Dimensions and spectral triples for fractals in R^N
Daniele Guido, Tommaso Isola
备注：
24 pages, 4 figures. To appear in Proceedings of the Conference "Operator Algebras and Mathematical Physics" held in Sinaia, Romania, June 2003, O. Bratteli, R. Longo H. Siedentop Eds., Theta Foundation, Bucarest
发表信息：
In "Advances in Operator Algebras and Mathematical Physics", Proceedings of the Conference held in Sinaia, Romania, June 2003, F. Boca, O. Bratteli, R. Longo H. Siedentop Eds., Theta Series in Advanced Mathematics, Bucharest 2005.
Two spectral triples are introduced for a class of fractals in R^n. The definitions of noncommutative Hausdorff dimension and noncommutative tangential dimensions, as well as the corresponding Hausdorff and Hausdorff-Besicovitch functionals considered in math.OA/0202108, are studied for the mentioned fractals endowed with these spectral triples, showing in many cases their correspondence with classical objects. In particular, for any limit fractal, the Hausdorff-Besicovitch functionals do not depend on the generalized limit procedure.
It is shown that, for nested fractals [T.Lindstrom, Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 420, 1990], the main structural data, such as the Hausdorff dimension and measure, the geodesic distance (when it exists) induced by the immersion in $R^n$, and the self-similar energy can all be recovered by the description of the fractals in terms of the spectral triples considered in [D.Guido, T.Isola, in "Advances in Operator Algebras and Mathematical Physics", Theta Series in Advanced Mathematics, Bucharest 2005].
In this article we provide an identification between the wavelet decompositions of certain fractal representations of $C^*-$algebras of directed graphs of M. Marcolli and A. Paolucci, and the eigenspaces of Laplacians associated to spectral triples constructed from Cantor fractal sets that are the infinite path spaces of Bratteli diagrams associated to the representations, with a particular emphasis on wavelets for representations of $\mathcal{O}_D$. In particular, in this setting we use results of J. Pearson and J. Bellissard, and A. Julien and J. Savinien, to construct first the spectral tri…
Noncommutative geometry provides a framework, via the construction of spectral triples, for the study of the geometry of certain classes of fractals. Many fractals are constructed as natural limits of certain sets with a simpler structure: for instance, the Sierpiński is the limit of finite graphs consisting of various affine images of an equilateral triangle. It is thus natural to ask whether the spectral triples, constructed on a class of fractals called piecewise $C^1$-fractal curves, are indeed limits, in an appropriate sense, of spectral triples on the approximating sets. We answer this q…
Given a spectral triple (A,D,H), the functionals on A of the form a -> tau_omega(a|D|^(-t)) are studied, where tau_omega is a singular trace, and omega is a generalised limit. When tau_omega is the Dixmier trace, the unique exponent d giving rise possibly to a non-trivial functional is called Hausdorff dimension, and the corresponding functional the (d-dimensional) Hausdorff functional. It is shown that the Hausdorff dimension d coincides with the abscissa of convergence of the zeta function of |D|^(-1), and that the set of t's for which there exists a singular trace tau_omega giving rise to a…
We construct spectral triples and, in particular, Dirac operators, for the algebra of continuous functions on certain compact metric spaces. The triples are countable sums of triples where each summand is based on a curve in the space. Several fractals, like a finitely summable infinite tree and the Sierpinski gasket, fit naturally within our framework. In these cases, we show that our spectral triples do describe the geodesic distance and the Minkowski dimension as well as, more generally, the complex fractal dimensions of the space. Furthermore, in the case of the Sierpinski gasket, the asso…
To any spectral triple (A,D,H) a dimension d is associated, in analogy with the Hausdorff dimension for metric spaces. Indeed d is the unique number, if any, such that |D|^-d has non trivial logarithmic Dixmier trace. Moreover, when d is finite non-zero, there always exists a singular trace which is finite nonzero on |D|^-d, giving rise to a noncommutative integration on A. Such results are applied to fractals in R, using Connes' spectral triple, and to limit fractals in R^n, a class which generalises self-similar fractals, using a new spectral triple. The noncommutative dimension or measure c…
We introduce a new class of noncommutative spectral triples on Kellendonk's $C^*$-algebra associated with a nonperiodic substitution tiling. These spectral triples are constructed from fractal trees on tilings, which define a geodesic distance between any two tiles in the tiling. Since fractals typically have infinite Euclidean length, the geodesic distance is defined using Perron-Frobenius theory, and is self-similar with scaling factor given by the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue. We show that each spectral triple is $θ$-summable, and respects the hierarchy of the substitution system. To elucida…
For each K-homolgy element of the Sierpinski gasket we construct a spectral triple which will generate that element. We show that there must be certain limits on the choice of the K-homology element if the geometric properties of the gasket shall be recoverable from that spectral triple. For a big subgroup of the K-homology group we show that our spectral triples will recover the metric, the dimension and the Hausdorff measure on the gaket.
Spectral triples (of compact type) are constructed on arbitrary separable quasidiagonal C*-algebras. On the other hand an example of a spectral triple on a non-quasidiagonal algebra is presented.
Continuing our study of spectral triples on quantum domains, we look at unbounded invariant and covariant derivations in the quantum annulus. In particular, we investigate whether such derivations can be implemented by operators with compact parametrices, a necessary condition in the definition of a spectral triple.
We construct a spectral triple for the C$^*$-algebra of continuous functions on the space of $p$-adic integers by using a rooted tree obtained from coarse-grained approximation of the space, and the forward derivative on the tree. Additionally, we verify that our spectral triple satisfies the properties of a compact spectral metric space, and we show that the metric on the space of $p$-adic integers induced by the spectral triple is equivalent to the usual $p$-adic metric.
Any oriented Riemannian manifold with a Spin-structure defines a spectral triple, so the spectral triple can be regarded as a noncommutative Spin-manifold. Otherwise for any unoriented Riemannian manifold there is the two-fold covering by oriented Riemannian manifold. Moreover there are noncommutative generalizations of finite-fold coverings. This circumstances yield a notion of unoriented spectral triple which is covered by oriented one.
We provide a proof of Connes' formula for a representative of the Hochschild class of the Chern character for (p,\infty)-summable spectral triples. Our proof is valid for all semifinite von Neumann algebras, and all integral p\geq 1. We employ the minimum possible hypotheses on the spectral triples.
Connes showed that spectral triples encode (noncommutative) metric information. Further, Connes and Moscovici in their metric bundle construction showed that, as with the Takesaki duality theorem, forming a crossed product spectral triple can substantially simplify the structure. In a recent paper, Bellissard, Marcolli and Reihani (among other things) studied in depth metric notions for spectral triples and crossed product spectral triples for $Z$-actions, with applications in number theory and coding theory. In the work of Connes and Moscovici, crossed products involving groups of diffeomorph…
The Sierpinski gasket admits a locally isometric ramified self-covering. A semifinite spectral triple is constructed on the resulting solenoidal space, and its main geometrical features are discussed.
By modifying the ideas from our previous paper [SIGMA 13 (2017), 075, 26 pages, arXiv:1705.04005], we construct spectral triples from implementations of covariant derivations on the quantum disk.
It is well-known that any covering space of a Riemannian manifold has the natural structure of a Riemannian manifold. This article contains a noncommutative generalization of this fact. Since any Riemannian manifold with a Spin-structure defines a spectral triple, the spectral triple can be regarded as a noncommutative Spin-manifold. Similarly there is an algebraic construction which is a noncommutative generalization of topological covering. This article contains a construction of spectral triple on the "noncommutative covering space".
Given a spectral triple $(A,H,D)$ and a $C^*$-dynamical system $(\mathbf{A}, G, α)$ where $A$ is dense in $\mathbf{A}$ and $G$ is a locally compact group, we extend the triple to a triplet $(\mathcal{B},\mathcal{H},\mathcal{D})$ on the crossed product $G \ltimes_{α, \text{red}} \mathbf{A}$ which can be promoted to a modular-type twisted spectral triple within a general procedure exemplified by two cases: the $C^*$-algebra of the affine group and the conformal group acting on a complete Riemannian spin manifold.
In this paper we construct odd finitely summable spectral triples based on length functions of bounded doubling on noncommutative solenoids. Our spectral triples induce a Leibniz Lip-norm on the state spaces of the noncommutative solenoids, giving them the structure of Leibniz quantum compact metric spaces. By applying methods of R. Floricel and A. Ghorbanpour, we also show that our odd spectral triples on noncommutative solenoids can be considered as direct limits of spectral triples on rotation algebras. In the final section we prove a noncommutative Wiener's lemma and show that our odd spec…
We describe a way to deform spectral triples with a 2-torus action and a real deformation parameter, motivated by deformation of manifolds after Connes-Landi. Such deformations are shown to have naturally isomorphic $K$-theoretic invariants independent of the deformation parameter.
We study unbounded invariant and covariant derivations on the quantum disk. In particular we answer the question whether such derivations come from operators with compact parametrices and thus can be used to define spectral triples.
Using a Cayley complex (generalizing the Cayley graph) and Clifford algebras, we are able to give, for a large class of finitely presented groups, a uniform construction of spectral triples with $D_{+}$ of index 1.
Using associated trees, we construct a spectral triple for the C$^*$-algebra of continuous functions on the ring of integers $R$ of a nonarchimedean local field $F$ of characteristic zero, and investigate its properties. Remarkably, the spectrum of the spectral triple operator is closely related to the roots of a $q$-hypergeometric function. We also study a non compact version of this construction for the C$^*$-algebra of continuous functions on $F$, vanishing at infinity.
We examine the operator $U_5$ defined on $L^2(μ_{\frac14})$ where $μ_{\frac14}$ is the 1/4 Cantor measure. The operator $U_5$ scales the elements of the canonical exponential spectrum for $L^2(μ_{\frac14})$ by 5 --- that is, $Ue_γ = e_{5γ}$ where $e_γ(t) = e^{2πi γt}$. It is known that $U_5$ has a self-similar structure, which makes its spectrum, which is currently unknown, of particular interest. In order to better understand the spectrum of $U_5$, we demonstrate a decomposition of the projection valued measures and scalar spectral measures associated with $U_5$. We are also able to compute a…
Given an inductive system of spectral triples $\{(A_j,\H_j,D_j)\}_j$, we find conditions under which the triple $(\limind A_j,\limind H_j,\limind D_j)$ is a spectral triple. We also analyze and describe some classical examples of spectral triples in terms of these conditions.
Certain Bernoulli convolution measures (μ) are known to be spectral. Recently, much work has concentrated on determining conditions under which orthonormal Fourier bases (i.e. spectral bases) exist. For a fixed measure known to be spectral, the orthonormal basis need not be unique; indeed, there are often families of such spectral bases. Let λ= 1/(2n) for a natural number n and consider the Bernoulli measure (μ) with scale factor λ. It is known that L^2(μ) has a Fourier basis. We first show that there are Cuntz operators acting on this Hilbert space which create an orthogonal decomposition, th…
Spectral triples are defined for C*-algebras associated with hyperbolic dynamical systems known as Smale spaces. The spectral dimension of one of these spectral triples is shown to recover the topological entropy of the Smale space.
We give a proof of an analogue of Connes' Hochschild character theorem for twisted spectral triples obtained from twisting a spectral triple by scaling automorphisms, under some suitable conditions. We also survey some of the properties of twisted spectral triples that are known so far.
In the context of A. Connes' spectral triples, a suitable notion of morphism is introduced. Discrete groups with length function provide a natural example for our definitions. A. Connes' construction of spectral triples for group algebras is a covariant functor from the category of discrete groups with length functions to that of spectral triples. Several interesting lines for future study of the categorical properties of spectral triples and their variants are suggested.
We construct spectral triples on a class of particular inductive limits of matrix-valued function algebras. In the special case of the Jiang-Su algebra we employ a particular $AF$-embedding.
Let $T : Λ\to Λ$ be an expanding map on a Cantor set. For each suitably normalized Hölder continuous potential, we construct a spectral triple from which one may recover the associated Gibbs measure as a noncommutative measure.
We examine the index data associated to twisted spectral triples and higher order spectral triples. In particular, we show that a Lipschitz regular twisted spectral triple can always be `logarithmically dampened' through functional calculus, to obtain an ordinary (i.e. untwisted) spectral triple. The same procedure turns higher order spectral triples into spectral triples. We provide examples of highly regular twisted spectral triples with nontrivial index data for which Moscovici's ansatz for a twisted local index formula is identically zero.
We introduce a notion of an algebra of generalized pseudo-differential operators and prove that a spectral triple is regular if and only if it admits an algebra of generalized pseudo-differential operators. We also provide a self-contained proof of the fact that the product of regular spectral triples is regular.
We define the notion of von Neumann spectral triple and consider the associated index problem. We compute the analytic Chern-Connes character of such a von Neumann spectral triple and prove the corresponding local formula for its Hochschild class. This formula involves the Dixmier trace for $II_{\infty}$ von Neumann algebras. In the case of foliations, we identify this Dixmier trace with the corresponding measured Wodzicki residue.
We construct discrete versions of $κ$-Minkowski space related to a certain compactness of the time coordinate. We show that these models fit into the framework of noncommutative geometry in the sense of spectral triples. The dynamical system of the underlying discrete groups (which include some Baumslag--Solitar groups) is heavily used in order to construct \emph{finitely summable} spectral triples. This allows to bypass an obstruction to finite-summability appearing when using the common regular representation. The dimension of these spectral triples is unrelated to the number of coordinates …
In this note, we present a new way to associate a spectral triple to the noncommutative $C^*$-algebra $C^*(Λ)$ of a strongly connected finite higher-rank graph $Λ$. We generalize a spectral triple of Consani and Marcolli from Cuntz-Krieger algebras to higher-rank graph $C^*$-algebras $C^*(Λ)$, and we prove that these spectral triples are intimately connected to the wavelet decomposition of the infinite path space of $Λ$ which was introduced by Farsi, Gillaspy, Kang, and Packer in 2015. In particular, we prove that the wavelet decomposition of Farsi et al. describes the eigenspaces of the Dirac…
Fuzzy tori are finite dimensional C*-algebras endowed with an appropriate notion of noncommutative geometry inherited from an ergodic action of a finite closed subgroup of the torus, which are meant as finite dimensional approximations of tori and more generally, quantum tori. A mean to specify the geometry of a noncommutative space is by constructing over it a spectral triple. We prove in this paper that we can construct spectral triples on fuzzy tori which, as the dimension grow to infinity and under other natural conditions, converge to a natural spectral triple on quantum tori, in the sens…
In general, Morita equivalence of spectral triples need not be a symmetric relation. In this paper, we show that Morita equivalence of spectral triples is an equivalence relation for equivariant torus spectral triples.
In the abstract pseudodifferential setup of Connes and Moscovici, we prove a general formula for the discrepancies of zeta-regularised traces associated with certain spectral triples, and we introduce a canonical trace on operators, whose order lies outside (minus) the dimension spectrum of the spectral triple.
The notion of good spectral triple is initiated. We prove firstly that any regular spectral triple may be embedded in a good spectral triple, so that, in non-commutative geometry, we can restricts to deal only with good spectral triples. Given a good spectral triple K=(A,H,D), we prove that A is naturally endowed with a topology, called the K-topology, making it into an unital Frechet pre C*-algebra, and that the group Inv(A) of its invertible elements has a canonical structure of Frechet Lie group of Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff type open in its Lie algebra A; moreover, for any n>0 one has that K…
We construct spectral triples associated to Schottky--Mumford curves, in such a way that the local Euler factor can be recovered from the zeta functions of such spectral triples. We propose a way of extending this construction to the case where the curve is not k-split degenerate.
This paper extends the notion of a spectral triple to a relative spectral triple, an unbounded analogue of a relative Fredholm module for an ideal $J\triangleleft A$. Examples include manifolds with boundary, manifolds with conical singularities, dimension drop algebras, $θ$-deformations and Cuntz-Pimsner algebras of vector bundles. The bounded transform of a relative spectral triple is a relative Fredholm module, making the image of a relative spectral triple under the boundary mapping in $K$-homology easy to compute. We introduce an additional operator called a Clifford normal with which a r…
We define a metric on the class of metric spectral triples, which is null exactly between spectral triples with unitary equivalent Dirac operators and *-isomorphic underlying C*-algebras. This metric dominates the propinquity, and thus implies metric convergence of the compact quantum metric spaces induced by metric spectral triples. In the process of our construction, we also introduce the covariant modular propinquity, as a key component for the definition of the spectral propinquity.
We give a construction allowing to lift spectral triples to crossed products by Hilbert bimodules. The spectral triple one obtains is a concrete unbounded representative of the Kasparov product of the spectral triple and the Pimsner-Toeplitz extension associated to the crossed product by the Hilbert bimodule. To prove that the lifted spectral triple is the above-mentioned Kasparov product, we rely on operator-$*$-algebras and connexions.
We study the isospectral deformations of the Eguchi-Hanson spaces along a torus isometric action in the noncompact noncommutative geometry. We concentrate on locality, smoothness and summability conditions of the nonunital spectral triples, and relate them to the geometric conditions to be noncommutative spin manifolds.
We characterize all equivariant odd spectral triples for the quantum SU(2) group acting on its L_2-space and having a nontrivial Chern character. It is shown that the dimension of an equivariant spectral triple is at least three, and given any element of the K-homology group of SU_q(2), there is an equivariant odd spectral triple of dimension 3 inducing that element. The method employed to get equivariant spectral triples in the quantum case is then used for classical SU(2), and we prove that for p<4, there does not exist any equivariant spectral triple with nontrivial K-homology class and dim…
To a finite, connected, unoriented graph of Betti-number g>=2 and valencies >=3 we associate a finitely summable, commutative spectral triple (in the sense of Connes), whose induced zeta functions encode the graph. This gives another example where non-commutative geometry provides a rigid framework for classification.
Twisted spectral triples are a twisting of the notion of spectral triple aiming at dealing with some type III geometric situations. In the first part of the paper, we give a geometric construction of the index map of a twisted spectral triple in terms of $σ$-connections on finitely generated projective modules. This makes it more transparent the analogy with the indices of Dirac operators with coefficients in vector bundles. In the second part, we give a direct construction of the Connes-Chern character of a twisted spectral, both in the invertible and non-invertible cases. Combining these two…
We provide sufficient conditions to factorise an equivariant spectral triple as a Kasparov product of unbounded classes constructed from the group action on the algebra and from the fixed point spectral triple. Our results are for the action of compact abelian Lie groups, and we demonstrate them with examples from manifolds and $θ$-deformations. In particular we show that equivariant Dirac-type spectral triples on the total space of a torus principal bundle always factorise. We also present an example that shows what goes wrong in the absence of our sufficient conditions (and how we get around…
We discuss a version of Pythagoras theorem in noncommutative geometry. Usual Pythagoras theorem can be formulated in terms of Connes' distance, between pure states, in the product of commutative spectral triples. We investigate the generalization to both non pure states and arbitrary spectral triples. We show that Pythagoras theorem is replaced by some Pythagoras inequalities, that we prove for the product of arbitrary (i.e. non-necessarily commutative) spectral triples, assuming only some unitality condition. We show that these inequalities are optimal, and provide non-unital counter-examples…
We study almost real spectral triples on quantum lens spaces, as orbit spaces of free actions of cyclic groups on the spectral geometry on the quantum group $SU_q(2)$. These spectral triples are given by weakening some of the conditions of a real spectral triple. We classify the irreducible almost real spectral triples on quantum lens spaces and we study unitary equivalences of such quantum lens spaces. Applying a useful characterization of principal $U(1)$-fibrations in noncommutative geometry, we show that all such quantum lens spaces are principal $U(1)$-fibrations over quantum teardrops.
Let $G$ be a finite group. Noncommutative geometry of unital $G$-algebras is studied. A geometric structure is determined by a spectral triple on the crossed product algebra associated with the group action. This structure is to be viewed as a representative of a noncommutative orbifold. Based on a study of classical orbifold groupoids, a Morita equivalence for the crossed product spectral triples is developed. Noncommutative orbifolds are Morita equivalence classes of the crossed product spectral triples. As a special case of this Morita theory one can study freeness of the $G$-action on the …
Given a free action of a compact Lie group $G$ on a unital C*-algebra $\mathcal{A}$ and a spectral triple on the corresponding fixed point algebra $\mathcal{A}^G$, we present a systematic and in-depth construction of a spectral triple on $\mathcal{A}$ that is build upon the geometry of $\mathcal{A}^G$ and $G$. We compare our construction with a selection of established examples.
We study natural conditions on essentially discrete spectral triples by which the quantum differential $da$ belongs to the ideal generated by the unit length $ds=D^{-1}$. We also study upper and lower bounds on the singular values of the $da$'s and apply the general framework to natural spectral triples of Dirichlet spaces and, in particular, those on dual of discrete groups arising from negative definite functions.
We define pseudo-Riemannian spectral triples, an analytic context broad enough to encompass a spectral description of a wide class of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds, as well as their noncommutative generalisations. Our main theorem shows that to each pseudo-Riemannian spectral triple we can associate a genuine spectral triple, and so a K-homology class. With some additional assumptions we can then apply the local index theorem. We give a range of examples and some applications. The example of the harmonic oscillator in particular shows that our main theorem applies to much more than just classica…
For a unital C*-algebra A, which is equipped with a spectral triple and an extension T of A by the compacts, we construct a family of spectral triples associated to T and depending on the two positive parameters (s,t). Using Rieffel's notation of quantum Gromov-Hausdorff distance between compact quantum metric spaces it is possible to define a metric on this family of spectral triples, and we show that the distance between a pair of spectral triples varies continuously with respect to the parameters. It turns out that a spectral triple associated to the unitarization of the algebra of compact …
Given a spectral triple on a unital $C^{*}$-algebra $A$ and an equicontinuous action of a discrete group $G$ on $A$, a spectral triple on the reduced crossed product $C^{*}$-algebra $A\rtimes_r G$ was constructed by Hawkins, Skalski, White and Zacharias in [On spectral triples on crossed products arising from equicontinuous actions, Math. Scand. 113(2) (2013) 262-291], extending the construction by Belissard, Marcolli and Reihani in [Dynamical systems on spectral metric spaces, preprint (2010), arXiv:1008.4617], by using the Kasparov product to make an ansatz for the Dirac operator. Supposing …
