For small odd primes $p$, we prove that most of the rational points on the modular curve $X_0(p)/w_p$ parametrize pairs of elliptic curves having infinitely many supersingular primes. This result extends the class of elliptic curves for which the infinitude of supersingular primes is known. We give concrete examples illustrating how these techniques can be explicitly used to construct supersingular primes for such elliptic curves. Finally, we discuss generalizations to points defined over larger number fields and indicate the types of obstructions that arise for higher level modular curves.
In this paper, we prove the Iwasawa main conjecture for elliptic curves at an odd supersingular prime p. Some consequences are the p-parts of the leading term formulas in the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjectures for analytic rank 0 or 1.
We demonstrate the existence of a congruence class bias in the distribution of supersingular primes on average for elliptic curves over $\Q$. For example, we show that on average there are twice as many supersingular primes congruent to 2 mod 3 as there are congruent to 1 mod 3. Our result is obtained using the averaging approach of Fouvry-Murty along with ideas of David-Pappalardi.
We study the supersingular curves on Picard modular surfaces modulo a prime $p$ which is inert in the underlying quadratic imaginary field. We analyze the automorphic vector bundles in characteristic $p$, and as an application derive a formula relating the number of irreducible components in the supersingular locus to the second Chern class of the surface.
We study the asymptotic growth of the p-primary component of the Shafarevich-Tate group in the cyclotomic direction at any odd prime of good supersingular reduction, generalizing work of Kobayashi. This explains formulas obtained by Kurihara, Perrin-Riou, and Nasybullin in terms of Iwasawa invariants of modified Selmer groups.
In 1987, B. Perrin-Riou formulated a Heegner point main conjecture for elliptic curves at primes of ordinary reduction. In this paper, we formulate an analogue of Perrin-Riou's main conjecture for supersingular primes. We then prove this conjecture under mild hypotheses, and deduce from this result a $Λ$-adic extension of Kobayashi's $p$-adic Gross-Zagier formula, new cases of B.-D. Kim's doubly-signed main conjectures, and a strengthened version of Skinner's converse to the Gross-Zagier-Kolyvagin theorem for supersingular primes.
Given an elliptic curve with supersingular reduction at an odd prime p, Iovita and Pollack have generalised results of Kobayashi to define even and odd Coleman maps at p over Lubin-Tate extensions given by a formal group of height 1. We generalise this construction to modular forms of higher weights.
If $k$ is a sufficiently large positive integer, we show that the Diophantine equation $$n (n+d) \cdots (n+ (k-1)d) = y^{\ell}$$ has at most finitely many solutions in positive integers $n, d, y$ and $\ell$, with $\operatorname{gcd}(n,d)=1$ and $\ell \geq 2$. Our proof relies upon Frey-Hellegouarch curves and results on supersingular primes for elliptic curves without complex multiplication, derived from upper bounds for short character sums and sieves, analytic and combinatorial.
The set of prime numbers $p$ such that the supersingular $j$-invariants in characteristic $p$ are all contained in the prime field is finite. And it is well known that this set of primes coincides with the set of prime divisors of the order of the Monster simple group. In this paper, we will present analogous coincidences of supersingular invariants in level 2 and 3 and the orders of the Baby monster group and the Fischer's group. The proof uses a connection between the number of supersingular invariants and class numbers of imaginary quadratic fields.
At a prime of ordinary reduction, the Iwasawa ``main conjecture'' for elliptic curves relates a Selmer group to a $p$-adic $L$-function. In the supersingular case, the statement of the main conjecture is more complicated as neither the Selmer group nor the $p$-adic $L$-function is well-behaved. Recently Kobayashi discovered an equivalent formulation of the main conjecture at supersingular primes that is similar in structure to the ordinary case. Namely, Kobayashi's conjecture relates modified Selmer groups, which he defined, with modified $p$-adic $L$-functions defined by the first author. In …
In this paper, we make a study of the Iwasawa theory of an elliptic curve at a supersingular prime p along an arbitrary Z_p-extension of a number field K in the case when p splits completely in K. Generalizing work of Kobayashi and Perrin-Riou, we define restricted Selmer groups and λ^\pm, μ^\pm-invariants; we then derive asymptotic formulas describing the growth of the Selmer group in terms of these invariants. To be able to work with non-cyclotomic Z_p-extensions, a new local result is proven that gives a complete description of the formal group of an elliptic curve at a supersingular prime …
We generalise works of Kobayashi to give a formulation of the Iwasawa main conjecture for modular forms at supersingular primes. In particular, we give analogous definitions of even and odd Coleman maps for normalised new forms of arbitrary weights and relate Pollack's $p$-adic $L$-functions to the even and odd Selmer groups. In addition, by generalising works of Pollack and Rubin on CM elliptic curves, we prove the "main conjecture" for CM modular forms.
Let $p$ be an odd prime number, $E$ an elliptic curve defined over a number field. Suppose that $E$ has good reduction at any prime lying above $p$, and has supersingular reduction at some prime lying above $p$. In this paper, we construct the plus and the minus Selmer groups of $E$ over the cyclotomic $\mathbb Z_p$-extension in a more general setting than that of B.D. Kim, and give a generalization of a result of B.D. Kim on the triviality of finite $Λ$-submodules of the Pontryagin duals of the plus and the minus Selmer groups, where $Λ$ is the Iwasawa algebra of the Galois group of the $\mat…
For a prime number $p$ we study the zeros modulo $p$ of divisor polynomials of rational elliptic curves $E$ of conductor $p$. Ono made the observation that these zeros of are often $j$-invariants of supersingular elliptic curves over $\overline{\mathbb{F}_p}$. We show that these supersingular zeros are in bijection with zeros modulo $p$ of an associated quaternionic modular form $v_E$. This allows us to prove that if the root number of $E$ is $-1$ then all supersingular $j$-invariants of elliptic curves defined over $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ are zeros of the corresponding divisor polynomial. If the roo…
Let E/Q be an elliptic curve with good supersingular reduction at p with a_p(E)=0. We give a conjecture on the existence of analytic plus and minus p-adic L-functions of E over the Zp-cyclotomic extension of a finite Galois extension of Q where p is unramified. Under some technical conditions, we adopt the method of Bouganis and Venjakob for p-ordinary CM elliptic curves to construct such functions for a particular non-abelian extension.
We give a short proof of the "prime-to-$p$ version" of the Manin-Mumford conjecture for an abelian variety over a number field, when it has supersingular reduction at a prime dividing $p$, by combining the methods of Bogomolov, Hrushovski, and Pink-Roessler. Our proof here is quite simple and short, and neither $p$-adic Hodge theory nor model theory is used. The observation is that a power of a lift of the Frobenius element at a supersingular prime acts on the prime-to-$p$ torsion points via nontrivial homothety.
We extend Kobayashi's formulation of Iwasawa theory for elliptic curves at supersingular primes to include the case $a_p \neq 0$, where $a_p$ is the trace of Frobenius. To do this, we algebraically construct $p$-adic $L$-functions $L_p^{\sharp}$ and $L_p^{\flat}$ with the good growth properties of the classical Pollack $p$-adic $L$-functions that in fact match them exactly when $a_p=0$ and $p$ is odd. We then generalize Kobayashi's methods to define two Selmer groups $\Sel^{\sharp}$ and $\Sel^{\flat}$ and formulate a main conjecture, stating that each characteristic ideal of the duals of these…
Assuming GRH, we present an algorithm which inputs a prime $p$ and outputs the set of fundamental discriminants $D<0$ such that the reduction map modulo a prime above $p$ from elliptic curves with CM by $\order_{D}$ to supersingular elliptic curves in characteristic $p$. In the algorithm we first determine an explicit constant $D_p$ so that $|D|> D_p$ implies that the map is necessarily surjective and then we compute explicitly the cases $|D|<D_p$.
For a fixed prime p, we consider the (finite) set of supersingular elliptic curves over $\bar{\mathbb{F}}$. Hecke operators act on this set. We compute the asymptotic frequence with which a given supersingular elliptic curve visits another under this action.
A recent paper of Shekhar compares the ranks of elliptic curves $E_1$ and $E_2$ for which there is an isomorphism $E_1[p] \simeq E_2[p]$ as $\mathrm{Gal}(\bar{\mathbf{Q}}/\mathbf{Q})$-modules, where $p$ is a prime of good ordinary reduction for both curves. In this paper we prove an analogous result in the case where $p$ is a prime of good supersingular reduction.
We study the arithmetic properties of Weierstrass points on the modular curves $X_0^+(p)$ for primes $p$. In particular, we obtain a relationship between the Weierstrass points on $X_0^+(p)$ and the $j$-invariants of supersingular elliptic curves in characteristic $p$.
We describe an algorithm that we used to compute the q-expansions of all weight 2 cusp forms of prime level at most 2,000,000 and dimension at most 6. We also present an algorithm that we used to verify that there was only one cusp form of dimension 7 or more per Atkin-Lehner eigenspace for prime levels between 10,000 and 1,000,000. Our algorithm is based on Mestre's Méthode des Graphes, and involves supersingular isogeny graphs and Wiedemann's algorithm for finding the minimal polynomial of sparse matrices over finite fields.
The goal of this article is two-fold: First, to prove a (two-variable) main conjecture for a CM field $F$ without assuming the $p$-ordinary hypothesis of Katz, making use of what we call the Rubin-Stark $\mathcal{L}$-restricted Kolyvagin systems which is constructed out of the conjectural Rubin-Stark Euler system of rank $g$. (We are also able to obtain weaker unconditional results in this direction.) Second objective is to prove the Park-Shahabi plus/minus main conjecture for a CM elliptic curve $E$ defined over a general totally real field again using (a twist of the) Rubin-Stark Kolyvagin s…
Let $p$ be a fixed odd prime. Let $E$ be an elliptic curve defined over a number field $F$ with good supersingular reduction at all primes above $p$. We study both the classical and plus/minus Selmer groups over the cyclotomic $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extension of $F$. In particular, we give sufficient conditions for these Selmer groups to not contain a non-trivial sub-module of finite index. Furthermore, when $p$ splits completely in $F$, we calculate the Euler characteristics of the plus/minus Selmer groups over the compositum of all $\mathbb{Z}_p$-extensions of $F$ when they are defined.
Let $F$ be a number field unramified at an odd prime $p$ and $F_\infty$ be the $\mathbf{Z}_p$-cyclotomic extension of $F$. Let $A$ be an abelian variety defined over $F$ with good supersingular reduction at all primes of $F$ above $p$. Büyükboduk and the first named author have defined modified Selmer groups associated to $A$ over $F_\infty$. Assuming that the Pontryagin dual of these Selmer groups are torsion $\mathbf{Z}_p[[\mathrm{Gal}(F_\infty/F)]]$-modules, we give an explicit sufficient condition for the rank of the Mordell-Weil group $A(F_n)$ to be bounded as $n$ varies.
We study the structure of the supersingular locus of the Rapoport--Zink integral model of the Shimura variety for $\mathrm{GU}(2,2)$ over a ramified odd prime with the special maximal parahoric level. We prove that the supersingular locus equals the disjoint union of two basic loci, one of which is contained in the flat locus, and the other is not. We also describe explicitly the structures of basic loci. More precisely, the former one is purely $2$-dimensional, and each irreducible component is birational to the Fermat surface. On the other hand, the latter one is purely $1$-dimensional, and …
Let $E$ be an elliptic curve over $\mathbb Q$ and let $p\geq5$ be a prime of good supersingular reduction for $E$. Let $K$ be an imaginary quadratic field satisfying a modified "Heegner hypothesis" in which $p$ splits, write $K_\infty$ for the anticyclotomic $\mathbb Z_p$-extension of $K$ and let $Λ$ denote the Iwasawa algebra of $K_\infty/K$. By extending to the supersingular case the $Λ$-adic Kolyvagin method originally developed by Bertolini in the ordinary setting, we prove that Kobayashi's plus/minus $p$-primary Selmer groups of $E$ over $K_\infty$ have corank $1$ over $Λ$. As an applicat…
We generalize a theorem of Ogg on supersingular $j$-invariants to supersingular elliptic curves with level. Ogg observed that the level one case yields a characterization of the primes dividing the order of the monster. We show that the corresponding analyses for higher levels give analogous characterizations of the primes dividing the orders of other sporadic simple groups (e.g., baby monster, Fischer's largest group). This situates Ogg's theorem in a broader setting. More generally, we characterize, in terms of supersingular elliptic curves with level, the primes arising as orders of Fricke …
Let q be an odd power of a prime p and let A/Fq be a supersingular abelian variety of dimension g. We show that if p>2g+1, then the characteristic polynomial of the q-Frobenius is an even polynomial. This generalizes the well-known result on the vanishing of the trace of the p-Frobenius when p>3 for supersingular elliptic curves over Fp.
Let p>3 be a prime and let E, E' be supersingular elliptic curves over F_p. We want to construct an isogeny phi: E --> E'. The currently fastest algorithm for finding isogenies between supersingular elliptic curves solves this problem by performing a "meet-in-the-middle" breadth-first search in the full supersingular 2-isogeny graph over F_{p^2}. In this paper we consider the structure of the isogeny graph of supersingular elliptic curves over F_p. We give an algorithm to construct isogenies between such supersingular elliptic curves that works faster than the usual algorithm. We then discuss …
For an odd prime $p$ and a supersingular elliptic curve over a number field, this article introduces a fine signed residual Selmer group, under certain hypotheses on the base field. This group depends purely on the residual representation at $p$, yet captures information about the Iwasawa theoretic invariants of the signed $p^\infty$-Selmer group that arise in supersingular Iwasawa theory. Working in this residual setting provides a natural framework for studying congruences modulo $p$ in Iwasawa theory.
Ordinary 3-Isogeny Graphs and Improvement of Supersingularity Testing for Twisted Hessian Curves over Prime Fields
School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University（东京电机大学理工学部）；Institute of Mathematics for Industry (IMI), Kyushu University（九州大学产业数学研究院）；Cyber Physical Security Research Institute (CPSEC)National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)（先进工业科学技术研究所网络物理安全研究所）
本文利用扭曲Hessian曲线的3-同源性质，证明当p≡2 mod 3时普通曲线位于3-火山表面，并据此改进Sutherland超奇异检测算法，同时推广了超奇异j-不变量为立方的结论。
The fifteen supersingular primes, see https://oeis.org/A002267, appear in the theory of the moduli of abelian surfaces. This short expository note explains why.
In this note, we study Shimura varieties for the groups $\mathrm{GU}(V)$, where $V$ is a Hermitian space relative to a CM extension $E/E^+$. We give a description of the supersingular locus of the fiber at a prime $ν$ over $p$ of such a Shimura variety, under the assumptions that $\mathrm{dim}_E(V) \leq 4$ and that the prime $p$ splits completely in $E^+$ and is unramified in $E$.
We analyze the geometry of the supersingular locus of the reduction modulo p of a Shimura variety associated to a unitary similitude group GU(1,n-1) over Q, in the case that p is ramified. We define a stratification of this locus and show that its incidence complex is closely related to a certain Bruhat-Tits simplicial complex. Each stratum is isomorphic to a Deligne-Lusztig variety associated to some symplectic group over F_p and some Coxeter element. The closure of each stratum is a normal projective variety with at most isolated singularities. The results are analogous to those of Vollaard/…
We study when Hurwitz curves are supersingular. Specifically, we show that the curve $H_{n,\ell}: X^nY^\ell + Y^nZ^\ell + Z^nX^\ell = 0$, with $n$ and $\ell$ relatively prime, is supersingular over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_{p}$ if and only if there exists an integer $i$ such that $p^i \equiv -1 \bmod (n^2 - n\ell + \ell^2)$. If this holds, we prove that it is also true that the curve is maximal over $\mathbb{F}_{p^{2i}}$. Further, we provide a complete table of supersingular Hurwitz curves of genus less than 5 for characteristic less than 37.
In this note we study the supersingular locus of the GU(2,2) Shimura variety modulo a prime which is unramified in the imaginary quadratic extension. The supersingular locus of this Shimura variety can be related to the basic Rapoport-Zink space whose special fibre is described by the Bruhat-Tits stratification. The description for this supersingular locus in the case where the prime is inert in imaginary quadratic field is already known to Howard and Pappas by exploiting the exceptional isomorphism. Our method is more direct without using the exceptional isomorphism.
Given a K3 surface X over a field of characteristic p, Artin conjectured that if X is supersingular (meaning infinite height) then its Picard rank is 22. Along with work of Nygaard-Ogus, this conjecture implies the Tate conjecture for K3 surfaces over finite fields with p \geq 5. We prove Artin's conjecture under the additional assumption that X has a polarization of degree 2d with p > 2d+4. Assuming semistable reduction for surfaces in characteristic p, we can improve the main result to K3 surfaces which admit a polarization of degree prime-to-p when p \geq 5. The argument uses Borcherds' con…
Let $p>3$ be a fixed prime. For a supersingular elliptic curve $E$ over $\mathbb{F}_p$ with $j$-invariant $j(E)\in \mathbb{F}_p\backslash\{0, 1728\}$, it is well known that the Frobenius map $π=((x,y)\mapsto (x^p, y^p))\in \mathrm{End}(E)$ satisfies $π^2=-p$. A result of Ibukiyama tells us that $\mathrm{End}(E)$ is a maximal order in $\mathrm{End}(E)\otimes \mathbb{Q}$ associated to a (minimal) prime $q$ satisfying $q\equiv 3 \bmod 8$ and the quadratic residue $\bigl(\frac{p}{q}\bigr)=-1$ according to $\frac{1+π}{2}\notin \mathrm{End}(E)$ or $\frac{1+π}{2}\in \mathrm{End}(E)$. Let $q_j$ denote…
For an elliptic curve $E$ over a finite field $\F_q$, where $q$ is a prime power, we propose new algorithms for testing the supersingularity of $E$. Our algorithms are based on the Polynomial Identity Testing (PIT) problem for the $p$-th division polynomial of $E$. In particular, an efficient algorithm using points of high order on $E$ is given.
For a prime $p>3$, let $D$ be the discriminant of an imaginary quadratic order with $|D|< \frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\sqrt{p}$. We research the solutions of the class polynomial $H_D(X)$ mod $p$ in $\mathbb{F}_p$ if $D$ is not a quadratic residue in $\mathbb{F}_p$. We also discuss the common roots of different class polynomials in $\mathbb{F}_p$. As a result, we get a deterministic algorithm (Algorithm 3) for computing the class number of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-p})$. The time complexity of Algorithm 3 is $O(p^{3/4+ε})$.
