Representation of matroids

Representability of matroids with a large projective geometry minor

We prove that for each prime power $q$ there is an integer $n$ such that if $M$ is a $3$-connected, representable matroid with a PG$(n-1,q)$-minor and no $U_{2,q^2+1}$-minor, then $M$ is representable over GF$(q)$. We also show that for $\ell >= 2$, if $M$ is a $3$-connected, representable matroid of sufficiently high rank with no $U_{2,\ell+2}$-minor and $|E(M)| \geq (4\ell)^{r(M)/2}$, then $M$ is representable over a field of order at most $\ell$.

On the representability of the bi-uniform matroid

Every bi-uniform matroid is representable over all sufficiently large fields. But it is not known exactly over which finite fields they are representable, and the existence of efficient methods to find a representation for every given bi-uniform matroid has not been proved. The interest of these problems is due to their implications to secret sharing. The existence of efficient methods to find representations for all bi-uniform matroids is proved here for the first time. The previously known efficient constructions apply only to a particular class of bi-uniform matroids, while the known genera…

Representability of Matroids by c-Arrangements is Undecidable

For a natural number $c$, a $c$-arrangement is an arrangement of dimension $c$ subspaces satisfying the following condition: the sum of any subset of the subspaces has dimension a multiple of $c$. Matroids arising as normalized rank functions of $c$-arrangements are also known as multilinear matroids. We prove that it is algorithmically undecidable whether there exists a $c$ such that a given matroid has a $c$-arrangement representation, or equivalently whether the matroid is multilinear. It follows that certain network coding problems are also undecidable. In the proof, we introduce a general…

On the complex-representable excluded minors for real-representability

We show that each real-representable matroid is a minor of a complex-representable excluded minor for real-representability. More generally, for an infinite field $\mathbb{F}_1$ and a field extension $\mathbb{F}_2$, if $\mathbb{F}_1$-representability is not equivalent to $\mathbb{F}_2$-representability, then each $\mathbb{F}_1$-representable matroid is a minor of a $\mathbb{F}_2$-representable excluded minor for $\mathbb{F}_1$-representability.

斜表示性、张量积、扩展性质与秩不等式之间的相互作用

Interaction between skew-representability, tensor products, extension properties, and rank inequalities

本文通过张量积方法研究拟阵的斜可表示性，给出了其张量积刻画并证明判定该性质为上递归可枚举，同时推导出折叠斜可表示拟阵首个不源于公共信息性质的线性秩不等式。

拟阵的熵表示与几乎多重线性表示

On entropic and almost multilinear representability of matroids

本文通过将群论中的不可判定问题归约到拟阵表示问题，证明了判定拟阵是否具有熵表示或几乎多重线性表示是不可判定的，并由此得出条件独立蕴涵问题及理想秘密共享方案存在性问题的不可判定性。

On powers of Plücker coordinates and representability of arithmetic matroids

The first problem we investigate is the following: given $k\in \mathbb{R}_{\ge 0}$ and a vector $v$ of Plücker coordinates of a point in the real Grassmannian, is the vector obtained by taking the $k$th power of each entry of $v$ again a vector of Plücker coordinates? For $k\neq 1$, this is true if and only if the corresponding matroid is regular. Similar results hold over other fields. We also describe the subvariety of the Grassmannian that consists of all the points that define a regular matroid. The second topic is a related problem for arithmetic matroids. Let $\mathcal{A} = (E, rk, m)$ b…

拟阵提升与可表示性

Matroid lifts and representability

本文简化并分析 Walsh 的拟阵秩-k提升构造，证明其刻画猜想仅对可表示拟阵成立，并据此构造新的不可表示拟阵类，同时解决增益图顶点数相关猜想。

An excluded minors method for infinite matroids

The notion of thin sums matroids was invented to extend the notion of representability to non-finitary matroids. A matroid is tame if every circuit-cocircuit intersection is finite. We prove that a tame matroid is a thin sums matroid over a finite field k if and only if all its finite minors are representable over k. We expect that the method we use to prove this will make it possible to lift many theorems about finite matroids representable over a finite field to theorems about tame thin sums matroids over these fields. We give three examples of this: various characterisations of binary tame …

关于辛Grassmannian的$T$-不变子簇及秩$2$辛拟阵在${\mathbb C}$上的可表示性

On $T$-invariant subvarieties of symplectic Grassmannians and representability of rank $2$ symplectic matroids over ${\mathbb C}$

本文研究了辛Grassmannian $\text{SpG}(2,2n)$的$T$-不变子簇，利用辛Coxeter拟阵给出其刻画，并借此完整刻画了在$\mathbb{C}$上可表示的秩$2$辛拟阵。

关于有限拟阵可表示性问题的解析方法、有限域上k-独立向量集的基数以及最大距离可分猜想的注记

A Note on an Analytic Approach to the Problem of Finite Matroid Representability, The Cardinality of Sets of k-Independent Vectors over Finite Fields and the Maximum Distance Separable Conjecture

本研究引入有限拟阵的相关量化指标，给出其不可在有限域$\n\mathbb{F}_q$\n上表示的占比条件，探究量间关联并用于论证随机矩阵列子集高独立性，关联k-独立向量集基数与最大距离可分猜想相关研究。

正交拟阵在部分域上的可表示性

Representability of orthogonal matroids over partial fields

本文针对 Gelfand-Serganova 意义下的 Lagrangian 正交拟阵（等价于 Bouchet 的偶 Delta-拟阵），证明了其在部分域上可表示性的等价条件及渐近不可表示性的类似结论。

Representations of torsion-free arithmetic matroids

We study the representability problem for torsion-free arithmetic matroids. By using a new operation called "reduction" and a "signed Hermite normal form", we provide and implement an algorithm to compute all the representations, up to equivalence. As an application, we disprove two conjectures about the poset of layers and the independence poset of a toric arrangement.

Thin sums matroids and duality

Thin sums matroids were introduced to extend the notion of representability to non-finitary matroids. We give a new criterion for testing when the thin sums construction gives a matroid. We show that thin sums matroids over thin families are precisely the duals of representable matroids (those arising from vector spaces). We also show that the class of tame thin sums matroids is closed under duality and under taking minors, by giving a new characterisation of the matroids in this class. Finally, we show that all the matroids naturally associated to an infinite graph are tame thin sums matroids…

On the unique representability of spikes over prime fields

For an integer $n>2$, a rank-$n$ matroid is called an $n$-spike if it consists of $n$ three-point lines through a common point such that, for all $k\in\{1, 2, ..., n - 1\}$, the union of every set of $k$ of these lines has rank $k+1$. Spikes are very special and important in matroid theory. In 2003 Wu found the exact numbers of $n$-spikes over fields with 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 elements, and the asymptotic values for larger finite fields. In this paper, we prove that, for each prime number $p$, a $GF(p$) representable $n$-spike $M$ is only representable on fields with characteristic $p$ provided that $…

Matroids representable over fields with a common subfield

A matroid is $\text{GF}(q)$-regular if it is representable over all proper superfields of the field $\text{GF}(q)$. We show that, for highly connected matroids having a large projective geometry over $\text{GF}(q)$ as a minor, the property of $\text{GF}(q)$-regularity is equivalent to representability over both $\text{GF}(q^2)$ and $\text{GF}(q^t)$ for some odd integer $t \geq 3$. We do this by means of an exact structural description of all such matroids.

通过 pasture 态射表示拟阵

Representing matroids via pasture morphisms

基于 pasture 框架与拟阵基础，提出计算拟阵基础及 pasture 间所有态射的算法，高效解决拟阵可定向性、不可表示性及有限域上所有表示等表示问题。

Perfect matroids over hyperfields

We investigate valuated matroids with an additional algebraic structure on their residue matroids. We encode the structure in terms of representability over stringent hyperfields. A hyperfield $H$ is {\em stringent} if $a\boxplus b$ is a singleton unless $a=-b$, for all $a,b\in H$. By a construction of Marc Krasner, each valued field gives rise to a stringent hyperfield. We show that if $H$ is a stringent skew hyperfield, then the vectors of any weak matroid over $H$ are orthogonal to its covectors, and we deduce that weak matroids over $H$ are strong matroids over $H$. Also, we present vector…

Representing some non-representable matroids

We extend the notion of representation of a matroid to algebraic structures that we call skew partial fields. Our definition of such representations extends Tutte's definition, using chain groups. We show how such representations behave under duality and minors, we extend Tutte's representability criterion to this new class, and we study the generator matrices of the chain groups. An example shows that the class of matroids representable over a skew partial field properly contains the class of matroids representable over a skew field. Next, we show that every multilinear representation of a ma…

Inequivalent Representations of Matroids over Prime Fields

It is proved that for each prime field $GF(p)$, there is an integer $f(p)$ such that a 4-connected matroid has at most $f(p)$ inequivalent representations over $GF(p)$. We also prove a stronger theorem that obtains the same conclusion for matroids satisfying a connectivity condition, intermediate between 3-connectivity and 4-connectivity that we term "$k$-coherence". We obtain a variety of other results on inequivalent representations including the following curious one. For a prime power $q$, let ${\mathcal R}(q)$ denote the set of matroids representable over all fields with at least $q$ elem…

关于通过模独立性表示Matroid

On Representing Matroids via Modular Independence

本文研究了通过模独立性表示Matroid的方法，证明了链环的某些性质，并展示了某些Matroid在特定环上的可表示性。

Representations of matroids and free resolutions for multigraded modules

Let K be a field, let R=K[x_1,..., x_m] be a polynomial ring with the standard Z^m-grading (multigrading), let L be a Noetherian multigraded R-module, and let F: E --> G be a finite free multigraded presentation of L over R. Given a choice S of a multihomogeneous basis of E, we construct an explicit canonical finite free multigraded resolution T(F, S) of the R-module L. In the case of monomial ideals our construction recovers the Taylor resolution. A main ingredient of our work is a new linear algebra construction of independent interest, which produces from a representation f over K of a matr…

Confinement of matroid representations to subsets of partial fields

Let M be a matroid representable over a (partial) field P and B a matrix representable over a sub-partial field P' of P. We say that B confines M to P' if, whenever a P-representation matrix A of M has a submatrix B, A is a scaled P'-matrix. We show that, under some conditions on the partial fields, on M, and on B, verifying whether B confines M to P' amounts to a finite check. A corollary of this result is Whittle's Stabilizer Theorem. A combination of the Confinement Theorem and the Lift Theorem from arXiv:0804.3263 leads to a short proof of Whittle's characterization of the matroids represe…

Oriented Lagrangian Orthogonal Matroid Representations

In this paper we extend the theory of oriented matroids to Lagrangian orthogonal matroids and their representations, and give a completely natural transformation from a representation of a classical oriented matroid to a representation of the same oriented matroid considered as a Lagrangian orthogonal matroid. Classical concepts of orientation and this extension may both be thought of as stratifications of thin Schubert cells into unions of connected components.

New Representations of Matroids and Generalizations

We extend the notion of matroid representations by matrices over fields and consider new representations of matroids by matrices over finite semirings, more precisely over the boolean and the superboolean semirings. This idea of representations is generalized naturally to include also hereditary collections. We show that a matroid that can be directly decomposed as matroids, each of which is representable over a field, has a boolean representation, and more generally that any arbitrary hereditary collection is superboolean-representable.

Graphical representations of graphic frame matroids

A frame matroid M is graphic if there is a graph G with cycle matroid isomorphic to M. In general, if there is one such graph, there will be many. Zaslavsky has shown that frame matroids are precisely those having a representation as a biased graph; this class includes graphic matroids, bicircular matroids, and Dowling geometries. Whitney characterized which graphs have isomorphic cycle matroids, and Matthews characterised which graphs have isomorphic graphic bicircular matroids. In this paper, we give a characterization of which biased graphs give rise to isomorphic graphic frame matroids.

A Topological Representation Theorem for Tropical Oriented Matroids: Part I

Tropical oriented matroids were defined by Ardila and Develin in 2007 in analogy to (classical) oriented matroids. In this paper we present one tropical analogue for the Topological Representation Theorem.

格路径拟阵的高效表示

Efficient Representation of Lattice Path Matroids

本文基于分层秘密共享方案、分层拟阵端口刻画及多项式规模隔离权函数，提出了在有限域上高效构造格路径拟阵表示的确定性算法。

Topological representations of matroids

There is a one-to-one correspondence between geometric lattices and the intersection lattices of arrangements of homotopy spheres. When the arrangements are essential and fully partitioned, Zaslavsky's enumeration of the cells of the arrangement still holds. An application of the theory shows that all minimal cellular resolutions of matroid Steiner ideals are bounded subcomplexes of homotopy sphere arrangements of the given matroid. As a result the Betti numbers of the ideal are computed and seen to be equivalent to Stanley's formula in the special case of face ideals of independence complexes…

Boolean Representations of Matroids and Lattices

We introduce a new representation concept for lattices by boolean matrices, and utilize it to prove that any matroid is boolean representable. We show that such a representation can be easily extracted from a representation of the associated lattice of flats of the matroid, leading also to a tighter bound on the representation's size. Consequently, we obtain a linkage of boolean representations with geometry in a very natural way.

关于拟阵的扩张性质与表示的一个注记

A Note on Extension Properties and Representations of Matroids

本文利用拟阵与多拟阵的扩张性质作为各类表示存在的必要条件，经计算机辅助在八、九元拟阵中发现新的非线性表示例子，并刻画了含井字棋构型的九点稀疏铺砌拟阵。

Representation of matroids with a modular plane

We prove that if M is a vertically 4-connected matroid with a modular flat X of rank at least three, then every representation of M | X over a finite field F extends to a unique F-representation of M. A corollary is that when F has order q, any vertically 4-connected matroid with a PG(2, F)-restriction is either F-representable or has a U_{2, q^2+1}-minor. We also show that no excluded minor for the class of F-representable matroids has a PG(2, F)-restriction.

A Topological Representation Theorem for Tropical Oriented Matroids: Part II

Tropical oriented matroids were defined by Ardila and Develin in 2007. They are a tropical analogue of classical oriented matroids in the sense that they encode the properties of the types of points in an arrangement of tropical hyperplanes -- in much the same way as the covectors of (classical) oriented matroids describe the types in arrangements of linear hyperplanes. Ardila and Develin proved that tropical oriented matroids can be represented as mixed subdivisions of dilated simplices. In this paper we show that this correspondence is a bijection. Moreover, a tropical analogue for the Topol…

A two-dimensional topological representation theorem for matroid polytopes of rank 4

The Folkman-Lawrence topological representation theorem, which states that every (loop-free) oriented matroid of rank $r$ can be represented as a pseudosphere arrangement on the $(r-1)$-dimensional sphere $S^{r-1}$, is one of the most outstanding results in oriented matroid theory. In this paper, we provide a lower-dimensional version of the topological representation theorem for uniform matroid polytopes of rank $4$. We introduce $2$-weak configurations of points and pseudocircles ($2$-weak PPC configurations) on $S^2$ and prove that every uniform matroid polytope of rank $4$ can be represent…

Homotopy sphere representations for matroids

For any rank $r$ oriented matroid $M$, a construction is given of a "topological representation" of $M$ by an arrangement of homotopy spheres in a simplicial complex which is homotopy equivalent to $S^{r-1}$. The construction is completely explicit and depends only on a choice of maximal flag in $M$. If $M$ is orientable, then all Folkman-Lawrence representations of all orientations of $M$ embed in this representation in a homotopically nice way.

Lagrangian Matroids: Representations of Type $B_n$

We introduce the concept of orientation for Lagrangian matroids represented in the flag variety of maximal isotropic subspaces of dimension N in the real vector space of dimension 2N+1. The paper continues the study started in math.CO/0209100.

Recognizing signed-graphic matroids: Cylinder flips and the importance of column scaling

In this paper, we investigate the importance of column scaling in relating two signed-graphic representations of the same matroid. We used the Sage Mathematics software to generate many examples of signed-graphic matroids and their signed-graphic representations. Our examples show that column scaling is sometimes necessary in order to transform one signed-graphic representation into another; moreover, there exist many collections of signed-graphic representations that row-reduce to the same standard form. We also discuss an interesting matroid-preserving operation on a signed graph, which we c…

拟阵的Chow环作为置换表示

Chow Rings of Matroids as Permutation Representations

研究拟阵自同构群在Chow环上的诱导作用，证明其为置换作用，并将庞加莱对偶与硬莱夫谢茨定理提升至该作用，提出相关猜想。

An Algorithmic Proof of the Piff--Welsh Theorem on Transversal Matroid Representations

A fundamental theorem of matroid theory establishes that a transversal matroid is representable over fields of any characteristic. It was proved in 1970 by Piff and Welsh: their proof is elegant and concise and, moveover, constructive. However it is far from being algorithmic, in terms of suggesting a step-by-step procedure for deriving a collection of vectors over a given base field representing the transversal matroid induced by a given set system. In this note we recast Piff and Welsh's proof in algorithmic form.

Representations of bicircular lift matroids

Bicircular lift matroids are a class of matroids defined on the edge set of a graph. For a given graph $G$, the circuits of its bicircular lift matroid are the edge sets of those subgraphs of $G$ that contain at least two cycles, and are minimal with respect to this property. The main result of this paper is a characterization of when two graphs give rise to the same bicircular lift matoid, which answers a question proposed by Irene Pivotto. In particular, aside from some appropriately defined "small" graphs, two graphs have the same bicircular lift matroid if and only if they are $2$-isomorph…

Matroids of Gain Graphs in Applied Discrete Geometry

A G-gain graph is a graph whose oriented edges are labeled invertibly from a group G. Zaslavsky proposed two matroids of G-gain graphs, called frame matroids and lift matroids, and investigated linear representations of them. Each matroid has a canonical representation over a field F if G is isomorphic to a subgroup of F^{\times} in the case of frame matroids or G is isomorphic to an additive subgroup of F in the case of lift matroids. The canonical representation of the frame matroid of a complete graph is also known as a Dowling geometry, as it was first introduced by Dowling for finite grou…

Almost balanced biased graph representations of frame matroids

Given a 3-connected biased graph $Ω$ with a balancing vertex, and with frame matroid $F(Ω)$ nongraphic and 3-connected, we determine all biased graphs $Ω'$ with $F(Ω') = F(Ω)$. As a consequence, we show that if $M$ is a 4-connected nongraphic frame matroid represented by a biased graph $Ω$ having a balancing vertex, then $Ω$ essentially uniquely represents $M$. More precisely, all biased graphs representing $M$ are obtained from $Ω$ by replacing a subset of the edges incident to its unique balancing vertex with unbalanced loops.

Matrix Representations of Transversal Matroids

A transversal matroid $M$ of rank $r$ on $[n]$ can be associated to a family of binary matrices corresponding to different presentations of $M$. We describe those matrices which arise from unique maximal presentations of size $r$- giving a complete characterization when $r=2$-, give an algorithm for producing such a matrix, and show that determining whether a matrix corresponds to a maximal presentation is related to determining the tropical rank of arbitrary matrices.

Matroids, hereditary collections and simplicial complexes having boolean representations

Inspired by the work of Izakhian and Rhodes, a theory of representation of hereditary collections by boolean matrices is developed. This corresponds to representation by finite $\vee$-generated lattices. The lattice of flats, defined for hereditary collections, lattices and matrices, plays a central role in the theory. The representations constitute a lattice and the minimal and strictly join irreducible elements are studied, as well as various closure operators.

椭圆拟阵与模曲线

Elliptic matroids and modular curves

针对n≥4的秩3拟阵Tₙ，研究其与模曲线X₁(n)°的对应关系，通过代数与关联理论证明特征不整除n的域k上存在自然双射，将域值对应升级为概形同构，还得到相关推论并在附录讨论拟阵实现空间的升级。

Algebraic matroids and Frobenius flocks

We show that each algebraic representation of a matroid $M$ in positive characteristic determines a matroid valuation of $M$, which we have named the {\em Lindström valuation}. If this valuation is trivial, then a linear representation of $M$ in characteristic $p$ can be derived from the algebraic representation. Thus, so-called rigid matroids, which only admit trivial valuations, are algebraic in positive characteristic $p$ if and only if they are linear in characteristic $p$. To construct the Lindström valuation, we introduce new matroid representations called flocks, and show that each alge…

Foundations of matroids I: Matroids without large uniform minors

The foundation of a matroid is a canonical algebraic invariant which classifies representations of the matroid up to rescaling equivalence. Foundations of matroids are pastures, a simultaneous generalization of partial fields and hyperfields. Using deep results due to Tutte, Dress-Wenzel, and Gelfand-Rybnikov-Stone, we give a presentation for the foundation of a matroid in terms of generators and relations. The generators are certain "cross-ratios" generalizing the cross-ratio of four points on a projective line, and the relations encode dependencies between cross-ratios in certain low-rank co…

Lift theorems for representations of matroids over pastures

Pastures are a class of field-like algebraic objects which include both partial fields hyperfields and have nice categorical properties. We prove several lift theorems for representations of matroids over pastures, including a generalization of Pendavingh and van Zwam's Lift Theorem for partial fields. By embedding the earlier theory into a more general framework, we are able to establish new results even in the case of lifts of partial fields, for example the conjecture of Pendavingh--van Zwam that their lift construction is idempotent. We give numerous applications to matroid representations…

Face numbers of Engström representations of matroids

A classic problem in matroid theory is to find subspace arrangements, specifically hyperplane and pseudosphere arrangements, whose intersection posets are isomorphic to a prescribed geometric lattice. Engström recently showed how to construct an infinite family of such subspace arrangements, indexed by the set of finite regular CW complexes. In this note, we compute the face numbers of these representations (in terms of the face numbers of the indexing complexes) and give upper bounds on the total number of faces in these objects. In particular, we show that, for a fixed rank, the total number…

Topological representations of matroid maps

The Topological Representation Theorem for (oriented) matroids states that every (oriented) matroid can be realized as the intersection lattice of an arrangement of codimension one homotopy spheres on a homotopy sphere. In this paper, we use a construction of Engström to show that structure-preserving maps between matroids induce topological mappings between their representations; a result previously known only in the oriented case. Specifically, we show that weak maps induce continuous maps and that the process is a functor from the category of matroids with weak maps to the homotopy category…

Entropic matroids and their representation

This paper investigates entropic matroids, that is, matroids whose rank function is given as the Shannon entropy of random variables. In particular, we consider $p$-entropic matroids, for which the random variables each have support of cardinality $p$. We draw connections between such entropic matroids and secret-sharing matroids and show that entropic matroids are linear matroids when $p = 2,3$ but not when $p = 9$. Our results leave open the possibility for $p$-entropic matroids to be linear whenever $p$ is prime, with particular cases proved here. Applications of entropic matroids to coding…

A Topological Representation Theorem for Oriented Matroids

We present a new direct proof of a topological representation theorem for oriented matroids in the general rank case. Our proof is based on an earlier rank 3 version. It uses hyperline sequences and the generalized Sch{ö}nflies theorem. As an application, we show that one can read off oriented matroids from arrangements of embedded spheres of codimension one, even if wild spheres are involved.

Common Information, Matroid Representation, and Secret Sharing for Matroid Ports

Linear information and rank inequalities as, for instance, Ingleton inequality, are useful tools in information theory and matroid theory. Even though many such inequalities have been found, it seems that most of them remain undiscovered. Improved results have been obtained in recent works by using the properties from which they are derived instead of the inequalities themselves. We apply here this strategy to the classification of matroids according to their representations and to the search for bounds on secret sharing for matroid ports.

均匀超图的Chow环和增强Chow环及其q-类比

Chow rings and augmented Chow rings of uniform matroids and their $q$-analogs

本文研究了均匀超图和q-均匀超图的Chow环和增强Chow环的表示及其q-类比，推导了Hilbert级数和Frobenius级数的公式，并揭示了Charney--Davis量的非负性及组合解释。