (Blow Up Gorenstein) for short. This is intended to translate to an algebraic context the cohomology ring of a blow up of a projective manifold along a projective submanifold. We show, among other things, that a BUG is a connected sum, that it is the general fiber in a flat family of algebras, and that it preserves the strong Lefschetz property. We also show that standard graded compressed algebras are rarely BUGs, and we classify those BUGs that are complete intersecti…
We deal with the Weak Lefschetz property (WLP) for Artinian standard graded Gorenstein algebras of codimension $3.$ We prove that many Gorenstein sequences force the WLP for such algebras. Moreover for every Gorenstein sequence $H$ of codimension 3 we found several Gorenstein Betti sequences compatible with $H$ which again force the WLP. Finally we show that for every Gorenstein Betti sequence the general Artinian standard graded Gorenstein algebra with such Betti sequence has the WLP.
Fix a pair of positive integers d and n. We create a ring R and a complex G of R-modules with the following universal property. Let P be a polynomial ring in d variables over a field and let I be a grade d Gorenstein ideal in P which is generated by homogeneous forms of degree n. If the resolution of P/I by free P-modules is linear, then there exists a ring homomorphism from R to P such that P tensor G is a minimal homogeneous resolution of P/I by free P-modules. Our construction is coordinate free.
Let $A$ be an Artinian Gorenstein algebra over an infinite field $k$ with either $\hbox{char}(k)=0$ or $\hbox{char}(k)>ν$, where $ν$ is the socle degree of $A$. To every such algebra and a linear projection $π$ on its maximal ideal ${\mathfrak m}$ with range equal to the socle $\hbox {Soc}(A)$ of $A$, one can associate a certain algebraic hypersurface $S_π\subset{\mathfrak m}$, which is the graph of a polynomial map $P_π:\hbox{ker}\,π\to \hbox{Soc}(A)\simeq k$. Recently, the author and his collaborators have obtained the following surprising criterion: two Artinian Gorenstein algebras $A$, $\t…
In this paper we study the Weak Lefschetz property of two classes of standard graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras associated in a natural way to the Apéry set of numerical semigroups. To this aim we also prove a general result about the transfer of Weak Lefschetz property from an Artinian Gorenstein algebra to its quotients modulo a colon ideal.
We survey our recently proposed method for constructing biholomorphic invariants of quasihomogeneous isolated hypersurface singularities and, more generally, invariants of graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras. The method utilizes certain polynomials associated to such algebras, called nil-polynomials, and we compare them with two other classes of polynomials that have also been used to produce invariants.
We study the general Jordan type of standard graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras, it is a finer invariant than Weak and Strong Lefschetz properties for those algebras. We prove that their Jordan types are determined by the rank of certain Mixed Hessians. We give a description of the possible Jordan types for algebras of low socle degree and low codimension.
We introduce Artinian Gorenstein algebras defined by the face posets of regular polyhedra. We consider the strong Lefschetz property and Hodge--Riemann relation for the algebras. We show the strong Lefschetz property of the algebras for all Platonic solids. On the other hand, for some Platonic solids, we show that the algebras do not satisfy the Hodge--Riemann relation with respect to some strong Lefschetz elements.
We introduce a family of standard bigraded binomial Artinian Gorenstein algebras, whose combinatoric structure characterizes the ones presented by quadrics. These algebras provide, for all socle degree grater than two and in sufficiently large codimension with respect to the socle degree, counter-examples to Migliore-Nagel conjectures, see \cite{MN1} and \cite{MN2}. One of them predicted that Artinian Gorenstein algebras presented by quadratics should satisfy the weak Lefschetz property. We also prove a generalization of a Hessian criterion for the Lefschetz properties given by Watanabe, see \…
In this paper we classify, up to analytic isomorphism, the family of almost stretched Artinian complete intersection A=R/I with a given Hilbert function, in the case R is a power series ring with an arbitrary number of variables.
T. Harima and J. Watanabe studied the Lefschetz properties of free extension Artinian algebras $C$ over a base $A$ with fibre $B$. The free extensions are deformations of the usual tensor product, when $C$ is also Gorenstein, so are $A$ and $B$, and it is natural to ask for the relation among the Macaulay dual generators for the algebras. Writing a dual generator $F$ for $C$ as a homogeneous "polynomial" in $T$ and the dual variables for $B$, and given the dual generator for $B$, we give sufficient conditions on $F$ that ensure that $C$ is a free extension of $A={\sf k}[t]/(t^n)$ with fiber $B…
To every Gorenstein algebra $A$ of finite vector space dimension greater than 1 over a field $\FF$ of characteristic zero, and a linear projection $π$ on its maximal ideal ${\mathfrak m}$ with range equal to the annihilator $\Ann({\mathfrak m})$ of ${\mathfrak m}$, one can associate a certain algebraic hypersurface $S_π\subset{\mathfrak m}$, which is the graph of a polynomial map $P_π:\kerπ\ra\Ann({\mathfrak m})\simeq\FF$. Recently, in {\rm\cite{FIKK}}, {\rm\cite{FK}} the following surprising criterion was obtained: two Gorenstein algebras $A$, $\tilde A$ are isomorphic if and only if any two …
This is the third paper in a series of three papers. The first two papers in the series are called "Artinian Gorenstein algebras with linear resolutions", (arXiv:1306.2523) and "The explicit minimal resolution constructed from a Macaulay inverse system". In the present paper, we give the explicit minimal resolution of an Artinian Gorenstein algebra with a linear resolution. This minimal resolution is given in a polynomial manner in terms of the coefficients of the Macaulay inverse system for the Gorenstein algebra. Let k be a field, A a standard-graded Artinian Gorenstein k-algebra, S the stan…
The classification of local Artinian Gorenstein algebras is equivalent to the study of orbits of a certain non-reductive group action on a polynomial ring. We give an explicit formula for the orbits and their tangent spaces. We apply our technique to analyse when an algebra is isomorphic to its associated graded algebra. We classify algebras with Hilbert function (1, 3, 3, 3, 1), obtaining finitely many isomorphism types, and those with Hilbert function (1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1). We consider fields of arbitrary, large enough, characteristic.
The Jordan type of an Artinian algebra is the Jordan block partition associated to multiplication by a generic element of the maximal ideal. We study the Jordan type for Artinian Gorenstein (AG) local algebras A, and the interaction of Jordan type with the symmetric decomposition of the Hilbert function H(A). We give examples of Gorenstein sequences H for which the family Gor(H) of AG algebras having Hilbert function H has several irreducible components, each corresponding to a symmetric decomposition of H. The component structure results from the intersection of two opposing filtrations of th…
Codimension two Artinian algebras $A$ have the strong and weak Lefschetz properties provided the characteristic is zero or greater than the socle degree. It is open to what extent such results might extend to codimension three AG algebras - the most promising results so far have concerned the weak Lefschetz property for such algebras. We here show that every standard-graded codimension three Artinian Gorenstein algebra $A$ having low maximum value of the Hilbert function - at most six - has the strong Lefschetz property, provided that the characteristic is zero. When the characteristic is grea…
Given positive integers e and s we consider Gorenstein Artinian local rings R of embedding dimension e whose maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$ satisfies $\mathfrak{m}^s\ne 0=\mathfrak{m}^{s+1}$. We say that R is a compressed Gorenstein local ring when it has maximal length among such rings. It is known that generic Gorenstein Artinian algebras are compressed. If $s\ne 3$, we prove that the Poincare series of all finitely generated modules over a compressed Gorenstein local ring are rational, sharing a common denominator. A formula for the denominator is given. When s is even this formula depends on…
A connected sum construction for local rings was introduced in a paper by H. Ananthnarayan, L. Avramov, and W.F. Moore. In the graded Artinian Gorenstein case, this can be viewed as an algebraic analogue of the topological construction of the same name. We give two alternative description of this algebraic connected sum: the first uses algebraic analogues of Thom classes of vector bundles and Gysin homomorphisms, the second is in terms of Macaulay dual generators. We also investigate the extent to which the connected sum construction preserves the weak or strong Lefschetz property, thus provid…
We study properties of the resolution of almost Gorenstein artinian algebras $R/I,$ i.e. algebras defined by ideals $I$ such that $I=J+(f),$ with $J$ Gorenstein ideal and $f\in R.$ Such algebras generalize the well known almost complete intersection artinian algebras. Then we give a new explicit description of the resolution and of the graded Betti numbers of almost complete intersection ideals of codimension $3$ and we characterize the ideals whose graded Betti numbers can be achieved using artinian monomial ideals.
Let $k$ be a field of characteristic $0$. Using the method of idealization, we show that there is a non-Koszul, quadratic, Artinian, Gorenstein, standard graded $k$-algebra of regularity $3$ and codimension $8$, answering a question of Mastroeni, Schenck, and Stillman. We also show that this example is minimal in the sense that no other idealization that is non-Koszul, quadratic, Artinian, Gorenstein algebra, with regularity $3$ has smaller codimension. We also construct an infinite family of graded, quadratic, Artinian, Gorenstein algebras $A_m$, indexed by an integer $m \ge 2$, with the foll…
An SI-sequence is a finite sequence of positive integers which is symmetric, unimodal and satisfies a certain growth condition. These are known to correspond precisely to the possible Hilbert functions of Artinian Gorenstein algebras with the Weak Lefschetz Property, a property shared by most Artinian Gorenstein algebras. Starting with an arbitrary SI-sequence, we construct a reduced, arithmetically Gorenstein configuration $G$ of linear varieties of arbitrary dimension whose Artinian reduction has the given SI-sequence as Hilbert function and has the Weak Lefschetz Property. Furthermore, we s…
We study the problem of whether an arbitrary codimension three graded artinian Gorenstein algebra has the Weak Lefschetz Property. We reduce this problem to checking whether it holds for all compressed Gorenstein algebras of odd socle degree. In the first open case, namely Hilbert function (1,3,6,6,3,1), we give a complete answer in every characteristic by translating the problem to one of studying geometric aspects of certain morphisms from $\mathbb P^2$ to $\mathbb P^3$, and Hesse configurations in $\mathbb P^2$.
This is the second paper in a series of three papers. In the first paper of the series, "Artinian Gorenstein algebras with linear resolutions", (arXiv:1306.2523, J. of Algebra, to appear) we prove that it is possible to give the minimal resolution of the rings from the title in terms of the coefficients of the corresponding Macaulay inverse system. In this context, the word "give" means, "give in a polynomial manner". The first paper in the series proves, essentially, an existence theorem. The second and third papers in the series construct the explicit formulas for the resolution. The present…
The class of all Artinian local rings of length at most l is A_2-elementary, axiomatised by a finite set of axioms Art_l. We show that its existentially closed models are Gorenstein, of length exactly l and their residue fields are algebraically closed, and, conversely, every existentially closed model is of this form. The theory Gor_l of all Artinian local Gorenstein rings of length l with algebraically closed residue field is model complete and the theory Art_l is companionable, with model-companion Gor_l.
Given a set of distinct points $X=\{P_1, \dots,P_r\} $ in $ \mathbb P^n_{\res}, $ in this paper we characterize being $X$ arithmetically Gorenstein through the ``special" structure of the inverse system of the defining ideal $I(X) \subseteq R= \res[X_0, \dots, X_n].$ We describe the corresponding Zariski locally closed subset of $\mathbb (\mathbb P_{\res}^{n})^r$ parametrized by the coordinates of the points. Several examples are given to show the effectiveness of the results. As a consequence of the main result we characterize the Artinian Gorenstein rings which are the Artinian reduction of …
In this paper we study the O-sequences of the local (or graded) $K$-algebras of socle degree $4.$ More precisely, we prove that an O-sequence $h=(1, 3, h_2, h_3, h_4)$, where $h_4 \geq 2,$ is the $h$-vector of a local level $K$-algebra if and only if $h_3\leq 3 h_4.$ We also prove that $h=(1, 3, h_2, h_3, 1)$ is the $h$-vector of a local Gorenstein $K$-algebra if and only if $h_3 \leq 3$ and $h_2 \leq \binom{h_3+1}{2}+(3-h_3).$ In each of these cases we give an effective method to construct a local level $K$-algebra with a given $h$-vector. Moreover we refine a result by Elias and Rossi by sho…
The main achievement of this paper is to provide a structure theorem for Artinian, Gorenstein local rings with the property that the square of the maximal ideal is generated by two elements. The moduli problem for this class of local algebras is also discussed. Finally, upper and lower bounds for the minimal number of generators of perfect ideals are given.
Let $S$ be a deeply embedded, equicharacteristic, Artinian Gorenstein local ring. We prove that if $R$ is a non-Gorenstein quotient of $S$ of small colength, then every totally reflexive $R$-module is free. Indeed, the second syzygy of the canonical module of $R$ has a direct summand $T$ which is a test module for freeness over $R$ in the sense that if $\mathrm{Tor}_+^R(T,N)=0$, for some finitely generated $R$-module $N$, then $N$ is free.
We prove that the Hilbert functions of codimension four graded Gorenstein Artin algebras R/I are unimodal provided I has a minimal generator in degree less than five. It is an open question whether all Gorenstein h-vectors in codimension four are unimodal. In this paper, we prove that Hilbert functions of all artinian codimension four Gorenstein algebras starting with (1,4,10, 20, h_4,...), where h_4\leq 34 are unimodal. Combining this with the previously known results, we obtain that all Gorenstein h-vectors (1, h_1, h_2,h_3, h_4, ....) are unimodal if h_4\leq 3.
Let $K$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic $0$, and let $A$ be an Artinian Gorenstein local commutative and Noetherian $K$--algebra, with maximal ideal $M$. In the present paper we prove a structure theorem describing such kind of $K$--algebras satisfying $M^4=0$. We use this result in order to prove that such a $K$--algebra $A$ has rational Poincaré series and it is always smoothable in any embedding dimension, if $\dim_K M^2/M^3 \le 4$. We also prove that the generic Artinian Gorenstein local $K$--algebra with socle degree three has rational Poincaré series, in spite of the f…
A quaternary quartic form, a quartic form in four variables, is the dual socle generator of an Artinian Gorenstein ring of codimension and regularity 4. We present a classification of quartic forms in terms of rank and powersum decompositions which corresponds to the classification by the Betti tables of the corresponding Artinian Gorenstein rings. This gives a stratification of the space of quaternary quartic forms which we compare with the Noether-Lefschetz stratification. We discuss various phenomena related to this stratification. We study the geometry of powersum varieties for a general f…
We study commutative algebras with Gorenstein duality, i.e. algebras $A$ equipped with a non-degenerate bilinear pairing such that $\langle ac,b\rangle=\langle a,bc\rangle$ for any $a,b,c\in A$. If an algebra $A$ is Artinian, such pairing exists if and only if $A$ is Gorenstein. We give a description of algebras with Gorenstein duality as a quotients of the ring of differential operators by the annihilator of an explicit polynomial (or more generally formal polynomial series). This provides a calculation of Macaulay's inverse systems for (not necessarily Artinian) algebras with Gorenstein dual…
Let R be a polynomial ring in r variables and D a dual ring upon which R acts as partial differential operators (classical apolarity). For a type two graded level Artinian algebras A=R/I, of socle degree j we consider the family of Artinian Gorenstein [AG] quotients of A having the same socle degree. By Macaulay duality, A corresponds to a unique 2-dimensional vector space W(A)=<F,G> of degree-j homogeneous elements (forms) in D, and each such AG quotient of A corresponds to an element $F_λ=F+λG$ in W(A), up to non-zero constant multiple. Our main result is a lower bound for the Hilbert functi…
