Consider the coradical filtrations of the Hopf algebras of planar binary trees of Loday and Ronco and of permutations of Malvenuto and Reutenauer. We give explicit isomorphisms showing that the associated graded Hopf algebras are dual to the cocommutative Hopf algebras introduced in the late 1980's by Grossman and Larson. These Hopf algebras are constructed from ordered trees and heap-ordered trees, respectively. These results follow from the fact that whenever one starts from a Hopf algebra that is a cofree graded coalgebra, the associated graded Hopf algebra is a shuffle Hopf algebra.
By a recent work of Gran-Kadjo-Vercruysse, the category of cocommutative Hopf algebras over a field of characteristic zero is semi-abelian. In this paper, we explore some properties of this categoy, in particular we show that its abelian core is the category of commutative and cocommutative Hopf algebras.
We present a rich source of Hopf algebras starting from a cofinite central extension of a Noetherian Hopf algebra and a subgroup of the algebraic group of characters of the central Hopf subalgebra. The construction is transparent from a Tannakian perspective. We determine when the new Hopf algebras are co-Frobenius, or cosemisimple, or Noetherian, or regular, or have finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension.
We study the Moore complex of a simplicial cocommutative Hopf algebra through Hopf kernels. The most striking result to emerge from this construction is the coherent definition of 2-crossed modules of cocommutative Hopf algebras. This unifies the 2-crossed module theory of groups and of Lie algebras when we take the group-like and primitive functors into consideration.
We prove that a finite-dimensional cocommutative Hopf algebra $H$ is local, if and only if the subalgebra generated by the first term of its coradical filtration $H_1$ is local. In particular if $H$ is connected, $H$ is local if and only if all the primitive elements of $H$ are nilpotent.
The article is devoted to the describtion of quasitriangular structures (universal R-matrices) on cocommutative Hopf algebras. It is known that such structures are concentrated on finite dimensional Hopf subalgebras. In particular, quasitriangular structure on group algebra is defined by the pairs of normal inclusions of an finite abelian group and by invariant bimultiplicative form on it. The structure is triangular in the case of coinciding inclusions and skewsymmetric form. The nonstandart $λ$-structure on the representation ring of finite group, corresponding to the triangular structure on…
The purpose of this article is to prove that the category of cocommutative Hopf $K$-algebras, over a field $K$ of characteristic zero, is a semi-abelian category. Moreover, we show that this category is action representable, and that it contains a torsion theory whose torsion-free and torsion parts are given by the category of groups and by the category of Lie $K$-algebras, respectively.
The Calabi-Yau property of cocommutative Hopf algebras is discussed by using the homological integral, a recently introduced tool for studying infinite dimensional AS-Gorenstein Hopf algebras. It is shown that the skew-group algebra of a universal enveloping algebra of a finite dimensional Lie algebra $\g$ with a finite subgroup $G$ of automorphisms of $\g$ is Calabi-Yau if and only if the universal enveloping algebra itself is Calabi-Yau and $G$ is a subgroup of the special linear group $SL(\g)$. The Noetherian cocommutative Calabi-Yau Hopf algebras of dimension not larger than 3 are describe…
The works of Poincare, Birkhoff, Witt and Cartier, Milnor, Moore on the connected cocommutative Hopf algebras translated in the language of operads means that the triple of operads (Com, As, Lie) endowed with the Hopf compatiblity relation is good. In this paper, we focus on left dipterous (resp. right dipterous) algebras which are associative algebras with an extra left (resp. right) module on themselves and look for good triples were $As$ is replaced by the dipterous operad Dipt. Since the work of Loday and Ronco, the triple of operads (As, Dipt, B_\infty) endowed with the semi-Hopf compatib…
We say that a Hopf algebra H is semicocommutative if the right adjoint coaction factorizes through the tensor product of H with the center of H. For instance the commutative and the cocommutative Hopf algebras are semicocommutative. The quasitriangular Hopf algebras generalize the cocommutative Hopf algebras. In this paper we introduce and begin the study of a similar generalization for the semicocommutative ones. These algebras, which we call semiquasitriangular Hopf algebras have many of the basic properties of the quasitriangular ones. In particular, they have associated braided categories …
In the last decennia two generalizations of the Hopf algebra of symmetric functions have appeared and shown themselves important, the Hopf algebra of noncommutative symmetric functions NSymm and the Hopf algebra of quasisymmetric functions QSymm. It has also become clear that it is important to understand the noncommutative versions of such important structures as Symm the Hopf algebra of symmetric functions. Not least because the right noncommmutative versions are often more beautiful than the commutaive ones (not all cluttered up with counting coefficients). NSymm and QSymm are not truly the…
We study a natural construction of Hopf algebra quotients canonically associated to an R-matrix in a finite dimensional Hopf algebra. We apply this construction to show that a quasitriangular Hopf algebra whose dimension is odd and square-free is necessarily cocommutative.
We construct an invertible normalised 2 cocycle on the Ehresmann Schauenburg bialgebroid of a cleft Hopf Galois extension under the condition that the corresponding Hopf algebra is cocommutative and the image of the unital cocycle corresponding to this cleft Hopf Galois extension belongs to the centre of the coinvariant subalgebra. Moreover, we show that any Ehresmann Schauenburg bialgebroid of this kind is isomorphic to a 2-cocycle twist of the Ehresmann Schauenburg bialgebroid corresponding to a Hopf Galois extension without cocycle, where comodule algebra is an ordinary smash product of the…
In this paper, we first introduce a quantum $n$-space with a cocommutative Hopf algebra structure. Then it is shown that to this quantum $n$-space there corresponds a derivation algebra of $σ$-twisted derivations related to some algebra automorphisms $σ$ on the quantum $n$-space. Furthermore, we show that this derivation algebra is a noncommutative and non-cocommutative Hopf algebra, namely, a quantum group. Morever, for this the quantum $n$-space, we show how to construct a bicovariant differential calculus related to the derivation algebra.
In this paper we present the Sweedler cohomology for a cocommutative weak Hopf algebra H. We show that the second cohomology group classifies completely the weak crossed products, having a common preunit, of H with a commutative left H-module algebra A.
In \cite{Kreimer1,Connes,Broadhurst,Kreimer2}, a commutative, non cocommutative Hopf algebra H_R of (decorated) rooted trees was introduced. It is related to the Hopf algebra H_CM introduced in \cite{Moscovici}. Its dual Hopf algebra is the enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra of rooted trees L^1. In this paper, we introduce a non commutative, non cocommutative Hopf algebra H_PR of decorated planar rooted trees. We first show that H_PR is self dual. We then use this result to construct a non degenerate bilinear form (,) on H_PR, which respects the Hopf algebra structure of H_PR. Moreover, we …
The celebrated Milnor-Moore theorem and the more general Cartier-Kostant-Milnor-Moore theorem establish close relationships of a connected and a pointed cocommutative Hopf algebra with its Lie algebra of primitive elements and its group of group-like elements. Crossed homomorphisms for Lie algebras, groups and Hopf algebras have been studied extensively, first from a cohomological perspective and then more broadly, with an important case given by difference operators. This paper shows that the relationship among the different algebraic structures captured in the Milnor-Moore theorem can be str…
A condition is identified which guarantees that the coinvariants of a coaction of a Hopf algebra on an algebra form a subalgebra, even though the coaction may fail to be an algebra homomorphism. A Hilbert Theorem (finite generation of the subalgebra of coinvariants) is obtained for such coactions of a cosemisimple Hopf algebra. This is applied to two adjoint coactions of quantized function algebras of classical groups on the associated FRT bialgebra. Provided that the Hopf algebra is cosemisimple and coquasitriangular, the algebras of coinvariants form two finitely generated, commutative, grad…
Let $\mathbb{k}$ be an algebraically closed field. We give a complete classification of non-connected pointed Hopf algebras of dimension $16$ with char$\,\mathbb{k}=2$ that are generated by group-like elements and skew-primitive elements. It turns out that there are infinitely many classes (up to isomorphism) of pointed Hopf algebras of dimension 16. In particular, we obtain infinitely many new examples of non-commutative non-cocommutative finite-dimensional pointed Hopf algebras.
By constructing explicit examples, we show that the core of a group-like element in a cocommutative cosemisimple Yetter-Drinfel'd Hopf algebra over the group ring of a finite abelian group is not always completely trivial.
The operads of Poisson and Gerstenhaber algebras are generated by a single binary element if we consider them as Hopf operads (i.e. as operads in the category of cocommutative coalgebras). In this note we discuss in details the Hopf operads generated by a single element of arbitrary arity. We explain why the dual space to the space of $n$-ary operations in this operads are quadratic and Koszul algebras. We give the detailed description of generators, relations and a certain monomial basis in these algebras.
We construct a class of non-commutative, non-cocommutative, semisimple Hopf algebras of dimension $2n^2$ and present conditions to define an inner faithful action of these Hopf algebras on quantum polynomial algebras, providing, in this way, more examples of semisimple Hopf actions which do not factor through group actions. Also, under certain condition, we classify the inner faithful Hopf actions of the Kac-Paljutkin Hopf algebra of dimension $8$, $H_8$, on the quantum plane.
We prove that a Hopf algebra of prime dimension $p$ over an algebraically closed field, whose characteristic is equal to $p$, is either a group algebra or a restricted universal enveloping algebra. Moreover, we show that any Hopf algebra of prime dimension $p$ over a field of characteristic $q>0$ is commutative and cocommutative when $q=2$ or $p<4q$. This problem remains open in positive characteristic when $2<q<p/4$.
In this paper we investigate nilpotenct and probabilistically nilpotent Hopf algebras. We define nilpotency via a descending chain of commutators and give a criterion for nilpotency via a family of central invertible elements. These elements can be obtained from a {\it commutator matrix} $A$ which depends only on the Grothendieck ring of $H.$ When $H$ is almost cocommutative we introduce a probabilistic method. We prove that every semisimple quasitriangular Hopf algebra is probabilistically nilpotent. In a sense we thereby answer the title of our paper {\it Are we counting or measuring anythin…
We study actions of semisimple Hopf algebras H on Weyl algebras A over a field of characteristic zero. We show that the action of H on A must factor through a group algebra; in other words, if H acts inner faithfully on A, then H is cocommutative. The techniques used include reduction modulo a prime number and the study of semisimple cosemisimple Hopf actions on division algebras.
We consider Hopf crossed products of the the type $A#_σ\mathcal{H}$, where $\mathcal{H}$ is a cocommutative Hopf algebra, $A$ is an $\mathcal{H}$-module algebra and $σ$ is a "numerical" convolution invertible 2-cocycle on $\mathcal{H}$. we give an spectral sequence that converges to the cyclic homology of $A#_σ\mathcal{H}$ and identify the $E^1$ and $E^2$ terms of the spectral sequence.
We give a systematic description of the cyclic cohomology theory of Hopf algebroids in terms of its associated category of modules. Then we introduce a dual cyclic homology theory by applying cyclic duality to the underlying cocyclic object. We derive general structure theorems for these theories in the special cases of commutative and cocommutative Hopf algebroids. Finally, we compute the cyclic theory in examples associated to Lie-Rinehart algebras and étale groupoids.
A vector species is a functor from the category of finite sets with bijections to vector spaces; informally, one can view this as a sequence of $S_n$-modules. A Hopf monoid (in the category of vector species) consists of a vector species with unit, counit, product, and coproduct morphisms satisfying several compatibility conditions, analogous to a graded Hopf algebra. We say that a Hopf monoid is strongly linearized if it has a "basis" preserved by its product and coproduct in a certain sense. We prove several equivalent characterizations of this property, and show that any strongly linearized…
Twisted homomorphisms of bialgebras are bialgebra homomorphisms from the first into Drinfeld twistings of the second. They possess a composition operation extending composition of bialgebra homomorphisms. Gauge transformations of twists, compatible with adjacent homomorphisms, give rise to gauge transformation of twisted homomorphisms, which behave nicely with respect to compositions. Here we study (gauge classes of) twisted automorphisms of cocommutative Hopf algebras. After revising well-known relations between twists, twisted forms of bialgebras and $R$-matrices (for commutative bialgebras)…
We describe a new method of quantization of Lie bialgebras, based on a construction of Hopf algebras out of a cocommutative coalgebra and a braided comonoidal functor.
We analyze the structure of the Malvenuto-Reutenauer Hopf algebra of permutations in detail. We give explicit formulas for its antipode, prove that it is a cofree coalgebra, determine its primitive elements and its coradical filtration and show that it decomposes as a crossed product over the Hopf algebra of quasi-symmetric functions. We also describe the structure constants of the multiplication as a certain number of facets of the permutahedron. Our results reveal a close relationship between the structure of this Hopf algebra and the weak order on the symmetric groups.
Let k be any field. We consider the Hopf-Schur group of k, defined as the subgroup of the Brauer group of k consisting of classes that may be represented by homomorphic images of Hopf algebras over k. We show here that twisted group algebras and abelian extensions of k are quotients of cocommutative and commutative Hopf algebras over k, respectively. As a consequence we prove that any tensor product of cyclic algebras over k is a quotient of a Hopf algebra over k, revealing so that the Hopf-Schur group can be much larger than the Schur group of k.
The question of whether or not a Hopf algebra $H$ is faithfully flat over a Hopf subalgebra $A$ has received positive answers in several particular cases: when $H$ (or more generally, just $A$) is commutative, or cocommutative, or pointed, or when $K$ contains the coradical of $H$. We prove the statement in the title, adding the class of cosemisimple Hopf algebras to those known to be faithfully flat over all Hopf subalgebras. We also show that the third term of the resulting "exact sequence" $A\to H\to C$ is always a cosemisimple coalgebra, and that the expectation $H\to A$ is positive when $…
Let $H$ be a finite-dimensional connected Hopf algebra over an algebraically closed field $\field$ of characteristic $p>0$. We provide the algebra structure of the associated graded Hopf algebra $\gr H$. Then, we study the case when $H$ is generated by a Hopf subalgebra $K$ and another element and the case when $H$ is cocommutative. When $H$ is a restricted universal enveloping algebra, we give a specific basis for the second term of the Hochschild cohomology of the coalgebra $H$ with coefficients in the trivial $H$-bicomodule $\field$. Finally, we classify all connected Hopf algebras of dimen…
In this paper we present the general theory of cleft extensions for a cocommutative weak Hopf algebra $H$. For a weak left $H$-module algebra we obtain a bijective correspondence between the isomorphisms classes of $H$-cleft extensions $A_{H}\hookrightarrow A$, where $A_{H}$ is the subalgebra of coinvariants, and the equivalence classes of crossed systems for $H$ over $A_H$. Finally, we establish a bijection between the set of equivalence classes of crossed systems with a fixed weak $H$-module algebra structure and the second cohomology group $H_{φ_{Z(A_H)}}^2(H, Z(A_H))$, where $Z(A_H)$ is th…
We prove an analogue of the Poincare'-Birkhoff-Witt theorem and of the Cartier-Milnor-Moore theorem for non-cocommutative Hopf algebras. The primitive part of a cofree Hopf algebra is a B-infini-algebra. We construct a universal enveloping functor U2 from B-infini-algebras to 2-associative algebras, i.e. algebras equipped with two associative operations. We show that any cofree Hopf algebra H is of the form U2(Prim H). We take advantage of the simple description of the free 2as-algebra in terms of planar trees to unravel the structure of the operad B-infini.
This is an introduction for algebraists to the theory of algebras and Hopf algebras in braided categories. Such objects generalise super-algebras and super-Hopf algebras, aswell as colour-Lie algebras. Basic facts about braided categories C are recalled, the modules and comodules of Hopf algebras in such categories are studied,the notion of `braided -commutative' or `braided-cocommutative' Hopf algebras (braided groups) is reviewed and a fully diagrammatic proof of the reconstruction theorem for a braided group aut(C) is given. The theory has important implications for the theory of quasitrian…
Under suitable assumptions on the base field, we prove that a commutative semisimple Yetter-Drinfel'd Hopf algebra over a finite abelian group is trivial, i.e., is an ordinary Hopf algebra, if its dimension is relatively prime to the order of the finite abelian group. Furthermore, we prove that a finite-dimensional cocommutative cosemisimple Yetter-Drinfel'd Hopf algebra contains a trivial Yetter-Drinfel'd Hopf subalgebra of dimension greater than one, at least if the Yetter-Drinfel'd Hopf algebra itself has dimension greater than one.
We prove a number of results concerning monomorphisms, epimorphisms, dominions and codominions in categories of coalgebras. Examples include: (a) representation-theoretic characterizations of monomorphisms in all of these categories that when the Hopf algebras in question are commutative specialize back to the familiar necessary and sufficient conditions (due to Bien-Borel) that a linear algebraic subgroup be epimorphically embedded; (b) the fact that a morphism in the category of (cocommutative) coalgebras, (cocommutative) bialgebras, and a host of categories of Hopf algebras has the same cod…
We analyze the structure of the Malvenuto-Reutenauer Hopf algebra of permutations in detail. We give explicit formulas for its antipode, prove that it is a cofree coalgebra, determine its primitive elements and its coradical filtration, and show that it decomposes as a crossed product over the Hopf algebra of quasi-symmetric functions. In addition, we describe the structure constants of the multiplication as a certain number of facets of the permutahedron. As a consequence we obtain a new interpretation of the product of monomial quasi-symmetric functions in terms of the facial structure of th…
For any graded bialgebras $A$ and $B$, we define a commutative graded algebra $A_B$ representing the functor of $B$-representations of $A$. When $A$ is a cocommutative graded Hopf algebra and $B$ is a commutative ungraded Hopf algebra, we introduce a method deriving a Gerstenhaber bracket in $A_B$ from a Fox pairing in $A$ and a balanced biderivation in $B$. Our construction is inspired by Van den Bergh's non-commutative Poisson geometry, and may be viewed as an algebraic generalization of the Atiyah--Bott--Goldman Poisson structures on moduli spaces of representations of surface groups.
We define a "combinatorial Hopf algebra" as a Hopf algebra which is free (or cofree) and equipped with a given isomorphism to the free algebra over the indecomposables (resp. the cofree coalgebra over the primitives). The choice of such an isomorphism implies the existence a finer algebraic structure on the Hopf algebra and on the indecomposables (resp. the primitives). For instance a cofree-cocommutative right-sided combinatorial Hopf algebra is completely determined by its primitive part which is a pre-Lie algebra. The key example is the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra. The study of all these co…
The transfer of the generating operations of an algebra to a homotopy equivalent chain complex produces higher operations. The first goal of this paper is to describe precisely the higher structure obtained when the unary operations commute with the contracting homotopy. To solve this problem, we develop the Koszul duality theory of operads in the category of modules over a cocommutative Hopf algebra. This gives rise to a simpler category of homotopy algebras and infinity-morphisms, which allows us to get a new description of the homotopy category of algebras over such operads. The main exampl…
We give a rigorous proof that the (codimension one) Connes-Moscovici Hopf algebra H_CM is isomorphic to a bicrossproduct Hopf algebra linked to a group factorisation of the group of positively-oriented diffeomorphisms of the real line. We construct a second bicrossproduct U_CM equipped with a nondegenerate dual pairing with H_CM. We give a natural quotient Hopf algebra of H_CM and Hopf subalgebra of U_CM which again are in duality. All these Hopf algebras arise as deformations of commutative or cocommutative Hopf algebras that we describe in each case. Finally we develop the noncommutative dif…
The codomain category of a generalized homology theory is the category of modules over a ring. For an abelian category A, an A-valued (generalized) homology theory is defined by formally replacing the category of modules with the category A. It is known that the category of bicommutative (i.e. commutative and cocommutative) Hopf algebras over a field k is an abelian category. Denote the category by H. In this paper, we give some ways to construct H-valued homology theories. As a main result, we give H-valued homology theories whose coefficients are neither group Hopf algebras nor function Hopf…
