H. Ananthnarayan
In this paper, we make the notion of approximating an Artinian local ring by a Gorenstein Artin local ring precise using the concept of Gorenstein colength. We also answer the question as to when the Gorenstein colength is at most two.
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Given an Artinian local ring $R$, we define its Gorenstein colength $g(R)$ to measure how closely we can approximate $R$ by a Gorenstein Artin local ring. In this paper, we show that $R = T/I$ satisfies the inequality $g(R) \leq λ(R/\soc(R))$ in the following two cases: (a) $T$ is a power series ring over a field of characteristic zero and $I$ an ideal that is the power of a system of parameters or (b) $T$ is a 2-dimensional regular local ring with infinite residue field and $I$ is primary to the maximal ideal of $T$. In the first case, we compute $g(R)$ by constructing a Gorenstein Artin loca…
Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring and A an Artinian R-module. We prove that if A has finite Gorenstein injective dimension, then A possesses a Gorenstein injective envelope which is special and Artinian. This, in particular, yields that over a Gorenstein ring any Artinian module possesses a Gorenstein injective envelope which is special and Artinian.
We give a characterization of the Lefschetz elements in Artinian Gorenstein rings over a field of characteristic zero in terms of the higher Hessians. As an application, we give new examples of Artinian Gorenstein rings which do not have the strong Lefschetz property.
Parseval-Rayleigh identities for graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras
本文在正特征域上推导并证明了分层Artinian Gorenstein代数的Parseval-Rayleigh恒等式，并通过特例证明了Stanley-Reisner环的定向简形球的通用Artinian约简的Parseval-Rayleigh恒等式
We give an alternate proof for a theorem of Migliore and Nagel. In particular, we show that if $\mathcal H$ is an SI-sequence, then the collection of Betti diagrams for all Artinian Gorenstein $k$-algebras with the weak Lefschetz property and Hilbert function $\mathcal H$ has a unique largest element.
We prove that a sequence $h$ of non-negative integers is the Hilbert function of some Artinian Gorenstein algebra with the strong Lefschetz property if and only if it is an SI-sequence. This generalizes the result by T. Harima which characterizes the Hilbert functions of Artinian Gorenstein algebras with the weak Lefschetz property. We also provide classes of Artinian Gorenstein algebras obtained from the ideal of points in $\mathbb{P}^n$ such that some of their higher Hessians have non-vanishing determinants. Consequently, we provide families of such algebras satisfying the SLP.
We study the weak Lefschetz property of a class of graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras of codimension three associated in a natural way to the Apéry set of a numerical semigroup generated by four natural numbers. We show that these algebras have the weak Lefschetz property whenever the initial degree of their defining ideal is small.
We study Jordan types of linear forms for graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras having arbitrary codimension. We introduce rank matrices of linear forms for such algebras that represent the ranks of multiplication maps in various degrees. We show that there is a 1-1 correspondence between rank matrices and Jordan degree types. For Artinian Gorenstein algebras with codimension three we classify all rank matrices that occur for linear forms with vanishing third power. As a consequence, we show for such algebras that the possible Jordan types with parts of length at most four are uniquely determine…
We describe the graded characters and Hilbert functions of certain graded artinian Gorenstein quotients of the polynomial ring which are also representations of the symmetric group. Specifically, we look at those algebras whose socles are trivial representations and whose principal apolar submodules are generated by the sum of the orbit of a power of a linear form.
The weak Lefschetz property for Standard graded, Artinian Gorenstein algebras of embedding dimension four and socle degree three
该研究针对嵌入维数4、基座次数3的标准分次Artinian Gorenstein代数的弱Lefschetz性质展开，证明除特征2下的唯一特例外均满足该性质，明确了例外的特征条件。
Let A be a standard graded Artinian algebra over a field of characteristic zero and let z be a linear form in A. We define the central simple modules for each such pair (A, z). Assume that A is Gorenstein. Then we prove that A has the strong Lefschetz property if and only if there exists a linear form z in A such that all central simple modules of the pair (A,z) have the strong Lefschetz property. In the course of proof we need to extend the definition of the strong Lefschetz property to finite graded modules over graded Artinian algebra, which previously was defined only for standard graded A…
Betti numbers for connected sums of graded Gorenstein artinian algebras
本文确定了分次阿廷Gorenstein代数连通和的分次Betti数，并证明加倍代数的连通和等价于纤维积环的加倍，从而将连通和构造与加倍构造联系起来。
We introduce the cohomological blow up of a graded Artinian Gorenstein (AG) algebra along a surjective map, which we term BUG (Blow Up Gorenstein) for short. This is intended to translate to an algebraic context the cohomology ring of a blow up of a projective manifold along a projective submanifold. We show, among other things, that a BUG is a connected sum, that it is the general fiber in a flat family of algebras, and that it preserves the strong Lefschetz property. We also show that standard graded compressed algebras are rarely BUGs, and we classify those BUGs that are complete intersecti…
New families of Artinian Gorenstein algebras with the weak Lefschetz property
本文构造了任意余维数且具有二项式 Macaulay 对偶生成元的 Artinian Gorenstein 代数新族，并证明其满足弱或强 Lefschetz 性质，是相关姊妹篇的补充。
We first determine all height four Gorenstein sequences beginning H=(1,4,7,...), and we show that their first differences satisfy $ΔH_{\le j/2}$ is an O-sequence. We then study the family PGor(H) parametrizing all graded Artinian Gorenstein [AG] quotients A=R/I of the polynomial ring R=K[w,x,y,z] having a Hilbert function H as above. We give a structure theorem for such AG quotients with $I_2\cong < wx,wy,wz>$. For most H this subfamily forms an irreducible component of PGor(H), and for a slightly more restrictive set, PGor(H) has several irreducible components. M. Boij and others had already …
Artinian Gorenstein algebras with binomial Macaulay dual generator
本文系统研究具有二项式Macaulay对偶生成元的Artinian Gorenstein代数，在余维数3证明其满足强Lefschetz性质并给出完全交刻画，同时为任意余维数建立最优的弱Lefschetz性质充分条件。
Fix a pair of positive integers d and n. We create a ring R and a complex G of R-modules with the following universal property. Let P be a polynomial ring in d variables over a field and let I be a grade d Gorenstein ideal in P which is generated by homogeneous forms of degree n. If the resolution of P/I by free P-modules is linear, then there exists a ring homomorphism from R to P such that P tensor G is a minimal homogeneous resolution of P/I by free P-modules. Our construction is coordinate free.
We deal with the Weak Lefschetz property (WLP) for Artinian standard graded Gorenstein algebras of codimension $3.$ We prove that many Gorenstein sequences force the WLP for such algebras. Moreover for every Gorenstein sequence $H$ of codimension 3 we found several Gorenstein Betti sequences compatible with $H$ which again force the WLP. Finally we show that for every Gorenstein Betti sequence the general Artinian standard graded Gorenstein algebra with such Betti sequence has the WLP.
Let $A$ be an Artinian Gorenstein algebra over an infinite field $k$ with either $\hbox{char}(k)=0$ or $\hbox{char}(k)>ν$, where $ν$ is the socle degree of $A$. To every such algebra and a linear projection $π$ on its maximal ideal ${\mathfrak m}$ with range equal to the socle $\hbox {Soc}(A)$ of $A$, one can associate a certain algebraic hypersurface $S_π\subset{\mathfrak m}$, which is the graph of a polynomial map $P_π:\hbox{ker}\,π\to \hbox{Soc}(A)\simeq k$. Recently, the author and his collaborators have obtained the following surprising criterion: two Artinian Gorenstein algebras $A$, $\t…
Log-concave Gorenstein sequences
该研究探讨不同余维数下相关序列的对数凹性，证明3维余Artinian Gorenstein序列对数凹、存在4维余非对数凹该类序列，且2维余level序列及任意余维compressed level希尔伯特函数均对数凹。
In this paper we study the Weak Lefschetz property of two classes of standard graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras associated in a natural way to the Apéry set of numerical semigroups. To this aim we also prove a general result about the transfer of Weak Lefschetz property from an Artinian Gorenstein algebra to its quotients modulo a colon ideal.
A Study of Good and Bad Artinian Gorenstein local Rings
本文研究了Artinian Gorenstein局部环的良坏性质，证明了特定条件下此类环为良好，并给出了不良环的例子。
Let $S$ be a deeply embedded, equicharacteristic, Artinian Gorenstein local ring. We prove that if $R$ is a non-Gorenstein quotient of $S$ of small colength, then every totally reflexive $R$-module is free. Indeed, the second syzygy of the canonical module of $R$ has a direct summand $T$ which is a test module for freeness over $R$ in the sense that if $\mathrm{Tor}_+^R(T,N)=0$, for some finitely generated $R$-module $N$, then $N$ is free.
We survey our recently proposed method for constructing biholomorphic invariants of quasihomogeneous isolated hypersurface singularities and, more generally, invariants of graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras. The method utilizes certain polynomials associated to such algebras, called nil-polynomials, and we compare them with two other classes of polynomials that have also been used to produce invariants.
We study the general Jordan type of standard graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras, it is a finer invariant than Weak and Strong Lefschetz properties for those algebras. We prove that their Jordan types are determined by the rank of certain Mixed Hessians. We give a description of the possible Jordan types for algebras of low socle degree and low codimension.
On the initial ideal of a generic artinian Gorenstein algebra
本文研究一般阿廷戈伦斯坦代数的初始理想，证明一般形式零化理想的初始理想由各次数最大单项式生成，并确定一类强稳定单项理想的总Betti数与相应初始理想一致。
The weak Lefschetz property for artinian Gorenstein algebras of small Sperner number
本文证明了基座度数为d且Sperner数至多为d+1的artinian Gorenstein代数均满足弱Lefschetz性质，且与余维数无关，并指出该界限在一般情况下是严格的。
T. Harima and J. Watanabe studied the Lefschetz properties of free extension Artinian algebras $C$ over a base $A$ with fibre $B$. The free extensions are deformations of the usual tensor product, when $C$ is also Gorenstein, so are $A$ and $B$, and it is natural to ask for the relation among the Macaulay dual generators for the algebras. Writing a dual generator $F$ for $C$ as a homogeneous "polynomial" in $T$ and the dual variables for $B$, and given the dual generator for $B$, we give sufficient conditions on $F$ that ensure that $C$ is a free extension of $A={\sf k}[t]/(t^n)$ with fiber $B…
To every Gorenstein algebra $A$ of finite vector space dimension greater than 1 over a field $\FF$ of characteristic zero, and a linear projection $π$ on its maximal ideal ${\mathfrak m}$ with range equal to the annihilator $\Ann({\mathfrak m})$ of ${\mathfrak m}$, one can associate a certain algebraic hypersurface $S_π\subset{\mathfrak m}$, which is the graph of a polynomial map $P_π:\kerπ\ra\Ann({\mathfrak m})\simeq\FF$. Recently, in {\rm\cite{FIKK}}, {\rm\cite{FK}} the following surprising criterion was obtained: two Gorenstein algebras $A$, $\tilde A$ are isomorphic if and only if any two …
Higher Lorentzian Polynomials, Higher Hessians, and the Hodge-Riemann Property for Graded Oriented Artinian Gorenstein Algebras in Codimension Two
该研究引入$i$-洛伦兹多项式，证明其为余维2有向阿廷戈伦斯坦代数的Macaulay对偶生成元，建立其与全非负Toeplitz矩阵的一一对应，推导相关推论并给出新的Toeplitz矩阵惠特尼型定理。
We introduce Artinian Gorenstein algebras defined by the face posets of regular polyhedra. We consider the strong Lefschetz property and Hodge--Riemann relation for the algebras. We show the strong Lefschetz property of the algebras for all Platonic solids. On the other hand, for some Platonic solids, we show that the algebras do not satisfy the Hodge--Riemann relation with respect to some strong Lefschetz elements.
We introduce a family of standard bigraded binomial Artinian Gorenstein algebras, whose combinatoric structure characterizes the ones presented by quadrics. These algebras provide, for all socle degree grater than two and in sufficiently large codimension with respect to the socle degree, counter-examples to Migliore-Nagel conjectures, see \cite{MN1} and \cite{MN2}. One of them predicted that Artinian Gorenstein algebras presented by quadratics should satisfy the weak Lefschetz property. We also prove a generalization of a Hessian criterion for the Lefschetz properties given by Watanabe, see \…
In this paper we classify, up to analytic isomorphism, the family of almost stretched Artinian complete intersection A=R/I with a given Hilbert function, in the case R is a power series ring with an arbitrary number of variables.
This is the third paper in a series of three papers. The first two papers in the series are called "Artinian Gorenstein algebras with linear resolutions", (arXiv:1306.2523) and "The explicit minimal resolution constructed from a Macaulay inverse system". In the present paper, we give the explicit minimal resolution of an Artinian Gorenstein algebra with a linear resolution. This minimal resolution is given in a polynomial manner in terms of the coefficients of the Macaulay inverse system for the Gorenstein algebra. Let k be a field, A a standard-graded Artinian Gorenstein k-algebra, S the stan…
The classification of local Artinian Gorenstein algebras is equivalent to the study of orbits of a certain non-reductive group action on a polynomial ring. We give an explicit formula for the orbits and their tangent spaces. We apply our technique to analyse when an algebra is isomorphic to its associated graded algebra. We classify algebras with Hilbert function (1, 3, 3, 3, 1), obtaining finitely many isomorphism types, and those with Hilbert function (1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1). We consider fields of arbitrary, large enough, characteristic.
Artinian Gorenstein algebras of embedding dimension four and socle degree three over an arbitrary field
本文研究任意域上嵌入维数为四、基座阶为三的Artinian Gorenstein代数，通过Macaulay逆系统给出其极小预解式的显式公式，并依据3乘3对称矩阵SM的秩完全刻画核的生成元个数及结构。
On the weak Lefschetz property of Artinian Gorenstein algebras of codimension three in arbitrary characteristic
本文将特征零代数闭域上三维余维Artinian Gorenstein代数的弱Lefschetz性质结论推广到任意特征的无限域，同时证明了相关的公因子结论。
Artinian Gorenstein algebras of embedding dimension four and socle degree three
本文证明了在特征零代数闭域的多项式环中，特定Gorenstein齐次理想可由三级完美理想通过加倍构造，并给出了相应的分次极小自由分解的完整描述。
Artinian Gorenstein algebras with Macaulay dual generator with fixed Waring rank
本文证明了一类具有固定Waring秩的Macaulay对偶生成元的Artinian Gorenstein代数满足强Lefschetz性质，研究了其Waring秩、极小自由分解及线性一般Jordan型。
The Jordan type of an Artinian algebra is the Jordan block partition associated to multiplication by a generic element of the maximal ideal. We study the Jordan type for Artinian Gorenstein (AG) local algebras A, and the interaction of Jordan type with the symmetric decomposition of the Hilbert function H(A). We give examples of Gorenstein sequences H for which the family Gor(H) of AG algebras having Hilbert function H has several irreducible components, each corresponding to a symmetric decomposition of H. The component structure results from the intersection of two opposing filtrations of th…
Given positive integers e and s we consider Gorenstein Artinian local rings R of embedding dimension e whose maximal ideal $\mathfrak{m}$ satisfies $\mathfrak{m}^s\ne 0=\mathfrak{m}^{s+1}$. We say that R is a compressed Gorenstein local ring when it has maximal length among such rings. It is known that generic Gorenstein Artinian algebras are compressed. If $s\ne 3$, we prove that the Poincare series of all finitely generated modules over a compressed Gorenstein local ring are rational, sharing a common denominator. A formula for the denominator is given. When s is even this formula depends on…
Codimension two Artinian algebras $A$ have the strong and weak Lefschetz properties provided the characteristic is zero or greater than the socle degree. It is open to what extent such results might extend to codimension three AG algebras - the most promising results so far have concerned the weak Lefschetz property for such algebras. We here show that every standard-graded codimension three Artinian Gorenstein algebra $A$ having low maximum value of the Hilbert function - at most six - has the strong Lefschetz property, provided that the characteristic is zero. When the characteristic is grea…
The Strong Lefschetz Property of Gorenstein Algebras Generated by Relative Invariants
该研究证明了交换抛物型预齐次向量空间的相对不变量生成的Artinian Gorenstein代数具备强Lefschetz性质，推进了相关代数性质研究。
Let $k$ be a field of characteristic $0$. Using the method of idealization, we show that there is a non-Koszul, quadratic, Artinian, Gorenstein, standard graded $k$-algebra of regularity $3$ and codimension $8$, answering a question of Mastroeni, Schenck, and Stillman. We also show that this example is minimal in the sense that no other idealization that is non-Koszul, quadratic, Artinian, Gorenstein algebra, with regularity $3$ has smaller codimension. We also construct an infinite family of graded, quadratic, Artinian, Gorenstein algebras $A_m$, indexed by an integer $m \ge 2$, with the foll…
A connected sum construction for local rings was introduced in a paper by H. Ananthnarayan, L. Avramov, and W.F. Moore. In the graded Artinian Gorenstein case, this can be viewed as an algebraic analogue of the topological construction of the same name. We give two alternative description of this algebraic connected sum: the first uses algebraic analogues of Thom classes of vector bundles and Gysin homomorphisms, the second is in terms of Macaulay dual generators. We also investigate the extent to which the connected sum construction preserves the weak or strong Lefschetz property, thus provid…
We study properties of the resolution of almost Gorenstein artinian algebras $R/I,$ i.e. algebras defined by ideals $I$ such that $I=J+(f),$ with $J$ Gorenstein ideal and $f\in R.$ Such algebras generalize the well known almost complete intersection artinian algebras. Then we give a new explicit description of the resolution and of the graded Betti numbers of almost complete intersection ideals of codimension $3$ and we characterize the ideals whose graded Betti numbers can be achieved using artinian monomial ideals.
An SI-sequence is a finite sequence of positive integers which is symmetric, unimodal and satisfies a certain growth condition. These are known to correspond precisely to the possible Hilbert functions of Artinian Gorenstein algebras with the Weak Lefschetz Property, a property shared by most Artinian Gorenstein algebras. Starting with an arbitrary SI-sequence, we construct a reduced, arithmetically Gorenstein configuration $G$ of linear varieties of arbitrary dimension whose Artinian reduction has the given SI-sequence as Hilbert function and has the Weak Lefschetz Property. Furthermore, we s…
We introduce classes of rings which are close to being Gorenstein. These rings arise naturally as specializations of rings of countable CM type. We study these rings in detail, and along the way generalize an old result of Teter which characterized Artinian rings which are Gorenstein rings modulo their socle.
On the rate of generic Gorenstein $K$-algebras
研究了通用戈林斯坦代数的增长率，证明其增长率为 $ \lfloor \frac{s}{2} \rfloor $，并揭示了其生成度与 socle 度的关系。
This is the second paper in a series of three papers. In the first paper of the series, "Artinian Gorenstein algebras with linear resolutions", (arXiv:1306.2523, J. of Algebra, to appear) we prove that it is possible to give the minimal resolution of the rings from the title in terms of the coefficients of the corresponding Macaulay inverse system. In this context, the word "give" means, "give in a polynomial manner". The first paper in the series proves, essentially, an existence theorem. The second and third papers in the series construct the explicit formulas for the resolution. The present…
We study the problem of whether an arbitrary codimension three graded artinian Gorenstein algebra has the Weak Lefschetz Property. We reduce this problem to checking whether it holds for all compressed Gorenstein algebras of odd socle degree. In the first open case, namely Hilbert function (1,3,6,6,3,1), we give a complete answer in every characteristic by translating the problem to one of studying geometric aspects of certain morphisms from $\mathbb P^2$ to $\mathbb P^3$, and Hesse configurations in $\mathbb P^2$.
In this paper we study the O-sequences of the local (or graded) $K$-algebras of socle degree $4.$ More precisely, we prove that an O-sequence $h=(1, 3, h_2, h_3, h_4)$, where $h_4 \geq 2,$ is the $h$-vector of a local level $K$-algebra if and only if $h_3\leq 3 h_4.$ We also prove that $h=(1, 3, h_2, h_3, 1)$ is the $h$-vector of a local Gorenstein $K$-algebra if and only if $h_3 \leq 3$ and $h_2 \leq \binom{h_3+1}{2}+(3-h_3).$ In each of these cases we give an effective method to construct a local level $K$-algebra with a given $h$-vector. Moreover we refine a result by Elias and Rossi by sho…
The main achievement of this paper is to provide a structure theorem for Artinian, Gorenstein local rings with the property that the square of the maximal ideal is generated by two elements. The moduli problem for this class of local algebras is also discussed. Finally, upper and lower bounds for the minimal number of generators of perfect ideals are given.
The class of all Artinian local rings of length at most l is A_2-elementary, axiomatised by a finite set of axioms Art_l. We show that its existentially closed models are Gorenstein, of length exactly l and their residue fields are algebraically closed, and, conversely, every existentially closed model is of this form. The theory Gor_l of all Artinian local Gorenstein rings of length l with algebraically closed residue field is model complete and the theory Art_l is companionable, with model-companion Gor_l.
Given a set of distinct points $X=\{P_1, \dots,P_r\} $ in $ \mathbb P^n_{\res}, $ in this paper we characterize being $X$ arithmetically Gorenstein through the ``special" structure of the inverse system of the defining ideal $I(X) \subseteq R= \res[X_0, \dots, X_n].$ We describe the corresponding Zariski locally closed subset of $\mathbb (\mathbb P_{\res}^{n})^r$ parametrized by the coordinates of the points. Several examples are given to show the effectiveness of the results. As a consequence of the main result we characterize the Artinian Gorenstein rings which are the Artinian reduction of …
CW-complexes and minimal Hilbert vector of graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras
本文通过几何和拓扑方法研究了格雷德 Artinian Gorenstein 代数的最小 Hilbert 向量，并证明了全 Perazzo 猜想。
On the Hilbert function of Artinian local complete intersections of codimension three
本文研究了余维数为三的二次 Artinian 局部完全交的 Hilbert 函数，刻画了其容许性条件，给出了有效构造，并证明其理想的对称分解由 Hilbert 函数决定。
Let R be a local Noetherian commutative ring. We prove that R is an Artinian Gorenstein ring if and only if every ideal in R is a trace ideal. We discuss when the trace ideal of a module coincides with its double annihilator.
Let $K$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic $0$, and let $A$ be an Artinian Gorenstein local commutative and Noetherian $K$--algebra, with maximal ideal $M$. In the present paper we prove a structure theorem describing such kind of $K$--algebras satisfying $M^4=0$. We use this result in order to prove that such a $K$--algebra $A$ has rational Poincaré series and it is always smoothable in any embedding dimension, if $\dim_K M^2/M^3 \le 4$. We also prove that the generic Artinian Gorenstein local $K$--algebra with socle degree three has rational Poincaré series, in spite of the f…
A quaternary quartic form, a quartic form in four variables, is the dual socle generator of an Artinian Gorenstein ring of codimension and regularity 4. We present a classification of quartic forms in terms of rank and powersum decompositions which corresponds to the classification by the Betti tables of the corresponding Artinian Gorenstein rings. This gives a stratification of the space of quaternary quartic forms which we compare with the Noether-Lefschetz stratification. We discuss various phenomena related to this stratification. We study the geometry of powersum varieties for a general f…
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