Here we present an overview of countably-normed spaces. We discuss the main topologies--weak, strong, and inductive--placed on the dual of a countably-normed space and discuss the sigma-fields generated by these topologies. In particular, we show that under certain conditions the strong and inductive topologies coincide and the sigma-fields generated by the weak, strong, and inductive topologies are equal. With these sigma-fields, we develop a Gaussian measure on the dual of a nuclear space. The purpose in mind is to provide the background material for many of the results used is White Noise Analysis.
In a countably normed space which is a linear space equipped with a countable number of pair-wise compatible norms, we prove the existence of a common nearest point (in all norms) from a point outside a nonempty subset if this subset is compact with respect to all norms. We also prove the uniqueness of that common nearest point if the completion of the space equipped with only one of its norms is uniformly convex.
Some properties of the (normed) dual Hom-functor $D$ and its iterations $D^n$ are exhibited. For instance: $D$ turns every canonical embedding (in the second dual space) into a retraction (of the third dual onto the first one); $D$ rises the countably infinite (algebraic) dimension only; $D$ does not change the finite quotient shape type. By means of that, the finite quotient shape classification of normed vectorial spaces is completely solved. As a consequence, two extension type theorems are derived.
The quotient shape types of normed vectorial spaces(over the same field) with respect to Banach spaces reduce to those of Banach spaces. The finite quotient shape type of normed spaces is an invariant of the (algebraic) dimension, but not conversely. The converse holds for separable normed spaces as well as for the bidual-like spaces (isomorphic to their second dual spaces). As a consequence, the Hilbert space $l_2$, or even its (countably dimensional, unitary) direct sum subspace may represent the unique quotient shape type of all $2^\aleph_0$-dimensional normed spaces. An application yields …
We give a general description of the dual of the pullback of a normed module. Ours is the natural generalization to the context of modules of the well-known fact that the dual of the Lebesgue-Bochner space $L^p([0,1],B)$ consists - quite roughly said - of $L^q$ maps from $[0,1]$ to the dual $B'$ of $B$ equipped with the weak$^*$ topology. In order to state our result, we study various fiberwise descriptions of a normed module that are of independent interest.
The concept of Soft set theory was introduced by Molodtsov in the study [8]. Soft real numbers and properties were introduced inthe study [6] and soft normed space was defined in [11]. In this study, firstly we obtain a soft normed space by defining a soft norm on (Real numbers) which is called soft normed real space. By using this normed space we define the soft linear functional and investigate some of its properties. Secondly, we introduce soft dual space and soft dual operator and investigate their properties. Finally, we state and prove the theorem about representation of soft linear func…
By means of the direct limit technique, with every normed space X it is associated a bidualic (Banach) space $\tilde{X} (D^2( \tilde{X}) \cong \tilde{X} $ - called the hyperdual of $X$) that contains (isometrically embedded) $X$ as well as all the even (normed) duals $D^{2n}(X)$, which make an increasing sequence of the category retracts. The algebraic dimension dim $\tilde{X}$ = dim $X$ (dim $\tilde{X}$ = $2^{\aleph_0}$ ), whenever dim $X \neq \aleph_0$, (dim $X = \aleph_0$). Furthermore, the correspondence $X \mapsto \tilde{X}$ extends to a faithful covariant functor (called the hyperdual fu…
For a real normed space $X$, we study the $n$-dual space of $\left(X,\left\Vert \cdot \right\Vert \right) $ and show that the space is a Banach space. Meanwhile, for a real normed space $X$ of dimension $d\geq n$ which satisfies property (G), we discuss the $n$-dual space of $\left(X,\left\Vert \cdot,\ldots,\cdot \right\Vert _{G}\right) $, where $% \left\Vert \cdot,\ldots,\cdot \right\Vert _{G}$ is the Gähler $n$% -norm. We then investigate the relationship between the $n$-dual space of $% \left(X,\left\Vert \cdot \right\Vert \right) $ and the $n$-dual space of $% \left(X,\left\Vert \cdot,\ldo…
In this work we derive a convex dual representation for increasing convex functionals on a space of real-valued Borel measurable functions defined on a countable product of metric spaces. Our main assumption is that the functionals fulfill marginal constraints satisfying a certain tightness condition. In the special case where the marginal constraints are given by expectations or maxima of expectations, we obtain linear and sublinear versions of Kantorovich's transport duality and the recently discovered martingale transport duality on products of countably many metric spaces.
Noting the important role the abstract $L^p$ space has played in the development of random normed modules, in this paper we introduce and study the Orlicz space generated from a random normed module. First, we give a basic dual space representation theorem which identify the dual of the Orlicz heart of a random normed module with the Orlicz space generated from the random conjugate space. Then, we establish the respective equivalence relations of the strict convexity and uniform convexity of this abstract Orlicz space to the random strict convexity and random uniform convexity of the underlyin…
In this note the result by A. Swift concerning the embeddability of countably branching bundle graphs into Banach spaces is extended from the context of reflexive spaces with an unconditional asymptotic structure to the context of dual spaces with a weak$^*$ unconditional asymptotic structure. We also investigate weak$^*$ asymptotic midpoint uniform convexity in dual spaces which turns out to be equivalent to its weak version in general and to the standard weak$^*$ asymptotic uniform convexity up to renorming in dual spaces with a weak$^*$ unconditional asymptotic structure.
We study some generalized metric properties of weak topologies when restricted to the unit sphere of some equivalent norm on a Banach space, and their relationships with other geometrical properties of norms. In case of dual Banach space $X^*$, we prove that there exists a dual norm such that its unit sphere is a Moore space for the weak$^*$-topology (has a G$_δ$-diagonal for the weak$^*$-topology, respectively) if, and only if, $X^*$ admits an equivalent weak$^*$-LUR dual norm (rotund dual norm, respectively).
In this paper the weak topology on a normed space is studied from the viewpoint of infinite-dimensional topology. Besides the weak topology on a normed space $X$ (coinciding with the topology of uniform convergence on finite subsets of the dual space $X^*$), we consider the topology $c$ of uniform convergence on compact subsets of $X^*$. It is known that this topology coincides with the weak topology on bounded subsets of $X$, but unlike to the latter has much better topological properties (e.g., is stratifiable). We prove that for normed spaces $X,Y$ with separable duals the spaces $(X,weak)$…
In this note we extend to the quasi-reflexive setting the result of F. Baudier, N. Kalton and G. Lancien concerning the non-embeddability of the family of countably branching trees into reflexive Banach spaces whose Szlenk index and Szlenk index from the dual are both equal to the first infinite ordinal $ω$. In particular we show that the family of countably branching trees does neither embed into the James space $\mathcal{J}_p$ nor into its dual space $\mathcal{J}_p^*$ for $p\in(1,\infty)$.
We introduce the notion centre of a convex set and study the space of continuous affine functions on a compact convex set with a centre. We show that these spaces are precisely the dual of a base normed space in which the underlying base has a (unique) centre. We also characterize the corresponding base norm space. We obtain a condition on a compact, balanced, convex subset of a locally convex space so that the corresponding space of continuous affine functions on the convex set is an absolute order unit space. Similarly, we characterize a condition on the base with a centre of a base normed s…
We investigate metric projections and distance functions referring to convex bodies in finite-dimensional normed spaces. For this purpose we identify the vector space with its dual space by using, instead of the usual identification via the standard inner product, the Legendre transform associated with the given norm. This approach yields re-interpretations of various properties of convex functions, and new relations between such functions and geometric properties of the studied norm are also derived.
Let $E(\mathscr{A})$ denote the shift-invariant space associated with a countable family $\mathscr{A}$ of functions in $L^{2}(\mathbb{H}^{n})$ with mutually orthogonal generators, where $\mathbb{H}^{n}$ denotes the Heisenberg group. The characterizations for the collection $E(\mathscr{A})$ to be orthonormal, Bessel sequence, Parseval frame and so on are obtained in terms of the group Fourier transform of the Heisenberg group. These results are derived using such type of results which were proved for twisted shift-invariant spaces and characterized in terms of Weyl transform. In the last sectio…
Several local geometric properties of Orlicz space $L_ϕ$ are presented for an increasing Orlicz function $ϕ$ which is not necessarily convex, and thus $L_ϕ$ does not need to be a Banach space. In addition to monotonicity of $ϕ$ it is supposed that $ϕ(u^{1/p})$ is convex for some $p>0$ which is equivalent to that its lower Matuszewska-Orlicz index $α_ϕ>0$. Such spaces are locally bounded and are equipped with natural quasi-norms. Therefore many local geometric properties typical for Banach spaces can also be studied in those spaces. The techniques however have to be different, since duality the…
In the present note, we are interested in bounded 2-functionals and 2-dual spaces of $L^p[0,1]$. The 2-dual spaces of the sequence space $l^p$ is considered in the literature. But interestingly an explicit computation of $Lp$ spaces has not been considered though n-duals of general normed spaces have been considered. We shall consider the 2-dual spaces with the usual $\|.\|_p$ norm and with respect to the Gähler and the Gunawan norm. The n-dual space of $L^p[0,1]$ can be treated in a similar manner.
A topological space $X$ is called resolvable if it contains a dense subset with dense complement. Using only basic principles, we show that whenever the space $X$ has a resolving subset that can be written as an at most countably infinite union of subsets, in such a way that a given vector lattice of (not necessarily bounded) continuous functions on $X$ separates every point outside the resolving subset from each of its constituents, then the order continuous dual of this lattice is trivial. In order to apply this result in specific cases, we show that several spaces have resolving subsets tha…
For a compact metric space $(K, ρ)$, the predual of $Lip(K, ρ)$ can be identified with the normed space $M(K)$ of finite (signed) Borel measures on $K$ equipped with the Kantorovich-Rubinstein norm, this is due to Kantorovich [20]. Here we deduce atomic decomposition of $M(K)$ by mean of some results from [10]. It is also known, under suitable assumption, that there is a natural isometric isomorphism between $Lip(K, ρ)$ and $(lip(K, ρ))_{**}$ [15]. In this work we also show that the pair $(lip(K, ρ), Lip(K, ρ))$ can be framed in the theory of o-O type structures introduced by K. M. Perfekt.
We propose a family of extensions of the Kantorovich-Rubinstein norm from the space of zero-charge countably additive measures on a compact metric space to the space of all countably additive measures, and a family of extensions of the Lipschitz norm from the quotient space of Lipschitz functions on a compact metric space to the space of all Lipschitz functions. These families are parameterized by $p,q \in [1,\infty]$, and if $p,q$ are Hölder conjugates, then the dual of the resulting $p$-Kantorovich space is isometrically isomorphic to the resulting $q$-Lipschitz space.
Let $(Ω,Σ,μ)$ be a finite measure space, $Z$ be a Banach space and $ν:Σ\to Z^*$ be a countably additive $μ$-continuous vector measure. Let $X \subseteq Z^*$ be a norm-closed subspace which is norming for $Z$. Write $σ(Z,X)$ (resp. $μ(X,Z)$) to denote the weak (resp. Mackey) topology on $Z$ (resp. $X$) associated to the dual pair $\langle X,Z\rangle$. Suppose that, either $(Z,σ(Z,X))$ has the Mazur property, or $(B_{X^*},w^*)$ is convex block compact and $(X,μ(X,Z))$ is complete. We prove that the range of $ν$ is contained in $X$ if, for each $A\in Σ$ with $μ(A)>0$, the $w^*$-closed convex hull…
This note aims to show a uniqueness property for the solution (whenever exists) to the moment problem for the symmetric algebra $S(V)$ of a locally convex space $(V, τ)$. Let $μ$ be a measure representing a linear functional $L: S(V)\to\mathbb{R}$. We deduce a sufficient determinacy condition on $L$ provided that the support of $μ$ is contained in the union of the topological duals of $V$ w.r.t. to countably many of the seminorms in the family inducing $τ$. We compare this result with some already known in literature for such a general form of the moment problem and further discuss how some pr…
